As the existence of value premium has been showed in previous studies, this paper focuses on studying strategies for capitalizing this value premium in Swedish stock market. This paper studies the possible gains and risks of value investing strategies constructed with dividend yield, price-to-earnings (P/E) and price-to-book (P/B) ratios in Swedish stock market during 2006-2016.The findings show that the studied value portfolios offered abnormal returns during the studied time-period. Moreover, value stocks performed better than growth stocks when dividend yield and P/B-ratio were used as criteria. However, the paper could not confirm the same effect in P/E-ratio as high P/E tended to work better than low P/E. Out of the studied ratios, the best risk-adjusted returns were received from companies with the lowest P/B-ratios.The findings in this paper also indicate that including more ratio-based criteria in to an investment strategy does not offer more risk-adjusted returns.

Ao longo do tempo atribuiu-se a geração de valor econômico-financeiro às organizações empresariais atuantes no mercado das relações capitalistas e a geração de valor social às organizações do terceiro setor. Essa aparente dualidade vem sendo questionada no âmbito do empreendedorismo, provocando o surgimento do fenômeno do investimento de impacto como uma alternativa que possibilita a alocação de capital em iniciativas e empreendimentos, os chamados negócios sociais, que visam criar impacto social positivo acompanhado de retorno financeiro. A emergência de investidores e empreendedores de negócios sociais tem provocado polêmicas e reflexões acerca da avaliação de impacto, da taxa de retorno do investimento de impacto e também de conceitos essenciais para fundamentar as operações de investimento, como valor social e impacto socioambiental. Neste cenário, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo analisar as percepções dos diferentes grupos de atores do ecossistema brasileiro de negócios sociais e investimento de impacto sobre esses temas e sobre suas experiências no setor - desafios, oportunidades e aprendizados. Foi desenhada uma pesquisa exploratória de abordagem qualitativa, cujo problema de investigação foi o levantamento de opiniões, percepções e expectativas de representantes de três grupos de atores desse ecossistema: investidores interessados em negócios sociais; empreendedores e executivos de negócios sociais; e representantes de organizações intermediárias, como aceleradoras e fundos de investimento. A partir da construção de um referencial teórico e da análise de dados secundários sobre o fenômeno estudado, realizou-se o levantamento de dados primários aplicando-se um roteiro para entrevista semiestruturada em uma amostra intencional composta por dezoito pessoas. A análise das respostas evidenciou que há uma grande diversidade de entendimentos sobre o conceito de valor social e que alguns entrevistados tendem a usar esse termo como sinônimo de impacto social. A maioria dos entrevistados ressaltou elementos relacionados ao acesso à educação, aos serviços de saúde e aos direitos de cidadania. Mas nenhum se referiu à gestão de resíduos sólidos como elemento gerador de valor social. Talvez por se tratar de empreendimentos relativamente recentes, não foi possível identificar em que grau os investidores de impacto estão contribuindo para que esses negócios potencializem a geração de valor social aos beneficiários finais. No entanto, todos os negócios sociais que receberam investimento de impacto afirmaram que os investidores estão contribuindo para o desenvolvimento de seus negócios. Sobre a taxa de retorno do investimento, as opiniões dos entrevistados divergiram, mas a maioria deles entende que, no médio e longo prazo, as taxas de retorno deveriam seguir as taxas médias de mercado. A avaliação de impacto pré-investimento ainda é mais aproximativa do que baseada em indicadores de impacto social, porém todos os atores dos grupos de oferta de capital e demanda de capital que receberam investimento afirmaram que a geração de valor social é monitorada pelos investidores após o aporte de recursos. Os principais desafios apontados foram o acesso e o volume de capital, as restrições próprias do contexto econômico brasileiro e a imaturidade do setor. Todos consideram, porém, que o setor de negócios sociais e os investimentos de impacto têm futuro promissor no Brasil, seja pela necessidade de resolução dos inúmeros problemas sociais e ambientais, seja pelo tamanho do mercado de potenciais beneficiários dessas iniciativas. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho espera contribuir para o avanço teórico e prático das questões e dilemas enfrentados pelo empreendedorismo social e pelo setor de investimento de impacto, bem como para fomentar o ecossistema brasileiro de Finanças Sociais. / Commonly, the creation of economic and financial value has been attributed to companies acting in the capitalist market relations while the creation of social value has been attributed to third sector organizations. This seeming duality is being questioned in the light of entrepreneurship, causing the emergence of the impact investing phenomenon as an alternative that allows capital to be allocated to initiatives and ventures, the so-called social businesses, which aim to create positive social impact together with financial returns. The rise of investors and entrepreneurs of social businesses has caused controversies and reflections about the impact evaluation, the rate of return for impact investments, and also the core concepts that support investment operations, such as social value and socio-environmental impact. In this scenario, this study aimed to analyze the perceptions of different groups of actors within the Brazilian social business and impact investing ecosystem related to these themes and their experiences in the sector - challenges, opportunities, and learnings. An exploratory research of qualitative approach has been designed, which research problem was a survey of opinions, perceptions and expectations of representatives of three groups of actors of this ecosystem: investors interested in social businesses; entrepreneurs and executives from social businesses; and representatives from intermediary organizations, such as accelerators and investment funds. Based on the construction of a theoretical framework and the analysis of secondary data on the studied phenomenon, a primary research has been conducted applying a script for semi-structured interview in an intentional sample of eighteen people. The analysis of the answers showed that there is a great diversity of understandings about the concept of social value and that some interviewees tend to use this term as a synonym for social impact. Most of the interviewees highlighted elements related to access to education, health services, and citizenship rights. But none of them referred to the solid waste management as a generator of social value. Perhaps because these are relatively recent ventures, it was not possible to identify the extent to which impact investors are contributing to the growth of social value creation to the final beneficiaries. However, all social businesses that received impact investments stated that investors are contributing to the development of their businesses. Regarding the rate of return on investment, the respondents\' opinions diverged, but most of them understood that, in the medium and long term, rates of return should follow average market rates. The pre-investment impact evaluation is still more approximate than based on social impact metrics, but all actors from the groups of investors and of social businesses which received investments stated that the generation of social value is monitored by investors after capital contribution. The main challenges are the access and volume of capital, the constraints of the Brazilian economic context, and the immaturity of the sector. However, all of them consider that the social business sector and impact investments have a promising future in Brazil, whether due to the need to solve the numerous social and environmental problems or due to the size of the market of potential beneficiaries of these initiatives. In this sense, this work hopes to contribute to the theoretical and practical advancement of the issues and dilemmas faced by the social entrepreneurship and the impact investment sector, as well as to foster the Brazilian Social Finance ecosystem.

This master thesis in its opening chapter inform about some basic charakteristics of New York Stock Exchange. Then indicators and tools of fundamental and technical analysis of stocks are explained in folowing chapters. In practical part of the thesis is taking place a evaluation of fundamental and technical analysis based on historical data from american stock market. For this prupose the data of constituents companies of Dow Jones Industrial Average index are used covering market history as far as possible.

Abstract Driven by fast evolution in the money market during the past two decades, financial and technological innovations, increasing competition, and internationalizing of businesses, cash and treasury management has become an increasingly important function in most firms. It is reasonable to expect that the role of financial transactions in the cash management process in adding to firm value has increased its importance and changed the cash management behavior of firms. The main purpose of this study is to investigate this potential behavioral change in cash management by examining the cash management practices behind the models explaining the cash management behavior and to test the stability of some of these models. It is hypothesized that the environmental changes have been remarkable enough to change the cash management behavior, which can be seen as a structural change in the cash management function. The factors assumed to explain this phenomenon may concern organizational and technological arrangements in cash management, likewise professional skills in the area of financial transactions and incentives for these especially created by emerging money markets. The examination was conducted using the survey method to map out the best cash management practices followed by Finnish listed manufacturing and service companies and by testing the stability of both static and dynamic models explaining cash management behavior. The empirical part of the study is based on three questionnaires in three separate years, namely 1988, 1994, and 2000, and the empirical estimation of the selected cash management models using financial statement data for the years 1972 to 2001. The study concludes that during the research period firms have achieved a significant technological progress (improving systems and methods) and significant behavioral changes (increasing professionalism) concerning cash management practices, referring to opportunities for more effective cash management operations. The stability tests of cash management models indicated that a structural change in cash management behavior occurred after the deregulation years in the money market. These results were consistent with the surveys referring the development in the efficiency of the firms' cash management.

Bakgrund: Omfattande forskning har visat på att investeringsstrategier kan användas för att kontinuerligt uppnå överavkastning gentemot index. Multiplarna EV/EBIT och EV/EBITDA är vanliga inslag i investeringsstrategier eftersom de båda ses som en nära approximation av ett företags operativa kassaflöde, samtidigt som de tar hänsyn till företagets kapitalstruktur. Även om det bara är avskrivningarna som skiljer multiplarna åt anse r vi att andelen investeringar i ett företag utgör en fundamental grund för dess långsiktiga värdeskapande. Av denna anledning finns det ett intresse i att undersöka hur kapitalintensiteten påverkar en investeringsstrategis förmåga att generera överavkastning som grundar sig på multiplarna EV/EBIT och EV/EBITDA. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att jämföra multiplarna EV/EBIT och EV/EBITDAs förmåga att generera överavkastning på Stockholmsbörsen. Metod: För studien har en kvantitativ metod använts med en deduktiv ansats för att samla in och bearbeta data om bolag listade på Stockholmsbörsen under perioden 2005 - 2016. Dessa bolag har utgjort grunden för tolv olika portföljer som skilt sig åt med avseende på multipel och innehavsperiod. För att statistiskt säkerställa studiens resultat har parvisa t-tester använts. Resultat: Av tolv portföljer har nio uppnått riskjusterad överavkastning gentemot jämförelseindex OMXSPI. Resultatet har kunnat säkerställas statistiskt för sju portföljer inom dubbelsidiga konfidensintervall på mellan 90 - 99 procent. En investering i låga multipelvärden för EV/EBIT tillsammans med en innehavsperiod på sex månader genererar den högsta ackumulerade avkastningen, både innan och efter justering för risk. I kontrast genererar en investering i höga multipelvärden för EV/EBIT den lägsta ackumulerade avkastningen under den studerade tidsperioden. / Background: Extensive research has shown that investment strategies can be used to achieve continuous abnormal returns in comparison to an index. Many investment strategies are based on the multiples EV/EBIT and EV/EBITDA. These multiples suffice as an approximation of the company’s operational cash flow while taking into account the capital structure. Even though it is only the depreciation and amortization that sets the two multiples apart, we argue that the need for investments constitute a fundamental part of creating long term stakeholder value. For this reason we find it interesting to study how the capital intensity affects an investment strategy’s ability to generate returns based on the multiples EV/EBIT and EV/EBITDA. Aim: The aim with this study is to compare the multiples EV/EBIT and EV/EBITDA’s ability to generate returns on the Stockholm Stock Exchange. Methodology: The study has used a quantitative method with a deductive approach in order to collect and process data for companies listed on the Stockholm Stock Exchange during the time period 2005 – 2016. These companies have constituted the base for a ranking process, ultimately leading to the creation of twelve portfolios that differ with regard to the type of multiple and holding period. In order to statistically verify the results of the study we have used pairwise t-tests. Results: Out of twelve portfolios nine have achieved risk adjusted abnormal returns in comparison with the index OMXSPI. The results could be verified statistically for seven portfolios within a double-sided confidence interval of between 90-99 percent. An investment in low multiple values for EV/EBIT with a holding period of six months generates the highest accumulated return, both before and after adjustment for risk. In contrast, an investment in high multiple values for EV/EBIT generates the lowest accumulated return during the studied time period.

The landscape of cancer care is evolving and as a result nursing care continues to develop and respond to the changing needs of oncology patients and their families. There is a paucity of qualitative research examining the experience of being an oncology nurse on an inpatient unit. Therefore, a qualitative study using an interpretive phenomenological approach has been undertaken to discover the lived experience of being an oncology nurse. In-depth tape recorded interviews has been conducted with six oncology nurses who worked on two adult inpatient oncology units. Van Manen’s (1990) interpretive phenomenological approach has been used to analyze the data by subjecting the transcripts to an analysis both line by line and as a whole. The overarching theme of the interviews is: Investing to Make a Difference. The themes that reflect this overarching theme are: Caring for the Whole Person, Being an Advocate, Walking a Fine Line, and Feeling Like You are Part of Something Good. Oncology nurses provide care for their patients through a holistic lens that further enhances how they come to know their patients. Over time, relationships with patients and families develop and these nurses share that balancing the emotional aspects of their work is key in being able to continue to invest in their work and in these relationships. Their investment is further evident as oncology nurses continuously update their knowledge, for example, of treatment regimes, medication protocols, and as they champion their patients wishes and needs. As nurses develop their own identities as oncology nurses, they in turn enhance the team with their emerging skill and knowledge. These research findings serve to acknowledge the meaning of oncology nurses’ work and inform the profession’s understanding of what it means to be an oncology nurse.

Today, there is a large amount of assets which are offered to investors, and if we consider the possibility of relocating the investor's funds, we come to a very complicated problem, which this thesis aims to cover. The main objective is to explore the basics of the portfolio theory and its real usage in practice. Emphasis is put on the periodic re-optimizing of the investor's portfolio and getting the answer to the question of whether such conduct is more successful than the standard and investment in equity indices. The theoretical part summarizes the currently used approaches to optimization which are tested in the practical part on real data and evaluated.

Investing in real estate funds presents relatively high stability of yields and that's why it is very interesting option for risk diversification in investment portfolio. The real estate funds offer the option how to invest with a less value of own capital. The diploma thesis should present information about the progress of real estate funds in the Czech Republic and of course show the development in other advanced countries.

To add to the tools currently available to combat income inequality in the United States an investment fund type is proposed, justified, described, and created using historical asset returns from 1960 to 2015. By focusing on two socio-economic indicators of poverty, inflation and unemployment rates, this fund, when marketed to investors who live near, at, or below the poverty line, seeks to increase returns during times of increased strain on the economies of the poor. Multiple hurdles are proposed and affirmatively answered to this end and a fund type and corresponding four factor model that realized hypothetical excess returns fitting the requirements of a successful investment strategy was developed and evaluated. With the increasing importance of socially responsible investment practices an investment bank who maintains a fund of this type could potentially see financial and reputational benefits.

In recent decades, many investors have abandoned hopes of achieving above market returns through active management, and consigned themselves to passive investing in the form of market capitalization based portfolios. Using Swedish stock exchange data from 2002-2016, this thesis investigates if there is a way to harmonize the strengths of active management, yielding potential above market returns, and passive index investing, implying lower fees and transparency. Based on observations from 275 companies, analysed through market model regressions, the results suggest that fundamentally invested value and quality portfolios create an alpha of 1-2 percent quarterly relative the market capitalization benchmark portfolio. Moreover, the results constitute basis for performing real investments, as they take into consideration the transaction costs implied by portfolio turnover. Furthermore, the findings of greater risk-adjusted returns through fundamentally weighted portfolios stand in opposition to the efficient market hypothesis.