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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-03-13Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:00:53Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 delbin_ma_dr_rcla.pdf: 750379 bytes, checksum: 217de471de3341cdcc9171a5f69905f5 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O objetivo deste trabalho foi o de avaliar o efeito do treinamento físico na reatividade vascular de artérias mesentérica e pulmonar de ratos submetidos à isquemia/reperfusão (IR) pulmonar. Ratos wistar foram utilizados nesse estudo, e divididos em cinco grupos: controle sedentário (C/SD); controle treinado (C/TR); falso operado sedentário (SHAM/SD); isquemia/reperfusão sedentário (IR/SD) e isquemia/reperfusão treinado (IR/TR). O treinamento físico consistiu em corrida em esteira, sessões de 60 min/dia, 5 vezes por semana durante 8 semanas (velocidade 1,2 km/h e 0% de inclinação). O processo de IR pulmonar foi realizado através de oclusão total da artéria pulmonar, veia pulmonar e brônquio esquerdo por 90 minutos e reperfusão de 120 minutos. Em seguida, as artérias mesentérica e pulmonar foram isoladas e curvas concentração-resposta à acetilcolina (ACh), histamina (HIST), nitroprussiato de sódio (SNP) foram obtidas na presença e na ausência de endotélio. Curvas concentração-resposta à fenilefrina (PHE) e ao análogo do tromboxano A2 (U46619) também foram obtidas na presença de endotélio. Análise do extravasamento de proteínas plasmáticas, atividade da mieloperoxidase pulmonar (MPO), nitrato e nitrito (NOx-), atividade da enzima superóxido dismutase (SOD), interleucina-6 (IL-6) plasmáticas e expressão de proteína arterial da eNOS, nNOS, Cu/Zn SOD-1, p47phox e TNF- α foram avaliados. Verificou-se aumento nos valores de NOx-, SOD, IL-6 plasmático, atividade da MPO e extravasamento de proteínas nos grupos IR/SD e IR/TR quando comparados aos demais grupos. O treinamento físico não alterou nenhum destes parâmetros. Em artéria mesentérica, houve diminuição na potência à ACh e a PHE no grupo IR/SD quando comparado aos grupos C/TR e IR/TR, sem alterações nos valores de resposta máxima. Não foram verificadas alterações na resposta ao U46619... / The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of physical training in the responsiveness of rat mesenteric and pulmonary rings submitted to lung ischemia/reperfusion (IR). Rats were divided into five groups named: control sedentary (C/SD); control trained (C/TR); sham operated sedentary (SHAM/SD); ischemia/reperfusion sedentary (IR/SD) and ischemia/reperfusion trained (IR/TR). Run training was performed for 5 days/week, each session of 60 minutes, during 8 weeks (speed of 1.2 km/h and 0% grade). Left pulmonary IR was performed by occluding the pulmonary artery, bronchus and pulmonary vein for 90 minutes and reperfusion for 120 minutes. Concentration-response curves to acetylcholine (ACh), histamine (HIST), sodium nitroprusside (SNP) with intact and denuded endothelium were obtained. Contractile response curves were performed for phenylephrine (PHE) and tromboxane A2 analogue (U46619). The pulmonary plasma protein extravasation, lung myeloperoxidase activity (MPO), plasma levels of nitrite/nitrate (NOx-), superoxide dismutase activity (SOD), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and the protein expression for eNOS, nNOS, Cu/Zn SOD-1, p47phox and TNF-α were evaluated. The levels of NOx-, SOD, IL-6, MPO activity and pulmonary plasma protein extravasation were markedly increased in IR/SD and IR/TR compared to others groups which were not modified by exercise training. In mesenteric rings a decreased of potency to ACh and PHE in IR/SD compared to C/TR and IR/TR without changes in the maximal response were observed. No changes to U46619 were seen in all groups. The nNOS, Cu/Zn SOD-1 and p47phox protein expression were not modified. In pulmonary rings the potency to PHE was decreased in IR/SD and IR/TR without changes in the maximal response. No changes to U46619 were seen in all groups. Neither pulmonary IR nor exercise training changed the protein expression for eNOS, nNOS, Cu/Zn SOD-1 and p47phox... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

L’infarctus du myocarde constitue la première cause de mortalité cardiovasculaire. Ainsi, toute stratégie permettant de moduler la vulnérabilité du coeur à l’ischémie-reperfusion (IR) peut représenter un intérêt majeur de santé publique. L’exercice en endurance est reconnu comme une stratégie de cardioprotection efficace dont les mécanismes cellulaires restent néanmoins peu connus. Les objectifs de ce travail de thèse sont donc i) d’évaluer le rôle préventif de l’exercice sur le développement d’un phénotype sensible à l’IR myocardique, et ii) de tenter de mieux comprendre le rôle de la eNOS dans la radioprotection par l’exercice. Dans la première partie de ce travail, nous avons mis en évidence que l’exercice permet de prévenir le développement d’un phénotype pathologique cardiomyocytaire,par une amélioration du statut antioxydant et un maintien de l’homéostasie calcique cellulaire, et ainsi permet de normaliser la sensibilité du coeur à l’IR chez une population à risque. Dans un second temps, les travaux réalisés ont permis de mettre en avant le rôle majeur de la eNOS dans la cardioprotection par l’exercice. Cette cardioprotection est associée à une diminution du niveau de phosphorylation (Ser1177) et surtout de l’état de découplage de cette enzyme au cours des premières minutes de reperfusion. Ces modifications, associées à l’amélioration du statut antioxydant cardiaque par l’exercice, sont à l’origine d’une diminution du stress nitro-oxydant au cours de la reperfusion,expliquée par une moindre synthèse de NO et une meilleure capacité à éliminer l’O2.-, permettant ainsi de limiter la synthèse de ONOO-. L’ensemble de ce travail de thèse a ainsi permis de mettre en évidence la complexité de la cardioprotection par l’exercice, nécessitant l’interaction entre différents mécanismes cellulaires tels que l’amélioration du statut enzymatique antioxydant, le découplage de la eNOS au cours de la reperfusion précoce et la régulation de l’homéostasie calcique intracellulaire. Ce travail à d’autre part permis de mieux appréhender le rôle complexe de la voie de synthèse du NO parla eNOS dans la modulation de la vulnérabilité du coeur à un stress tel que l’IR / Exercise training is recognized as an efficient way to protect the myocardium against ischemiareperfusion(IR). However, mechanisms responsible for such cardioprotection remain still unclear. Theaims of this work were then i) to evaluate the preventive effect of exercise on a model highly sensitiveto myocardial IR, and ii) to investigate the role of eNOS in exercise-induced cardioprotection. In a firstpart we showed that regular boots of exercise, by its beneficial effects on calcium handling andenzymatic antioxidant status, prevents the highly sensitive phenotypical remodeling of the heart andthen normalized heart vulnerability to IR. Then, in a second part of this work, we showed that exerciseinducedcardioprotection was associated with a decrease of eNOS phosphorylation at Ser1177 andespecially its uncoupling during early reperfusion. Such phenomenon, associated with increased heartantioxidant capacity was responsible for reduced nitro-oxidative stress. Indeed, reduced NOSdependentNO synthesis associated with the improved capacity to scavenge O2.- contribute to preventthe formation of ONOO-. Altogether, these results showed that exercise-induced cardioprotection is acomplex mechanism requiring interactions between antioxidant capacity improvement, eNOSuncoupling during reperfusion and intracellular calcium homeostasis. Finally, this work opens newperspectives regarding the role of NO synthesis modulation to impact heart sensitivity to IR

<p>The kidney is the major organ responsible for the regulation of the composition and volume of the body fluids, which is essential for homeostasis. The glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan (HA), with extreme water-binding capacity, is present in the interstitium of the kidney with a heterogenous distribution. The importance of HA in renal water-handling is unknown and was the focus of the present investigation.</p><p>Acute water-loading in rats caused the amount of papillary HA to increase and during water deprivation, the amount was reduced. Gerbils, with extreme urine concentrating capacity, have less HA in the renal papilla in normal conditions and responded diametrically different to water-loading (reduction in HA). Renomedullary interstitial cells (RMICs), which are probably the main producers of HA in the renal medulla, were cultured at different media osmolalities to mimic the milieu of the medulla during variations in the water balance. The amount of HA found in the media was decreased at high osmolalities and increased at low osmolalities, thereby strengthening the <i>in vivo</i> results. CD44, an HA-receptor involved in the uptake and degradation of HA, was expressed on RMICs in an osmolality dependent manner. During high media osmolality, the CD44 expression increased and at lower osmolalities, the opposite occurred, probably due to the need for uptake and degradation of HA.</p><p>Renal ischemia-reperfusion injury causes a cortical accumulation of HA, up-regulation of CD44, and a depression of functional parameters. The time periods of ischemia correlated with the accumulation of HA which, in turn, was inversely correlated to GFR. Hyaluronidase injections in this setting failed to reduce HA levels and significantly improve renal function.</p><p>In conclusion, the results from the present study suggest an important role for HA and RMICs in renal water-handling and that the intrarenal distribution of HA is altered after ischemia-reperfusion injury, which correlates with renal dysfunction.</p>

<p>Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the leading causes of end stage renal failure. An increased susceptibility to renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-injury was found in DM rats. Unilateral renal ischemia for as short as 20 minutes led to an irreversible progressive injury in DM kidneys, whereas the injury in non-DM kidneys was almost reversible. The renal I/R injury was characterized by anuria, infiltration of inflammatory cells, tubular atrophy, dilation of the remaining tubuli and tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Necrotic areas were found in the inner parts of the outer medulla and in the papilla. The renal medulla was the most vulnerable part of the kidney. This was seen both by the extent of fibrosis four and eight weeks after I/R and by the presence of TUNEL-positive (apoptotic) cells 6h after ischemia. Increased accumulation of HA and enhanced CD44 expression was seen after I/R in DM kidneys.</p><p>Treatment with long acting insulin 7-14 days before I/R, decreased the number of apoptotic cells in the renal medulla and protected renal function and morphology after the insult, while insulin treatment after the injury did not have any protective effect. Short acting insulin given 2-6 hours before I/R partially protected renal function but did not improve the morphological picture.</p><p>Treatment with the angiotensin II receptor type 1 blocker candesartan, the PAF-antagonist UR-12670, the immunosuppressive agents tacrolimus and cyclosporin A, or prednisolone did not improve the outcome of the renal I/R injury in DM. Injection of cobalt protoporphyrin (CoPP) intraperitoneally in order to induce an over-expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) resulted in a trend towards a better function in DM kidneys after I/R. However, the induction of HO-1 by intraperitoneal CoPP injection was not achieved in all rats, when examined by western blot.</p><p>In conclusion, unilateral renal I/R leads to a severe progressive injury in DM kidneys. Insulin treatment before ischemia, but not after, reduces the renal injury in DM rats. Studies using a more reliable administration of CoPP are required to decide if induction of HO-1 protects against renal I/R injury in DM.</p>

The kidney is the major organ responsible for the regulation of the composition and volume of the body fluids, which is essential for homeostasis. The glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan (HA), with extreme water-binding capacity, is present in the interstitium of the kidney with a heterogenous distribution. The importance of HA in renal water-handling is unknown and was the focus of the present investigation. Acute water-loading in rats caused the amount of papillary HA to increase and during water deprivation, the amount was reduced. Gerbils, with extreme urine concentrating capacity, have less HA in the renal papilla in normal conditions and responded diametrically different to water-loading (reduction in HA). Renomedullary interstitial cells (RMICs), which are probably the main producers of HA in the renal medulla, were cultured at different media osmolalities to mimic the milieu of the medulla during variations in the water balance. The amount of HA found in the media was decreased at high osmolalities and increased at low osmolalities, thereby strengthening the in vivo results. CD44, an HA-receptor involved in the uptake and degradation of HA, was expressed on RMICs in an osmolality dependent manner. During high media osmolality, the CD44 expression increased and at lower osmolalities, the opposite occurred, probably due to the need for uptake and degradation of HA. Renal ischemia-reperfusion injury causes a cortical accumulation of HA, up-regulation of CD44, and a depression of functional parameters. The time periods of ischemia correlated with the accumulation of HA which, in turn, was inversely correlated to GFR. Hyaluronidase injections in this setting failed to reduce HA levels and significantly improve renal function. In conclusion, the results from the present study suggest an important role for HA and RMICs in renal water-handling and that the intrarenal distribution of HA is altered after ischemia-reperfusion injury, which correlates with renal dysfunction.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the leading causes of end stage renal failure. An increased susceptibility to renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-injury was found in DM rats. Unilateral renal ischemia for as short as 20 minutes led to an irreversible progressive injury in DM kidneys, whereas the injury in non-DM kidneys was almost reversible. The renal I/R injury was characterized by anuria, infiltration of inflammatory cells, tubular atrophy, dilation of the remaining tubuli and tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Necrotic areas were found in the inner parts of the outer medulla and in the papilla. The renal medulla was the most vulnerable part of the kidney. This was seen both by the extent of fibrosis four and eight weeks after I/R and by the presence of TUNEL-positive (apoptotic) cells 6h after ischemia. Increased accumulation of HA and enhanced CD44 expression was seen after I/R in DM kidneys. Treatment with long acting insulin 7-14 days before I/R, decreased the number of apoptotic cells in the renal medulla and protected renal function and morphology after the insult, while insulin treatment after the injury did not have any protective effect. Short acting insulin given 2-6 hours before I/R partially protected renal function but did not improve the morphological picture. Treatment with the angiotensin II receptor type 1 blocker candesartan, the PAF-antagonist UR-12670, the immunosuppressive agents tacrolimus and cyclosporin A, or prednisolone did not improve the outcome of the renal I/R injury in DM. Injection of cobalt protoporphyrin (CoPP) intraperitoneally in order to induce an over-expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) resulted in a trend towards a better function in DM kidneys after I/R. However, the induction of HO-1 by intraperitoneal CoPP injection was not achieved in all rats, when examined by western blot. In conclusion, unilateral renal I/R leads to a severe progressive injury in DM kidneys. Insulin treatment before ischemia, but not after, reduces the renal injury in DM rats. Studies using a more reliable administration of CoPP are required to decide if induction of HO-1 protects against renal I/R injury in DM.

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Assessment of lung edema by gravimetrical analysis is a standard method to evaluate the severity of experimentally induced ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury. The aim of this study was to compare gravimetrical assessment of pulmonary edema with a stereological approach which allows for qualitative and quantitative distinction between intravascular and edematous fluids by light microscopy. Eight experimental groups which differed in mode of preservation, ischemic storage and pharmacological treatments were studied in an extracorporeal rat lung model. Analysis of the pooled data showed that the wet/dry ratio values mainly reflected the amount of intra-alveolar edema (rs = 0.442; p = 0.0057) but only stereological assessment of edema formation revealed differences depending on the treatment used. Only stereological data correlated significantly with oxygen tension measured at the end of reperfusion (rs = –0.530; p = 0.0009). We conclude that gravimetry is of minor functional importance compared to assessment by stereological methods which prove to be a reliable and efficient tool for the evaluation of IR injury in the different experimental settings. / Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.

L’infarctus de myocarde (IDM) est la première cause de mortalité cardiovasculaire dans le monde. La reperfusion la plus précoce possible est le seul traitement recommandé pour limiter la taille de l’infarctus, déterminant majeur de morbi-mortalité. Cependant, la reperfusion s’accompagne de lésions de reperfusion qui se sur-ajoutent aux lésions d’ischémie et qui sont caractérisées par la mort des cardiomyocytes. Actuellement, il n’existe aucune thérapie ciblant les lésions d’ischémie-reperfusion (IR) afin de limiter l’extension de la zone infarcie. La fréquence cardiaque (FC) est un facteur déterminant de la pathologie cardiaque. La plupart des épisodes ischémiques sont déclenchés par une accélération de la FC provoquant sur le myocarde un déséquilibre entre l’apport et la consommation d’oxygène. Une réduction de la FC se traduit par un allongement de la diastole ventriculaire, permettant une meilleure perfusion coronaire et l’oxygénation optimale du myocarde au repos et durant l’exercice. Ainsi, il semble évident qu’une réduction contrôlée de la FC pourrait limiter l’effort et la vulnérabilité du myocarde pendant l’épisode d’IR, ce qui représenterait un challenge dans le traitement de l’IDM mais aussi un intérêt majeur de santé publique.Les β-bloquants ont été largement étudiés dans ce contexte et ont montré des effets bénéfiques en termes de réduction de la mortalité post-IDM. Cependant, ils exercent en même temps des effets délétères sur le flux sanguin coronarien et la fonction contractile myocardique. Cette constatation met en évidence l’importance de la réduction sélective de la FC par l’inhibition des courants ioniques responsables de l’automatisme cardiaque. Le courant If et les courants calciques ICa,L et ICa,T (portés respectivement par les canaux Cav1.3 et Cav3.1) sont les principaux accélérateurs du rythme cardiaque. Des études cliniques ont montré les effets bénéfiques de la réduction sélective de la FC par l’ivabradine, inhibiteur du courant If, dans le cadre des maladies coronariennes et de l’insuffisance cardiaque. Néanmoins, des études récentes ont montré que le traitement par ivabradine peut induire un risque accru de mortalité cardiovasculaire et d’IDM. Ces résultats soulignent l’intérêt de développer de nouvelles thérapies visant à contrôler sélectivement la FC sans effets indésirables sur le myocarde et sur le pronostic des patients.L’objectif de ce travail de thèse est d’étudier le rôle de la FC au cours de l’IR myocardique et de valider sur des modèles murins de bradycardie l’hypothèse que la réduction de la FC est capable de limiter les lésions d’IR. Notre stratégie de travail est basée sur une approche génétique avec l’utilisation de souris knock-out pour les canaux calciques Cav1.3 et Cav3.1. Dans un premier temps, la réduction pharmacologique de la FC par l’ivabradine induit une diminution de la zone infarcie chez des souris contrôles, validant le concept dans notre modèle murin d’IR in vivo. Ensuite, les souris mutantes, dont la FC est plus lente, présentent aussi une réduction de la taille de l’infarctus suite au protocole d’IR, ce qui confirme l’implication de la FC dans la cardioprotection. Il existe une relation proportionnelle directe entre la taille de l’infarctus et la FC pendant chaque étape de l’IR et indépendamment de la souris modèle. De façon intéressante, cette relation est supprimée lorsque le système nerveux parasympathique est rendu inactif. A l’inverse, l’accélération de la FC dans un modèle ex vivo d’IR cardiaque engendre des effets délétères sur le myocarde, se traduisant par une augmentation de la taille de l’infarctus et une réduction du flux coronarien lors de la reperfusion.L’ensemble de ces résultats confirme l’effet cardioprotecteur de la réduction de la FC dans les lésions d’IR et nous permet d’envisager une application clinique pour la prise en charge des maladies ischémiques. / Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is the major cause of cardiovascular mortality worlwide. Early reperfusion is the only treatment recommended to reduce infarct size, a major determinant of morbidity and mortality. However, reperfusion leads to reperfusion injury that precipitates in death the cells that survived the ischemic insult. To date, there is no therapy targeting ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury to limit the extent of the infarcted area. Heart rate (HR) is a main determinant of cardiac pathology. Most ischemic episodes are triggered by an increase in HR inducing an imbalance between myocardial oxygen delivery and consumption. HR reduction results in a lengthening of the ventricular diastole, allowing better coronary perfusion and optimal oxygenation of the myocardium at rest and during exercise. Thus, it seems clear that a controlled reduction of HR may limit the effort and the vulnerability of the myocardium during the whole IR episode, which would represent a challenge in the treatment of AMI but also a major interest to public health.β-blockers have been extensively studied in this context and have shown beneficial effects in terms of reduction of post-AMI mortality. However, they also exert deleterious effects on myocardial coronary blood flow and contractile function. This finding highlights the importance of selective HR reduction through inhibition of ion currents responsible for cardiac automatism. The If current and the ICa,L and ICa,T calcium currents (mediated by Cav1.3 and Cav3.1 channels, respectively) are important accelerators of cardiac rhythm. Clinical trials have shown the beneficial effects of selective HR reduction by ivabradine, an inhibitor of the If current, in the context of coronary artery disease and heart failure. However, recent studies have shown that treatment with ivabradine may involve an increased risk of cardiovascular mortality and infarct. These results underscore the need to develop new therapies aimed to selectively control HR without adverse effects on the myocardium and prognosis of patients.The goal of this thesis is to study the role of HR during myocardial IR and to validate in murine models of bradycardia the hypothesis that HR reduction is able to limit IR injury. Our work strategy is based on a genetic approach with the use of knockout mice for Cav1.3 and Cav3.1 calcium channels. In a first time, pharmacological HR reduction by ivabradine induces infarct size decrease in control mice, validating the concept in our in vivo mouse model of IR. Genetically-modified mice in which these channels have been ablated have reduced heart rate and show a reduction in infarct size after the IR protocol, confirming the involvement of HR in cardioprotection. There is a direct relationship between infarct size and HR during each phase of IR and independently of the animal model. Surprisingly, this relation is suppressed when the parasympathetic nervous system is inactivated. Secondly, HR acceleration in an ex vivo model of cardiac IR generates deleterious effects on the myocardium, including infarct size increase and coronary flow reduction during reperfusion.These results confirm the cardioprotective effect of HR reduction against IR injury and allow us to consider a clinical application in the treatment of ischemic diseases.