O ferro é um micronutiente essencial em plantas, como também para praticamente todos os demais organismos. Porém, as formas livres de ferro intracelular podem ser extremamente danosas. A proteína ferritina tem papel crucial neste contexto, com a função de acumular ferro de uma forma segura e biodisponível. Cada proteína pode acumular aproximadamente 4500 átomos de ferro em sua cavidade interna. Em plantas, existe um número variado de cópias gênicas para ferritina e estas cópias têm expressão modulada por fatores bióticos e abióticos. No genoma do arroz foram caracterizadas duas cópias para o gene da ferritina. Como existem poucos estudos funcionais para ferritina em arroz, este trabalho teve como objetivos: (a) silenciar as duas cópias da ferritina da subespécie japonica variedade Nipponbare; (b) caracterizar, por PCR, mutantes para ferritina por inserção do retroelemento TOS17; (c) caracterizar a expressão da ferritina da subespécie de arroz japonica, variedade Nipponbare, em plantas cultivadas em meio hidropônico sob excesso de ferro. Utilizando o sistema Gateway (Invitrogen) nós desenvolvemos uma construção que expressa um RNA em grampo projetado para silenciar ambas as cópias dos genes da ferritina de arroz. Baseando-se em um protocolo bem estabelecido de regeneração de plantas transgênicas de arroz, nós regeneramos plantas transgênicas silenciadas para os genes da ferritina. Foi obtido 75% de sucesso na geração das plantas silenciadas, o que está de acordo com a literatura. Os transformates primários (T0) não apresentaram anormalidades morfológicas evidentes. É possível que uma rota compensatória para armazenar ferro de forma segura seja ativada quando os níveis de ferritina são diminuídos. Além disso, as plantas produzidas neste trabalho são uma ferramenta potencial para estudar a relação ferro-planta. Baseando-se em análises in silico e por PCR, nós caracterizamos três linhagens mutantes contendo inserção do retroelemento TOS17 no gene OsFer2, entretanto, ainda não identificamos mutantes homozigotos. Em plantas de arroz crescidas em meio hidropônico, o aumento da concentração de ferro resultou em maiores níveis de expressão de ferritina, avaliados por RT-PCR semi-quantitativo, após 6 h e 12 h de exposição aos tratamentos de 50 e 500 ppm de FeSO4 do que na condição controle (5,6 ppm). / Iron is an essential micronutrient for plants, as for virtually all organisms. However, free intracelular iron forms can be extremely dangerous. The ferritin protein has a crucial role in this context, storing iron in a safe and bioavailable form. Each protein molecule can accumulate about 4500 iron atoms in its internal cavity. In plants, there is a variable number of ferritin gene copies and their expression is modulated by biotic and abiotic factors. There are two copies of the ferritin gene in the rice genome. As there are few functional studies for the ferritin genes in rice, this work had the objetives of: (a) to silence both copies of the ferritin genes in the japonica Nipponbare variety; (b) to identify and characterize TOS17 insertional mutants for the ferritin genes using in silico and PCR essays; (c) to characterize the expression of ferritin in the japonica Nipponbare variety under iron stress conditions. Using the Gateway system we generated a construct that expresses a hairpin RNA designed to silence both rice ferritin gene copies. Based on a well-established protocol to regenerate transgenic plants, we developed transgenic ferritin silenced lines. We obtained 75% success in generating rice silenced lines against ferritin. The primary transformants (T0) had no clear morphological abnormalities. It is possible that a compensatory pathway to store iron in a safe form can be induced when levels of ferritin are downregulated. Furthermore, the plants generated in this work are a potential tool to study iron-plant relations. Based on in silico and PCR essays we characterized three TOS17 insertional mutant lines for the OsFer2 gene, but until now we could not identify TOS17 homozygous mutants. In rice plants grown in hydroponic culture, increasing iron concentrations resulted in higher expression levels of ferritin, evaluated by semi-quantitative RT-PCR, after 6h and 12h exposure to 50 and 500 ppm of FeSO4, than in the control treatment (5,6 ppm).

O ferro é um micronutiente essencial em plantas, como também para praticamente todos os demais organismos. Porém, as formas livres de ferro intracelular podem ser extremamente danosas. A proteína ferritina tem papel crucial neste contexto, com a função de acumular ferro de uma forma segura e biodisponível. Cada proteína pode acumular aproximadamente 4500 átomos de ferro em sua cavidade interna. Em plantas, existe um número variado de cópias gênicas para ferritina e estas cópias têm expressão modulada por fatores bióticos e abióticos. No genoma do arroz foram caracterizadas duas cópias para o gene da ferritina. Como existem poucos estudos funcionais para ferritina em arroz, este trabalho teve como objetivos: (a) silenciar as duas cópias da ferritina da subespécie japonica variedade Nipponbare; (b) caracterizar, por PCR, mutantes para ferritina por inserção do retroelemento TOS17; (c) caracterizar a expressão da ferritina da subespécie de arroz japonica, variedade Nipponbare, em plantas cultivadas em meio hidropônico sob excesso de ferro. Utilizando o sistema Gateway (Invitrogen) nós desenvolvemos uma construção que expressa um RNA em grampo projetado para silenciar ambas as cópias dos genes da ferritina de arroz. Baseando-se em um protocolo bem estabelecido de regeneração de plantas transgênicas de arroz, nós regeneramos plantas transgênicas silenciadas para os genes da ferritina. Foi obtido 75% de sucesso na geração das plantas silenciadas, o que está de acordo com a literatura. Os transformates primários (T0) não apresentaram anormalidades morfológicas evidentes. É possível que uma rota compensatória para armazenar ferro de forma segura seja ativada quando os níveis de ferritina são diminuídos. Além disso, as plantas produzidas neste trabalho são uma ferramenta potencial para estudar a relação ferro-planta. Baseando-se em análises in silico e por PCR, nós caracterizamos três linhagens mutantes contendo inserção do retroelemento TOS17 no gene OsFer2, entretanto, ainda não identificamos mutantes homozigotos. Em plantas de arroz crescidas em meio hidropônico, o aumento da concentração de ferro resultou em maiores níveis de expressão de ferritina, avaliados por RT-PCR semi-quantitativo, após 6 h e 12 h de exposição aos tratamentos de 50 e 500 ppm de FeSO4 do que na condição controle (5,6 ppm). / Iron is an essential micronutrient for plants, as for virtually all organisms. However, free intracelular iron forms can be extremely dangerous. The ferritin protein has a crucial role in this context, storing iron in a safe and bioavailable form. Each protein molecule can accumulate about 4500 iron atoms in its internal cavity. In plants, there is a variable number of ferritin gene copies and their expression is modulated by biotic and abiotic factors. There are two copies of the ferritin gene in the rice genome. As there are few functional studies for the ferritin genes in rice, this work had the objetives of: (a) to silence both copies of the ferritin genes in the japonica Nipponbare variety; (b) to identify and characterize TOS17 insertional mutants for the ferritin genes using in silico and PCR essays; (c) to characterize the expression of ferritin in the japonica Nipponbare variety under iron stress conditions. Using the Gateway system we generated a construct that expresses a hairpin RNA designed to silence both rice ferritin gene copies. Based on a well-established protocol to regenerate transgenic plants, we developed transgenic ferritin silenced lines. We obtained 75% success in generating rice silenced lines against ferritin. The primary transformants (T0) had no clear morphological abnormalities. It is possible that a compensatory pathway to store iron in a safe form can be induced when levels of ferritin are downregulated. Furthermore, the plants generated in this work are a potential tool to study iron-plant relations. Based on in silico and PCR essays we characterized three TOS17 insertional mutant lines for the OsFer2 gene, but until now we could not identify TOS17 homozygous mutants. In rice plants grown in hydroponic culture, increasing iron concentrations resulted in higher expression levels of ferritin, evaluated by semi-quantitative RT-PCR, after 6h and 12h exposure to 50 and 500 ppm of FeSO4, than in the control treatment (5,6 ppm).

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Agradecemos a compreensão. on 2017-05-10T18:32:39Z (GMT) / Submitted by Raíssa Pereira Dinalli null (raissa_dinalli@terra.com.br ) on 2017-05-10T18:58:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 gazola_rpd_dr_ilha1.pdf: 2690242 bytes, checksum: f9ff56aed030d09608bd93914ed45f22 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-05-10T19:12:26Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 gazola_rpd_dr_ilha.pdf: 2690242 bytes, checksum: f9ff56aed030d09608bd93914ed45f22 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-10T19:12:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 gazola_rpd_dr_ilha.pdf: 2690242 bytes, checksum: f9ff56aed030d09608bd93914ed45f22 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-31 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A adubação nitrogenada proporciona, além da nutrição, a manutenção da coloração verde intensa em gramados ornamentais, imprescindível do ponto de vista estético. Mas, o nitrogênio (N) aumenta o crescimento da parte aérea e, assim, maior será frequência de cortes, principal fator do custo de manutenção em gramados. Neste contexto, objetivou-se avaliar a adubação nitrogenada (via solo com ou sem via foliar), e o uso de doses do herbicida glyphosate em grama esmeralda (Zoysia japonica Steud.), visando reduzir o crescimento do gramado, bem como manter sua qualidade visual (verde intenso) e nutricional. O experimento foi conduzido na Fazenda de Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão da UNESP, Campus de Ilha Solteira/SP, de agosto de 2014 a fevereiro de 2017, em um ARGISSOLO VERMELHO Eutrófico areno-argiloso. Utilizou-se o delineamento em blocos casualizados com 20 tratamentos dispostos em fatorial 5 x 4, com quatro repetições, em 10 m2 por parcela. Os tratamentos foram: testemunha (sem N); 15 g m-2 de N aplicado via solo e sem N via foliar; 30 g m-2 de N aplicado via solo e sem N via foliar; 15 g m-2 de N aplicado via solo e com N via foliar (1% de ureia) e 30 g m-2 de N aplicado via solo e com N via foliar (1% de ureia), combinados com quatro doses de glyphosate (0, 200, 400 e 600 g ha-1 do ingrediente ativo - i.a.). As doses de N via solo foram parceladas em cinco aplicações durante o ano e, portanto, corresponderam a 3 e 6 g m-2 de N a cada aplicação, respectivamente, para as doses de 15 e 30 g m-2 de N. Foram avaliados: os atributos químicos do solo, a altura e a matéria seca das folhas, a área foliar, o índice de clorofila foliar (ICF), os teores de clorofila a e b, a análise por imagem digital e a porcentagem de fitointoxicação da parte aérea, além da determinação da ocorrência de plantas daninhas e do número de inflorescências, bem como a concentração, o acúmulo de macro e micronutrientes nas folhas do gramado e as relações log-isométricas no balanço de macronutrientes nas folhas e do balanço catiônico no solo (relação log isométrica - ilr). Foi realizada também a avaliação do sistema radicular (matéria seca e concentração de macro e micronutrientes nas raízes + rizomas). Foram realizadas dez avaliações (cortes), após as quais eram aplicados os tratamentos. Os teores de K no solo aumentaram com as doses de glyphosate. Houve maior matéria seca das raízes + rizomas quando da adubação com N e diminuição desses valores com as doses de herbicida. A maior quantidade de N via solo, com ou sem N via foliar, resultou em maior crescimento da grama esmeralda, sendo o mesmo reduzido com a dose de 600 g ha-1 do i.a. do glyphosate. Todavia, esta dose do herbicida não foi adequada do ponto de vista estético – coloração verde. Concluiu-se que a adubação com 15 g m-2 de N via solo e sem N via foliar, parcelada em cinco aplicações ao ano, propiciou qualidade visual e nutricional do gramado, e que o glyphosate na dose de 400 g ha-1 do i.a. foi eficiente na redução do crescimento da grama esmeralda, sem prejuízo na sua coloração verde e também propiciou menor acúmulo de macronutrientes pelas folhas, reduzindo a necessidade de reposição pela adubação. / Nitrogen fertilization provides, in addition to nutrition, the maintenance of intense green color in ornamental turfgrasses, necessary underesthetic view point. However, nitrogen (N) increases the shoots growth and, thus, the frequency of cuts, the main factor in the cost of turfgrasses maintenance. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate nitrogen fertilization (via soil and/or foliar) and the use of rates of glyphosate in zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica Steud.) to reduce growth and maintain the visual quality (intense green) and good nutritional quality. The research was conducted at the Experimental Station of UNESP, Ilha Solteira/SP, from August/2014 to February/2017, on an Ultisol. It was used a randomized block design with 20 treatments arranged in a factorial scheme 5 x 4 with four replications and 10 m2 per plot. The treatments was: control (without N), 15 g m-2 of N in the soil without application of foliar N; 30 g m-2 of N in the soil without application of foliar N; 15 g m-2 in the soil with foliar application of N (1% urea) and 30 g m-2 of N in the soil with foliar application of N (1% urea) combined with four rates of glyphosate (0, 200, 400 and 600 g ha-1 active ingredient (a.i.)). N rates in the soil were split in five times during the year and, therefore, corresponded to 3 and 6 g m-2 of N at each application, respectively, for the rates of 15 and 30 g m-2 of N. Were evaluated: the chemical attributes of the soil, height and dry matter of leaves, leaf area, LCI (leaf chlorophyll index), the chlorophyll a and b, the digital image analysis and the percentage of phytotoxicity of the shoot, beyond the occurrence of weed species and number of inflorescences, as well as the concentration and accumulation of macro and micronutrients by leaves of turfgrass and log-isometrics balance of macronutrients in the leaves and cationic balance in the soil (isometric log ratio - ilr). It was being also assessed the root system (dry matter and macro and micronutrients in roots + rhizomes). Ten evaluations (cuts) were carried out. The levels of K in the soil increased with the glyphosate rates. There was higher dry matter of the roots + rhizomes when N fertilization and decrease of these values with the doses of herbicide. The greater amount of N via soil, with or without N via foliar, resulted in greater growth of the zoysiagrass, being reduced with the dose of 600 g ha-1 of a.i. of glyphosate. However, this herbicide rate was not aesthetically ideal - green color. It was concluded that the fertilization with 15 g m-2 of N in the soil without foliar N, split in five times during the year, provided visual and nutritional quality of the grass, and the rate of glyphosate of 400 g ha-1 a.i. was effective in reducing zoysiagrass growth, did not sacrifice its coloration and provided less accumulation of macronutrients in the leaves, reducing the need for replenishment by fertilization. / FAPESP: 2014/02449-8

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(地球環境学) / 甲第23351号 / 地環博第209号 / 新制||地環||40(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院地球環境学舎地球環境学専攻 / (主査)教授 德地 直子, 教授 柴田 昌三, 准教授 西川 完途 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Global Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DGAM

Japanese eels (Anguilla japonicas) are snakelike fishes living in waters in the Asian region. In contrast to most fishes which are stenohalines that can only live in waters with a narrow range of salinity, Japanese eels are classified as euryhalines that can habitat in a broad range of salinity. As the lifecycle of Japanese eels consists of stages across fresh and seawater districts, a well-developed osmoregulation mechanism is needed to balance the intra- and extra- cellular osmolarity of the fishes throughout the seawater acclimation process. While fish gills are one of the organs that separating the ambient water and the inner body fluid of the fish, the fish gills of the Japanese eels have been studied as one of the most crucial organs for osmoregulation purposes. Yet, the osmoregulation and survival strategies of Japanese eels under hyperosmotic stress has not been fully elucidated. In chapter 2, this study has performed a transcriptome study on the ex vivo gill filament model of the Japanese eel to profile the molecular responses after a hypertonic treatment of 4 hours or 8 hours. The experiment is aimed to mimic the gill cells exposed to seawater in the seawater acclimation process of Japanese eels. A profile of differential expressed genes (DEGs) has been revealed that 577 DEGs were commonly upregulated and 711 DEGs were commonly downregulated in both 4- and 8-hours hypertonic treatment. Functional analysis and annotation have been processed with these DEGs, including Ingenuity Canonical Pathways analysis and gene ontology. These analyses have revealed that the cellular homeostasis of the gill cells has been disrupted and cell death responses has been induced by osmotic stress. The results have raises a concern that the maintenance of cellular viability and a cell death regulation mechanism are needed for the fishes to survive in the early stage of seawater acclimation. In chapter 3, this chapter demonstrated that gill cells in Japanese eels are susceptible to apoptosis when they are exposed to hyperosmotic treatments in both in vitro gill cell and the ex vivo gill filament model. To maintain the viability of the gills cells, two inhibitors of apoptosis, XIAP, and survivin, were seen to be expressed in gills cells. The expression of XIAP and survivin were upregulated by dexamethasone, which is an agonist mimicking the effect of cortisol on fishes in seawater acclimation. Meanwhile, the expression levels of the apoptosis executor, caspase 3, were downregulated. These data suggested that with the regulation of cortisol express in the fishes, XIAP and survivin are effective apoptosis regulators in the gill cells of Japanese eels. The study has demonstrated the molecular responses of the gills of Japanese eels exposed to hyperosmotic stress at the transcriptional level and post-translational level by using transcriptome studies and protein study respectively. The study has paved cell death regulation to be another the key field to study in understanding the ability of salinity tolerance in euryhalines.

AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OFNicholas Seaton, for the Master of Science degree in Plant Biology, presented on December 4, 2019 at Southern Illinois University Carbondale. TITLE: THE EFFECT OF DEER BROWSE ON ACHYRANTHES JAPONICAMAJOR PROFESSOR: Dr. David GibsonPlants respond in many ways to damage. These responses vary between sites depending on the severity and duration of the incident. One common form of damage in the forest understory is herbivory or browse. White tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) have been observed to change the dominant species of forests by selectively browsing palatable species in the understory. These changes in species dominance can lead to unwanted consequences, sometimes resulting in a proliferation of weedy or invasive plants or a reduction in performance and competitive abilities based on morphological traits. Understanding the changes that occur to undesirable species after deer browse can help land managers in their prioritization of sites for land management and understand the driving forces behind a species’ success or failure. Using deer exclosure plots, this study looks at the effects of white-tailed deer on Achyranthes japonica, an herbaceous invasive species in the Ohio River floodplain of Illinois and surrounding states. White tailed deer have been observed to browse A. japonica throughout the invaders range, but little is known about the plant’s response. Deer browse data were collected in the summer of 2018 from May to August. Estimated deer densities among six study sites ranged from 8 to 22 deer per km2. Plants that were browsed during the growing season were morphologically different to those that were not browsed. Browsed plants were 11.5 ± 0.1 cm shorter (F1,218=11.658; p<0.001) on average and produced 0.33 ± 0.09 fewer nodes (F1,216= 4.045; p<0.05). Browsed plants also produced 2.7 ± 0.32 fewer flowering spikes and were similar in length to those of un-browsed plants. These morphological differences showed significant variation between sites. Floristic Quality Indices of the herbaceous plant communities (Ȳ =3.5) ranged from 3.2 to 3.9 among study sites. This study shows that site conditions can impact the response of A. japonica growth as it continues to invade across its current introduced range and that the species is adaptive and grows along-side other similar weedy species such as Microstegium vimineum and Parthenocissus quinquefolia. This study also indicated that deer browse has little to no impact on the growth of Achyranthes japonica.Keywords: Achyranthes japonica, Odocoileus virginianus, herbivory, browse, deer density, site quality

博士(理学) / Doctor of Philosophy in Science / 同志社大学 / Doshisha University

Classical theories of how animals make mate choices have focused on each sex's inherited preferences for the other sex's traits or behaviours. The present thesis was undertaken to investigate how social factors play a role in determining an animal's choice of mate. In the series of experiments reported here, 'focal' female and male Japanese quail were given the opportunity to observe another quail (a 'model') of the same sex mating with a conspecific of the opposite sex (a 'target'). Results of experiments described in chapters 2 and 3 revealed that focal females: (1) displayed an increased tendency to affiliate with male targets that they had observed mating with model females, and (2) found a target male more attractive if he had been observed just standing near another female. In Chapter 4, social influences or male mate choice were investigated. Focal males: (1) exhibited a decrease in their preference for female targets that they had observed mating with model males, and (2) showed a decrease in preference for a female target only if she had been seen mating with or being courted by a model male, not simply standing near him. Finally, in chapter 5, it was determined that for quail of both sexes, affiliation time was a reliable predictor of focal subjects' actual choice of a mate. Taken together, these results are consistent with the hypothesis that females gain benefits from attending to the mate choices of other females, whereas for males there is a cost associated with mating with a female that had recently muted with another male. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

La vigueur initiale (accumulation de biomasse aérienne) est déterminante pour un rapide établissement de la culture et l'accès aux ressources, contribuant ainsi à un évitement du stress hydrique. Cette thèse vise à caractériser la diversité phénotypique chez le riz (Oriza Sativa.L) des traits constituant la vigueur initiale et sa plasticité sous stress hydrique. L'étude à démontrée que la vigueur initiale dépend de caractères relatifs aux forces de puits et à la demande en assimilats carbonés, tels que le taux de développement (DR), le tallage et la taille potentielle des feuilles. Une relation négative entre DR et la taille des feuilles a été observée et reliée à des différences d'utilisation des sucres par la plante au niveau des organes source et puits. En particulier des plantes à fort DR ont montré la tendance à stocker très peu d'amidon dans les feuilles source, inversement aux génotypes à grande feuilles. Sous stress hydrique des faibles tolérances à la sécheresse ont été liés à des réductions des activités des organes puits. Cette étude a montré l'existence d'une grande diversité génétique pour des trais liés à la tolérance au stress hydrique chez le riz. De plus des fortes réductions de croissance sous stress ont été observées pour les génotypes vigoureux. En effet de forts DR étaient aussi associés à une forte sensibilité du taux de transpiration foliaire (fermeture stomatique) et à une faible efficience d'utilisation de l'eau sous stress, de plus les génotypes à grandes feuilles ont montré un fort taux de sénescence foliaire. La diversité phénotypique observée dans le panel des riz Japonica est prometteuse pour des analyses génétiques d'association permettant l'amélioration de la tolérance au stress hydrique du riz ; cependant, les éventuelles limitations génétiques liées aux relations négatives observées entre vigueur initiale et tolérance au stress hydrique et donc, la facilité d'une co-sélection pour ces deux caractères complexes, devront être explorées. / Early vigour (ie.shoot biomass accumulation) is essential for rapid crop establishment, resource acquisition and can thus contribute to drought avoidance. This work aims at characterizing the diversity of component traits constituting early vigor and its plasticity under drought for rice (Oriza Sativa L.). This study demonstrated that sink dynamics: Developmental Rate (DR, inverse of phyllochron, in °C.d-1); tillering capacity and potential leaf size which together constitute incremental demand for assimilates are mayor drivers of early vigor. A tradeoff between DR and leaf size was explained by differences in carbon concentrations in source and sink leaves, in particular high DR genotypes stored low starch in source leaves compared to large leaf genotypes under well watered conditions. Low drought tolerance was related to a reduction in sink activity under drought. This study demonstrates that rice has a great genetic diversity in terms of drought tolerance. Under drought both high DR and large leaves vigorous genotypes had the strongest growth reduction. Indeed, DR was associated to high stomatal sensibility to drought and low WUE, while large leaves genotypes showed high leaf senescence rates. Finally, the phenotypic diversity observed within the studied japonica panel is promising for genetic association studies in order to improve rice drought resistance. The genetic limitations of the negative, phenotypic linkages observed between early vigor and drought tolerance, and thus the easiness to co-select for both traits will have to be explored.

Submitted by FLÁVIA DINIZ MOTA null (fdmota@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-04-26T14:36:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação-FláviaMota.pdf: 1593902 bytes, checksum: 5e726accc2a2d3f2c053419f0f057958 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-04-27T14:25:24Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 mota_fd_me_bot.pdf: 1593902 bytes, checksum: 5e726accc2a2d3f2c053419f0f057958 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T14:25:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 mota_fd_me_bot.pdf: 1593902 bytes, checksum: 5e726accc2a2d3f2c053419f0f057958 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O lodo de esgoto, resíduo de maior volume gerado durante os processos de tratamento de efluentes domésticos, apresenta disposição final problemática, inviabilizando seu uso direto na agricultura. Porém, legalmente, surgiu a possibilidade de misturar o lodo de esgoto com uma fonte de carbono, gerando o composto a base de lodo de esgoto, viabilizando seu uso na agricultura. Objetivou-se com esse trabalho avaliar o uso de lodo de esgoto compostado na produção de tapetes de grama esmeralda e sua influência na manutenção de água no solo. O experimento foi instalado em uma propriedade de produção de grama, localizada em Itapetininga-SP. A cultura utilizada foi a grama Zoysia japonica Steud. conhecida como grama esmeralda. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, com doze tratamentos e cinco repetições. Os tratamentos foram definidos por cinco doses de lodo de esgoto compostado (0,10, 20, 30 e 40 Mg ha-1, base seca), uma dose de adubo inorgânico e duas formas de aplicações (aplicação única e parcelada do composto). Utilizou-se o lodo de esgoto compostado da Estação de Tratamento de Esgoto da cidade de Jundiaí. As doses aplicadas correspondem às doses de 100, 200, 300 e 400 kg ha-1 de nitrogênio. Observou-se que aos 212 dias após aplicação do composto, a dose de 30 Mg ha-1 permitiu formação completa do tapete de grama (100% da taxa de cobertura). Verificou-se redução de 8% na massa dos tapetes de grama que receberam doses de 40 Mg ha-1em relação a dose de 30 Mg ha-1, e 10 % em relação a adubação química. A maior resistência e a formação completa dos tapetes foi observada para dose de 30 Mg ha-1. A testemunha, as parcelas que receberam doses de 10 e 20 Mg ha-1 não formaram tapetes. Para as doses de 30 e 40 Mg ha-1 todos os tapetes cortados apresentaram-se inteiros, sem danos e com ótimas características de comercialização. A aplicação de lodo de esgoto compostado não alterou a umidade do solo na camada de 0-5cm. / The sewage sludge, major waste volume generated during treatment processes of domestic effluents shows a problematic final disposal, impairing its direct use in agriculture. Although another legally possibility have emerged, which is the sludge and a carbon source mixing, generating a compound based in sewage sludge, enabling its use in agriculture. The aim of this work was evaluate compounded sewage sludge doses maintain water in soil in the zoysiagrass sod production. The experiment was installed grass grower property locates in Itapetininga, São Paulo. The used crop was the Zoysia japonica Steud, known as “Esmeralda”. The experimental delineation used in the work was the randomized blocks one, with twelve treatments and five repetitions. The treatments were defined by five compound sludge doses (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 Mg ha-1 , dry base), an inorganic fertilizer dose and two applications (compound unique and parceled application). It was used the sewage sludge compounded from the Sewage Treatment Station of Jundiai County. The rates applied correspond to 100, 200, 300 and 400 kg ha-1 of nitrogen. It can be concluded that the 212 days after the compound application, the 30 Mg ha-1 rate allowed the complete formation of the sod (100% cover rate). It was verified that happened a weight loss in zoysiagrass sod with the applied compounded sewage sludge doses raising, and resistance raising for 30 Mg ha-1 doses. The control and plots which received doses of 10 Mg ha-1 have not formed sod. There were no losses and all sod were good using the rates of 30 and 40 Mg ha-1. There was a reduction of 8% in the weight of sod that received 40 Mg ha-1 rate compared to 30 Mg ha-1 rate, and 10% compared to chemical fertilizer. The 30 Mg ha-1 rate showed the best sod strength and formation. Control and plots that received 10 Mg ha-1 rates did not form sod. In the 30 and 40 Mg ha-1 rates, 100% of the sod showed integers, with no damage and with great marketing features. The application of composted sewage sludge did not affect the soil moisture in the 0-5cm layer.