No Brasil, vários trabalhos com pinhão-manso (Jatropha curcas L.) têm estudado a avaliação do estado nutricional, porém são poucas as investigações objetivando caracterizar a marcha de absorção, bem como as respostas bioquímicas e fisiológicas desta espécie ao manejo nutricional. antecipadamente o estado nutricional das plantas. Desse modo, o objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar a marcha de absorção no desenvolvimento inicial do pinhão-manso (Jatropha curcas L.), bem como as omissões de N, P, K, Ca, Mg e de S no crescimento inicial e no comportamento bioquímico e fisiológico dessa espécie e, por fim, prever os quadros sintomatológicos das deficiências. Para alcançar os objetivos propostos foram realizados dois experimentos simultâneos, conduzidos em casa de vegetação, sendo que as plantas foram cultivadas individualmente em vasos contendo solução nutritiva. No primeiro experimento - referente à marcha de absorção - a plantas foram cultivadas em solução nutritiva completa, sendo que as plantas eram retiradas a cada 14 dias para a determinação do acúmulo de massa seca e macronutrientes. No segundo experimento as plantas foram cultivadas em solução completa (controle) e omissão individual de N, P, K, Ca, Mg e de S. Neste experimento foram realizados testes bioquímicos e fisiológicas para a previsão de desordens nutricionais aos 20, 30, 40 e 120 dias após o inicio dos tratamentos. As primeiras manifestações de deficiência foram observadas para o Ca e N, seguidas das de Mg e K, contudo não foram observados sintomas de carência de P e S. As atividades das enzimas redutase do nitrato, da fosfatase ácida e da peroxidase, bem como a avaliação das concentrações de poliaminas, efetuadas no início do desenvolvimento das plantas, demonstraram ser indicadores para previsão das desordens nutricionais de N, P e K, respectivamente. As omissões individuais dos macronutrientes limitaram o desenvolvimento inicial do pinhão-manso, reduziram os teores de clorofila e a taxa fotossintética de forma distinta. Porém, a omissão de Ca foi a que mais limitou o desenvolvimento dessa espécie para todas as variáveis avaliadas / In Brazil, several studies with physic nut (Jatropha curcas L.) have studied the assessment of nutritional status, but there are few investigations aiming to characterize the uptake and the biochemical and physiological responses to nutritional management of this species, for the purpose of prediction the nutritional status of plants. Thus, the objective with this study was to evaluate the uptake in the initial development of physic nut (Jatropha curcas L.), as well as the omission of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S, to physiological and biochemical assessments, and finally, predicting symptomatology frames deficiencies. To achieve the proposed objectives two experiments were conducted in a greenhouse. The plants were grown individually in pots containing nutrient solution. In the first experiment - uptake of macronutrients - the plants were grown in complete nutrient solution, whereas plants were taken every 14 days for the determination of dry matter and macronutrients accumulation. In the second experiment, the plants were grown in complete solution (control) and the omission of N, P , K , Ca , Mg and S. In this experiment biochemical and physiological tests were performed for predicting nutritional disorders at 20, 30, 40 and 120 days after initiation of treatment. The first manifestations of deficiency were observed for Ca and N, followed by Mg and K, but don\'t were observed symptoms of P and S deficiency. The activities of nitrate reductase, acid phosphatase and peroxidase, as well as the assessment of concentrations of polyamines, made in the early development of the plant, proved to forecast indicators of nutritional disorders of N, P and K, respectively. The individual macronutrients omissions limited the initial development of physic nut, in addition, reduced chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate differently. However, the omission of Ca was the most limited growth of this species for all variables

Com a busca de novas soluções para a produção de energia sustentável, novas fontes renováveis têm sido tema de estudos para o suprimento de energia no mundo, diminuindo a dependência por combustíveis fósseis. O biodiesel pode ser usado para geração de energia em substituição ao óleo diesel e, com isso, muitas espécies oleaginosas têm sido estudadas para esse fim. O pinhão-manso (Jatropha curcas L.) é uma espécie da família Euforbiácea que tem se destacado por ser uma planta perene, rústica e com elevada produção de óleo. O conhecimento dos efeitos da irrigação e da fertilização nitrogenada no seu cultivo se tornam relevantes para um melhor manejo dessa cultura. Este estudo teve como objetivo principal avaliar os efeitos de diferentes níveis de adubação nitrogenada e de irrigação na produtividade, no crescimento vegetativo e na qualidade de óleo no cultivo do pinhão-manso. O experimento foi conduzido em uma área experimental do Departamento de Engenharia de Biossistemas da ESALQ/USP, em Piracicaba-SP. Os estudos foram realizados nos anos agrícolas de 2013/2014 e 2014/2015, com plantas a partir do terceiro ano de cultivo e dispostas em espaçamento 3 x 4 m, totalizando 833 plantas ha-1. Os tratamentos foram dispostos aleatoriamente em duas áreas de cultivo, com blocos compostos de quatros repetições, sendo os fatores constituídos de dois manejos hídricos (irrigado e sem irrigação) e quatro doses de adubação nitrogenada a partir da sua recomendação de adubação (150%, 100%, 50% e 0% de N). Cada área de cultivo era composta pelo tipo de manejo hídrico adotado e a análise dos dados foi feita de forma conjunta, como análise de grupos de experimentos. O sistema de irrigação utilizado foi o pivô central, sendo adotado para toda a área irrigada o mesmo manejo de irrigação. A irrigação e as doses de N tiveram influência positiva nas variáveis de crescimento como altura, índice de área foliar, diâmetro e volume de copa. Todos os teores de clorofila avaliados apresentaram os maiores valores com a prática da irrigação e com as maiores doses de N aplicada, mas apesar dessa diferença, todos os tratamentos aplicados apresentaram baixa correlação com o teor de N foliar. A produtividade de sementes e de óleo de pinhão-manso também responderam de forma positiva aos tratamentos aplicados, chegando até a triplicar os seus valores com a prática de irrigação e da adubação de N. O teor de óleo, por sua vez, não mostrou variação dos tratamentos quanto ao seu conteúdo intrínseco por unidade de massa de sementes, mas o fator manejo hídrico influenciou nos valores de alguns índices de qualidade de óleo, como acidez, iodo, peróxido e estabilidade oxidativa, nos quais os tratamentos irrigados apresentaram, de uma forma geral, os melhores resultados. Com isso, conclui-se que, mesmo sendo adaptado a condições adversas de clima e solo, o pinhão-manso responde bem à prática da irrigação e da adubação nitrogenada, aumentando sua produtividade, melhorando seu desenvolvimento vegetativo e qualidade de óleo para a produção de biodiesel. / With the search for new solutions for the sustainable energy production, new renewable energy sources have been the subject of studies for the power supply in the world, reducing dependence on fossil fuels. Biodiesel can be used for power generation as a substitute for oil diesel, which have increased the interest on oilseeds crops studies. The jatropha (Jatropha curcas L.) is a species of the Euforbiaceae family that has stood out for being a perennial, rustic, and high yield of oil plant. The knowledge of the effects of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the cultivation become relevant for a better crop management. The main objective of this study was the evaluation of the effects of different levels of nitrogen fertilization and irrigation on productivity, vegetative growth and oil quality in the jatropha crop. The experiment was conducted in an experimental area of the Department of Biosystems Engineering at ESALQ/USP, in Piracicaba-SP. The studies were conducted in the agricultural years of 2013/2014 and 2014/2015, with plants from the third year of cultivation, arranged in 3x4 meters spacing, totaling 833 plants ha-1. The treatments were randomly arranged in two cultivation areas with blocks composed of four repetitions being the factors consisted of two water management (irrigated and without irrigation) and four doses of nitrogen fertilization from its fertilizer recommendation (150%, 100%, 50% and 0% N). Each cultivation area was composed by the type of water management adopted and the data analysis was made jointly as experiments group analysis. The irrigation system used was the center pivot, being adopted for the entire irrigated area the same irrigation management. The irrigation and nitrogen levels had a positive influence on growth variables such as height, diameter and canopy volume. All evaluated chlorophyll levels reached the highest values with the practice of irrigation and higher nitrogen levels applied, but despite of this difference, all treated samples showed low correlation with leaf nitrogen content. The productivity of seeds and jatropha oil also responded positively to the treatments applied, reaching three times their values with the practice of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization. The oil content did not vary with treatments as to its intrinsic content per unit mass of seeds, and only the water management factor influenced the values of some oil quality indices such as acidity, iodine, peroxide and oxidative stability, when the irrigated treatments showed better results in general. Thus, it is concluded that even though being adapted to adverse conditions of climate and soil, jatropha responds well to practices of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization, increasing its productivity and improving its vegetative growth and quality of oil for biodiesel production.

Jatropha curcas L. (Euphorbiaceae) has attracted considerable interest in recent years because of its high potential to provide oil for the production of biofuel. This interest has resulted in increased investments in the cultivation of J. curcas in many areas all over the world. However, J.curcas remains an un-domesticated crop and there is a lack of scientific evidence for its productive potential and agronomic properties. This situation could lead to unsustainable practices with economic, social and environmental risks. To reduce these risks and to improve the performance of the J.curcas in different agroclimatic conditions, it is very important to invest in the domestication, selection and genetic breeding of J.curcas. At this point, it is necessary to know the degree of genetic diversity of the species in natural, isolated cultivated, commercial and experimental populations. Due to the importance in this area, this work had as objective to genetically characterize genotypes of J. curcas cultivated in experimental areas in two cities of Sergipe, State of Brazil (Umbaúba and Carira) by means of molecular markers RAPD. The methodology of DNA extraction from leaves of 40 genotypes, collected in the cities of Umbaúba and Carira, was carring out according to method CTAB 2% and to DNA amplification were used 31 primers of arbitrary sequence. DNA markers were scored for the presence (1) and absence (0) of homologous amplified, which were used in the construction of the binary matrix in order to calculate the percentage of polymorphism of each primer used. This data was also used to estimate the genetic similarity among the pairs of genotypes, using Jaccard coefficient, and group them out for the UPGMA and PCoA methods. Afterwards, the similarity error associated with the minimum value of similarity was calculated. Fragments (101) were generated from 31 primers, 30 of which were polymorphics. A similarity average of 0,54 (±0,09) among the genotypes was found and the amplitude similarities varied from 0,18 (±0,07) to 1,00 (±0,00). The average genetic similarity was equal to 0,67, and from this value it was possible to observe the formation of nine clusters. Two of them were unit clusters and formed by the most divergent genotypes, three and five. In conclusion, it was not possible verify low genetic variability in physic nut using RAPD markers at these experimental areas. / Jatropha curcas L. (Euphorbiaceae) tem atraído bastante interesse nos últimos anos por apresentar elevado potencial de fornecer óleo para produção de biocombustível e isso tem provocado grandes investimentos e expansão rápida das áreas de cultivo em todo mundo. No entanto, é uma cultura que não foi domesticada e carece de provas científicas sobre o seu potencial produtivo e propriedades agronômicas. Esta situação pode levar a práticas insustentáveis com riscos econômico, social e ambiental. A fim de reduzir estes riscos e melhorar o desempenho da cultura em diferentes condições agroclimáticas é primordial investir na domesticação, seleção e melhoramento genético. Para isso, se faz necessário conhecer o grau de diversidade genética da espécie em populações naturais, plantios isolados, comerciais e experimentais. Diante de tal importância, este trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar geneticamente genótipos de pinhão manso, cultivados em plantios experimentais, em dois municípios de Sergipe (Umbaúba e Carira), por meio de marcadores moleculares RAPD. Folhas de 20 genótipos de cada área foram submetidas à extração de DNA pelo método CTAB 2%, com modificações. Para amplificação do DNA foram empregados 31 iniciadores de seqüência arbitrária. Na avaliação dos géis, a presença (1) e ausência (0) de bandas foram usadas para a construção da matriz binária, que foi utilizada para calcular a porcentagem de polimorfismo obtida com cada primer utilizado, além de estimar as similaridades genéticas entre cada par de genótipos empregando o coeficiente de Jaccard e agrupá-los pelos métodos UPGMA e ACoP. Posteriormente também foi calculado o erro de similaridade associado e a similaridade genética média (Sgm). Os 31 primers geraram 101 fragmentos, dos quais 30 foram polimórficos. Foi encontrada uma similaridade média entre os genótipos de 0,54 (±0,09) e a amplitude das similaridadesvariou de 0,18 (±0,07) a 1,00 (±0,00). O valor de Sgm foi igual a 0,67, e, a partir desta foi possível a formação de nove agrupamentos heteróticos, com dois grupos sendounitários e formados pelos genótipos mais divergentes entre os demais, três e cinco.Pode-se concluir, através dos marcadores RAPD, que a variabilidade genética do pinhãomanso é baixa nos cultivos em Carira e Umbaúba.

Jatropha curcas L. (Euphorbiaceae) has attracted considerable interest in recent years because of its high potential to provide oil for the production of biofuel. This interest has resulted in increased investments in the cultivation of J. curcas in many areas all over the world. However, J.curcas remains an un-domesticated crop and there is a lack of scientific evidence for its productive potential and agronomic properties. This situation could lead to unsustainable practices with economic, social and environmental risks. To reduce these risks and to improve the performance of the J.curcas in different agroclimatic conditions, it is very important to invest in the domestication, selection and genetic breeding of J.curcas. At this point, it is necessary to know the degree of genetic diversity of the species in natural, isolated cultivated, commercial and experimental populations. Due to the importance in this area, this work had as objective to genetically characterize genotypes of J. curcas cultivated in experimental areas in two cities of Sergipe, State of Brazil (Umbaúba and Carira) by means of molecular markers RAPD. The methodology of DNA extraction from leaves of 40 genotypes, collected in the cities of Umbaúba and Carira, was carring out according to method CTAB 2% and to DNA amplification were used 31 primers of arbitrary sequence. DNA markers were scored for the presence (1) and absence (0) of homologous amplified, which were used in the construction of the binary matrix in order to calculate the percentage of polymorphism of each primer used. This data was also used to estimate the genetic similarity among the pairs of genotypes, using Jaccard coefficient, and group them out for the UPGMA and PCoA methods. Afterwards, the similarity error associated with the minimum value of similarity was calculated. Fragments (101) were generated from 31 primers, 30 of which were polymorphics. A similarity average of 0,54 (±0,09) among the genotypes was found and the amplitude similarities varied from 0,18 (±0,07) to 1,00 (±0,00). The average genetic similarity was equal to 0,67, and from this value it was possible to observe the formation of nine clusters. Two of them were unit clusters and formed by the most divergent genotypes, three and five. In conclusion, it was not possible verify low genetic variability in physic nut using RAPD markers at these experimental areas. / Jatropha curcas L. (Euphorbiaceae) tem atraído bastante interesse nos últimos anos por apresentar elevado potencial de fornecer óleo para produção de biocombustível e isso tem provocado grandes investimentos e expansão rápida das áreas de cultivo em todo mundo. No entanto, é uma cultura que não foi domesticada e carece de provas científicas sobre o seu potencial produtivo e propriedades agronômicas. Esta situação pode levar a práticas insustentáveis com riscos econômico, social e ambiental. A fim de reduzir estes riscos e melhorar o desempenho da cultura em diferentes condições agroclimáticas é primordial investir na domesticação, seleção e melhoramento genético. Para isso, se faz necessário conhecer o grau de diversidade genética da espécie em populações naturais, plantios isolados, comerciais e experimentais. Diante de tal importância, este trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar geneticamente genótipos de pinhão manso, cultivados em plantios experimentais, em dois municípios de Sergipe (Umbaúba e Carira), por meio de marcadores moleculares RAPD. Folhas de 20 genótipos de cada área foram submetidas à extração de DNA pelo método CTAB 2%, com modificações. Para amplificação do DNA foram empregados 31 iniciadores de seqüência arbitrária. Na avaliação dos géis, a presença (1) e ausência (0) de bandas foram usadas para a construção da matriz binária, que foi utilizada para calcular a porcentagem de polimorfismo obtida com cada primer utilizado, além de estimar as similaridades genéticas entre cada par de genótipos empregando o coeficiente de Jaccard e agrupá-los pelos métodos UPGMA e ACoP. Posteriormente também foi calculado o erro de similaridade associado e a similaridade genética média (Sgm). Os 31 primers geraram 101 fragmentos, dos quais 30 foram polimórficos. Foi encontrada uma similaridade média entre os genótipos de 0,54 (±0,09) e a amplitude das similaridadesvariou de 0,18 (±0,07) a 1,00 (±0,00). O valor de Sgm foi igual a 0,67, e, a partir desta foi possível a formação de nove agrupamentos heteróticos, com dois grupos sendounitários e formados pelos genótipos mais divergentes entre os demais, três e cinco.Pode-se concluir, através dos marcadores RAPD, que a variabilidade genética do pinhãomanso é baixa nos cultivos em Carira e Umbaúba.

Submitted by Cláudia Bueno (claudiamoura18@gmail.com) on 2016-03-22T18:00:48Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Joseanny Cardoso da Silva Pereira - 2014.pdf: 1727307 bytes, checksum: 137639cb75bcd493baa946e859494ef6 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-03-23T14:33:08Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Joseanny Cardoso da Silva Pereira - 2014.pdf: 1727307 bytes, checksum: 137639cb75bcd493baa946e859494ef6 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-23T14:33:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Joseanny Cardoso da Silva Pereira - 2014.pdf: 1727307 bytes, checksum: 137639cb75bcd493baa946e859494ef6 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-15 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The objective of this research was to evaluate the silvicultural behavior six Jatropha genotypes and determine the effect of canopy formation pruning uniformity and grain yield of Jatropha genotypes. In the first experiment, we used the experimental design in blocks at random, with two replications and five plants per plot. Treatments consisted of three genotypes (CNPAE-107, CNPAE-133, CNPAE-169) of jatropha evaluated over a period of five years. In the second experiment, the experimental design was a randomized block design with two replications and six plants per plot. Treatments consisted of two types of pruning training + control (free growth) and three genotypes (CNPAE-101, CNPAE-170, CNPAE-259) of jatropha evaluated over a period of three years. For the first experiment, there was difference in the development of the three genotypes in relation to plant height, number of primary branches, canopy projection on the line and leading, canopy volume and grain production. All features evaluated were positively correlated with production. The production of jatropha has been growing over the years, however, from the third year, there was a reduction, should be assessed this species for a longer period of time to obtain more information on productive performance. The most productive genotypes were CNPAE-107 and CNPAE-133 and the highest yields were achieved after 44 months (3.7 years) (2076.5 kg ha-1 and 2123.8 kg ha-1 respectively). On the second experiment, the types tested pruning only affected the number of branches. There was no significance for genotype x pruning. Pruning training held at two months after planting showed a similar effect to the control. The genotypes tested showed significant differences for all traits, and the CNPAE-101 and CNPAE-170 genotypes achieved the highest yields. Grain yield was negatively correlated with all variables. Pruning only affected the number of branches, which is negatively correlated with the yield. / O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi avaliar o comportamento silvicultural de seis genótipos de pinhão-manso e verificar o efeito de podas de formação de copa na uniformidade e na produtividade de grãos de genótipos de pinhão-manso. No primeiro experimento, utilizou-se o delineamento experimental em blocos aos acaso, com duas repetições e cinco plantas por parcela. Os tratamentos consistiram de três genótipos (CNPAE-107, CNPAE-133, CNPAE-169) de pinhão-manso avaliados durante um período de cinco anos. No segundo experimento, o delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos ao acaso, com duas repetições e seis plantas por parcela. Os tratamentos consistiram de dois tipos de poda de formação + testemunha (livre crescimento) e três genótipos (CNPAE-101, CNPAE-170, CNPAE-259) de pinhão-manso avaliados durante um período de três anos. Em relação ao primeiro experimento, houve diferença no desenvolvimento dos três genótipos avaliados em relação à altura de planta, números de ramos primários, projeção da copa na linha e entrelinha, volume de copa e produção de grãos. Todas as características avaliadas correlacionaram-se positivamente com a produção. A produção do pinhão-manso foi crescente ao longo dos anos, porém, a partir do terceiro ano, houve redução, devendo-se avaliar essa espécie por um período maior de tempo para obtenção de mais informações sobre seu desempenho produtivo. Os genótipos mais produtivos foram CNPAE-107 e CNPAE-133 e as maiores produtividades foram atingidas aos 44 meses (3,7 anos) (2076,5 kg ha-1 e 2123,8 kg ha-1 respectivamente). Em relação ao segundo experimento, os tipos de poda testados afetaram somente o número de ramos. Não houve significância para a interação genótipos x poda. A poda de formação realizada aos dois meses após o plantio apresentou efeito similar ao da testemunha. Os genótipos testados apresentaram diferenças significativas para todas as características avaliadas, sendo que os genótipos CNPAE-101 e CNPAE-170 alcançaram as maiores produções. A produção de grãos correlacionou-se negativamente com todas as variáveis analisadas. A poda só afetou o número de ramos, que se correlacionou negativamente com a produção de grãos.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / O governo do estado do Cearà tem buscado, sem muito sucesso, revitalizar a cultura do algodÃo, entretanto, os seus elevados custos fitossanitÃrios tÃm impedido a expansÃo da Ãrea cultivada. Um das alternativas viÃveis para a ocupaÃÃo do espaÃo deixado pelo algodÃo à o cultivo do pinhÃo manso visando à produÃÃo do biodiesel. Face ao exposto, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos de diferentes nÃveis de lÃminas de Ãgua e adubaÃÃo nitrogenada no crescimento, na produÃÃo e no estado nutricional do pinhÃo manso. O trabalho foi desenvolvido no perÃodo de setembro de 2008 a fevereiro de 2010, na Ãrea experimental da Fazenda Bandeira pertencente a Agroempresa Brasil Ecodiesel, situada em CrateÃs â CE, localizada em 05˚23â25ââS, 40˚57â38ââW e 717 m de altitude. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o de blocos ao acaso no esquema de parcelas subdivididas. Os tratamentos foram compostos a partir da combinaÃÃo de cinco lÃminas de Ãgua (50%, 75%, 100%, 125% e 150% da evaporaÃÃo do Tanque Classe âAâ), e quatro nÃveis de adubaÃÃo nitrogenada (0%, 50%, 100% e 150% da adubaÃÃo nitrogenada recomendada), totalizando 20 tratamentos com trÃs repetiÃÃes. As anÃlises referentes ao crescimento foram realizadas aos 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 e 210 dias apÃs a poda de uniformizaÃÃo. As variÃveis analisadas foram o crescimento, a produÃÃo, a eficiÃncia do uso da Ãgua e estado nutricional da planta. O potencial mÃtrico foi decrescendo a medida em houve o incremento das lÃminas nos diferentes tratamentos com irrigaÃÃo e foram crescentes na medida em que a fitomassa da planta aumentava. Com a maior lÃmina de Ãgua foram alcanÃados os maiores valores de crescimento e produtividade. As doses de nitrogÃnio aplicadas neste experimento nÃo foram suficientes para influenciar nos tratamentos de crescimento e produtividade da cultura. Houve um declÃnio nos valores da taxa de crescimento relativo em altura e diÃmetro caulinar causado pelos fatores climÃticos e pelo inicio da floraÃÃo e formaÃÃo de frutos. Os maiores valores da eficiÃncia do uso da Ãgua na produÃÃo de frutos, sementes e albÃmen foram encontrados com a menor lÃmina aplicada. A menor lÃmina aplicada foi de 735 mm e cada 2% de aumento deste volume obteve-se um aumento mÃdio de 1% nas variÃveis de produtividade. Como o semiÃrido cearense apresenta naturalmente condiÃÃes de escassez hÃdrica torna-se viÃvel o cultivo do pinhÃo manso com a lÃmina de 735 mm, uma vez que esta apresenta uma economia de Ãgua de 124% em relaÃÃo a maior lÃmina aplicada. A ordem de acÃmulo de macronutrientes nas folhas, de maneira geral, foi a seguinte: N > Ca > K > Mg > P. / The state government of Ceara has sought, without much success, to revive the cotton crop, however, their high costs have prevented the plant expansion of cultivated area. One of the viable alternatives to occupy the space left by the cultivation of cotton is aimed at producing jatropha biodiesel. Given the above, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of different levels of irrigation water and nitrogen fertilizer on growth, production and nutritional status of jatropha. The study was conducted from September 2008 to February 2010, at the Experimental of the Bandeira Farm belonging to Br asil Ecodiesel agribusiness, located in CrateÃs - CE, located at 05 ̊23'25''S, 40 ̊57'38"W and 717 m altitude. The experimental design was randomized blocks in split plots. The treatments were composed from a combination of five water slides (50%, 75%, 100%, 125% and 150% of pan evaporation class "A") and four nitrogen levels (0%, 50% , 100% and 150% of nitrogen recommended), totaling 20 treatments with three replications. The analyzes of the growth occurred at 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 and 210 days after pruning of uniformity. The variables analyzed were growth, production, efficiency of water use and plant nutritional status. The matric potential gradually decreased the extent of the blades there was an increase in the different treatments were irrigated and increasing the extent that the biomass of the plant increased. With greater water depth were achieved the highest growth and productivity. Nitrogen rates applied in this experiment were not sufficient to influence the treatment of growth and yield. There was a decline in the values of relative growth rate in height and stem diameter caused by climatic factors and the onset of flowering and fruit formation. The higher efficiency of water use in the production of fruits, seeds and albumen were found with the lower blade applied. The lower blade 735 mm was applied and every 2% increase of volume gave a mean increase of 1% in productivity variables. As semiarid cearense naturally present conditions scarcity becomes feasible cultivating Jatropha with the blade of 735 mm, since this provides a saving in water of 124% in relation to the greater applied blade. The order of accumulation of nutrients in the leaves, in general, was as follows: N> Ca > K > Mg > P.

Diversas pesquisas têm demonstrado a importância dos combustíveis biorenováveis como alternativas eficientes na redução da demanda de energia fóssil, aquecimento global e seus efeitos ambientais. Os óleos de pinhão manso e de palma (dendê) com suas diferentes composições de ácidos graxos, estabilidade oxidativa e propriedades fluidodinâmicas, têm chamado a atenção no Peru e Brasil, quando o assunto é a diversificação das matérias-primas para a obtenção de um biodiesel otimizado a partir de misturas desses óleos, com desempenho melhorado e maior resistência oxidativa. Neste trabalho, biodiesel foi produzido pelos métodos de transesterificação convencional e transesterificação assistida por ultrassom. Foram estudadas cinco misturas binárias dos óleos brutos pinhão manso e palma pré-tratados (9,1; 18,2; 28,6; 37,0 e 41,7% de óleo de pinhão manso), utilizando etanol e hidróxido de sódio como catalisador. Para determinar as melhores condições de reação foi utilizado o delineamento experimental proposto pelo método de superfície de resposta tendo como variáveis independentes a relação entre as misturas binárias dos óleos de pinhão manso e palma, a razão molar óleo:etanol e a concentração do catalisador NaOH. As melhores misturas binárias dos óleos brutos foram compostas por 37% de pinhão manso e 63% de palma (1PM1,7P) e pela mistura de 28,6% de pinhão manso e 71,4% de palma (1PM2,5P), ambas propiciando altos rendimentos de ésteres etílicos (maiores que 96,6%) por ambos os métodos, com a diferença que o sistema por ultrassom só precisou de 4 minutos. Além disso, os valores de densidade, viscosidade, ponto de fluidez, ponto de entupimento de filtro a frio (1PM1,7P obtido por ultrassom) e a estabilidade oxidativa (1PM2,5P obtido por ultrassom) dos ésteres ficaram dentro da norma ANP (2014). A mistura binária dos óleos brutos de pinhão manso e palma produziram altos teores de ésteres etílicos com características fluidodinâmicas e de estabilidade oxidativa aprimoradas. / Several researches have demonstrated the importance of bio-renewable fuels as efficient alternatives in reducing the contribution of fossil energy demand, global warming and its environmental effects. Jatropha and palm and biodiesel oils that differ in their compositions of fatty acids, oxidative stability and fluid dynamics properties have caught attention in Brazil and Peru in the diversification of raw materials for production of an optimized biodiesel from mixtures of these oils, with improved performance and higher oxidative resistance. In this study, conventional and ultrasonic assisted transesterification was applied to five binary mixtures of the pretreated jatropha and palm crude oils (9.1, 18.2, 28.6, 37.0 and 41.7% of jatropha oil) using ethanol and sodium hydroxide as the catalyst. In order to determine the best reaction conditions, the experimental design proposed by the response surface method was used, having as independent variables the proportion of jatropha and palm oils in the binary mixtures, the molar oil: ethanol ratio and the NaOH catalyst concentration. The best binary oil mixtures were: 37% of jatropha and 63% of palm (1 PM1,7P) and 28.6% of jatropha and 71.4% of palm (1 PM2,5P), both providing high yields of ethyl esters (greater than 96.6%) by either systems, with the difference that the ultrasound system required only 4 minutes. In addition, density, viscosity, pour point, cold filter plug-in point for 1PM1.7P obtained by ultrasound and oxidative stability for 1PM2.5P by ultrasound of the esters were within the ANP standards (2014). The binary mixture of crude jatropha and palm oils produced high levels of ethyl esters with improved fluid dynamics and oxidative stability characteristics.

Interest in planting Jatropha curcas L. for the production of biodiesel is growing exponentially. The properties of the crop and its oil have persuaded investors to consider J. curcas oil as a substitute for fossil fuels. However, this plant is still undomesticated, basic agronomic properties are not thoroughly understood and the environmental effects on growth have not been investigated. This thesis investigated different approaches that may contribute to improving the productivity of this plant. Seed germination and methods of propagation are usually the first consideration in any plant development programme. The effects of aerosol smoke, smoke water, potassium nitrate, naphthalene acetic acid and indole-3-butyric acid on germination and seedling growth of J. curcas were investigated. Seed coat removal accelerated water imbibition and germination occurred within 48 h. Seeds exposed to aerosol smoke failed to germinate over the whole study period of three months. There were no significant differences in total germination between the treatments and the untreated control (intactand shelled-seed). However, shelled-seeds had a shorter mean germination time. The seedlings were subsequently sown in trays under shade house conditions and different seedling growth traits measured after three months. Smoke water, potassium nitrate and naphthalene acetic acid produced significantly heavier seedlings with longer stems and roots, wider stems and a higher vigour index compared to the control treatments. Smoke water, potassium nitrate and naphthalene acetic acid stimulated seedling growth and vigour of J. curcas. This opens the possibility of applying these treatments to produce quality seedlings for large scale planting and accelerated plant establishment in production orchards. Effective pollination is a prerequisite for many crops to increase seed-set and fruit production. Experiments were conducted to determine factors that could influence seed production in this potential biofuel seed crop. Controlled pollination experiments showed that plants required pollinator visits for seed production and were genetically selfx compatible. Pollen-supplementation did not lead to increased fruit set, suggesting that seed production in the study population was not pollen-limited. Both male and female flowers produced nectar and were highly attractive to honeybees. These insects were effective pollinators of J. curcas, as shown by experiments in which flowers exposed to single or multiple visits by honeybees set significantly more fruit than those from which visits were precluded. Pollinator-mediated self-pollination led to marginally lower levels of seed production relative to cross-pollination. Progeny from selfed plants had significantly shorter roots than progeny of outcrossed plants. However, in general, there was little evidence of inbreeding depression. The present results provide empirical evidence that honeybees are effective pollinators of J. curcas. Fruit arising from selfpollination were almost as numerous and as large as those arising from crosspollination, suggesting that promotion of cross-pollination does not have to be a priority in orchard management for fruit yield. Manipulation of pollen development and function is of vital importance for crop development and improvement. Experiments were conducted to investigate pollen viability, in vitro pollen germination and in vivo pollen tube growth in J. curcas. Light and fluorescence microscopy were employed to examine the different developmental stages. It was possible to determine pollen viability and distinguish between fresh and dead pollen using 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC). Pollen germination was significantly higher in an agar-based medium composed of sucrose, boric acid and calcium nitrate compared with the control treatment (distilled water). Supplementation of IAA to the different media significantly increased pollen germination and pollen length compared with the control treatment. Pollen from hermaphrodite flowers had a lower viability, lower germination rates and shorter pollen tubes, with abnormal shapes, compared to the pollen from male flowers. Pollen tubes from both self- and crosspollinated flowers entered the ovary within 8 hours after pollination (HAP). However, at 6 HAP, the pollen tube length and growth rate were significantly higher in crosscompared to self-pollinated pollen. Our results suggest that TTC is a reliable test for pollen viability; boric acid, calcium nitrate, sucrose and addition of IAA are essential and beneficial for pollen germination in this plant. Pollen germination and pollen tube growth were not inhibited, nor interfered with, as a result of self-pollination treatments. During, both types of pollination, fertility is maintained as evidenced by ovule penetration by pollen tubes. This suggests that type of pollination has no influence on the success of fertilization in J. curcas. Manual pruning is one of the major management practices in commercial plantations of J. curcas, resulting in production of more branches and thus increased potential for more inflorescences leading to a higher seed yield. Experiments were conducted to determine the response of J. curcas plants to manual pruning under summer and winter conditions. The results showed that manual pruning under both conditions significantly increased the number of branches per plant. However, there were no significant differences in number of branches between winter and summer manual pruning. Winter pruning, however, had a significantly wider crown diameter compared to the control and summer pruning. Both treatments produced significantly less fruits/per plant in the subsequent season compared to the un-pruned control. This study revealed that winter and summer manual pruning may be suitable practice to promote branching. Manual pruning, however, is time consuming, labour intensive and expensive. A study was conducted to determine the potential of different plant growth regulators (PGRs) to increase the number of lateral branches of J. curcas plants. A single foliar application of BA (benzyladenine) at 12 mmol l-1 significantly increased branches in both the pot (4) and field (13.2) trials compared to manual pruning (MP) (1.8 and 5.7 respectively) and control (no new branches) plants. In the field, treatment with TIBA (2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid) (1 mmol l-1) significantly increased the number of branches (15.9) after seven months from application. Of all the PGRs examined, DK (Dikegulac) (2,3:4,6-di-Oisopropylidene- 2-keto-L-gulonic acid) at 2 mmol l-1 produced the maximum number of branches (18) in the field seven months after application. Concentrations of 2 and 3 mmol I-1 of MH (Maleic hydrazide) (1,2-dihydro-3,6-pyridazinedione, coline salt) significantly increased the number of branches, four and seven months after spraying in both the pot trial in the shade house and field respectively. Under field conditions J. curcas plants responded better to all the PGRs (DK < TIBA < BA < MH) when treated once, with insignificant variations of other growth parameters. This study indicates that a single foliar application of PGRs under field conditions can be an alternative method to MP for increasing the number of lateral branches of J. curcas plants. The field chemical pruning experiment was continued to determine the potential subsequent effects of the different PGRs on seed production. In the subsequent year following the single foliar application, the parameters of flowering, fruit set, fruit characteristics, total oil content and free fatty acid (FFA) content were evaluated. Number of flowers per plant and number of fruits per bunch were significantly affected by the different treatments. However, there were no variations in the degree of fruit set. A single foliar application of BA (6-benzylaminopurine) produced more flowers per plant, more fruits per bunch, heavier and bigger fruits and seeds with more oil compared to MP (manual pruning). TIBA (2,3,5-Triiodobenzoic acid) produced significantly more flowers per plant and heavier fruits compared to the control and MP treatments. However, it produced significantly bigger fruits with more seeds and a higher oil content than MP. DK (Dikegulac) (2,3:4,6-di-O-isopropylidene-2-keto-Lgulonic acid) produced more flowers per plant and seeds with high oil content compared to the control and MP. However, it produced more fruit per bunch and more seeds per fruit compared to MP. MH (Maleic hydrazide) produced more flowers per plant, heavier and bigger fruits with numerous, heavier and oil rich seeds compared to the control and MP. This study indicates that foliar application of PGRs can be used in J. curcas to increase seed production and improve fruit quality. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2009.

CARVALHO, Clayton Moura de. Pinhão manso: crescimento e produtividade sob diferentes lâminas de irrigação e doses de nitrogêncio. 2012. 104 f. : Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola, Curso de Doutorado em Engenharia Agrícola, Fortaleza-CE, 2012. / Submitted by demia Maia (demiamlm@gmail.com) on 2016-08-04T11:52:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_tese_cmcarvalho.pdf: 2498067 bytes, checksum: 3d5e79476d0783b0e1ddc62cd6910ca2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by demia Maia (demiamlm@gmail.com) on 2016-08-04T11:52:32Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_tese_cmcarvalho.pdf: 2498067 bytes, checksum: 3d5e79476d0783b0e1ddc62cd6910ca2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-04T11:52:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_tese_cmcarvalho.pdf: 2498067 bytes, checksum: 3d5e79476d0783b0e1ddc62cd6910ca2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / The state government of Ceara has sought, without much success, to revive the cotton crop, however, their high costs have prevented the plant expansion of cultivated area. One of the viable alternatives to occupy the space left by the cultivation of cotton is aimed at producing jatropha biodiesel. Given the above, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of different levels of irrigation water and nitrogen fertilizer on growth, production and nutritional status of jatropha. The study was conducted from September 2008 to February 2010, at the Experimental of the Bandeira Farm belonging to Br asil Ecodiesel agribusiness, located in Crateús - CE, located at 05 ̊23'25''S, 40 ̊57'38"W and 717 m altitude. The experimental design was randomized blocks in split plots. The treatments were composed from a combination of five water slides (50%, 75%, 100%, 125% and 150% of pan evaporation class "A") and four nitrogen levels (0%, 50% , 100% and 150% of nitrogen recommended), totaling 20 treatments with three replications. The analyzes of the growth occurred at 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 and 210 days after pruning of uniformity. The variables analyzed were growth, production, efficiency of water use and plant nutritional status. The matric potential gradually decreased the extent of the blades there was an increase in the different treatments were irrigated and increasing the extent that the biomass of the plant increased. With greater water depth were achieved the highest growth and productivity. Nitrogen rates applied in this experiment were not sufficient to influence the treatment of growth and yield. There was a decline in the values of relative growth rate in height and stem diameter caused by climatic factors and the onset of flowering and fruit formation. The higher efficiency of water use in the production of fruits, seeds and albumen were found with the lower blade applied. The lower blade 735 mm was applied and every 2% increase of volume gave a mean increase of 1% in productivity variables. As semiarid cearense naturally present conditions scarcity becomes feasible cultivating Jatropha with the blade of 735 mm, since this provides a saving in water of 124% in relation to the greater applied blade. The order of accumulation of nutrients in the leaves, in general, was as follows: N> Ca > K > Mg > P. / O governo do estado do Ceará tem buscado, sem muito sucesso, revitalizar a cultura do algodão, entretanto, os seus elevados custos fitossanitários têm impedido a expansão da área cultivada. Um das alternativas viáveis para a ocupação do espaço deixado pelo algodão é o cultivo do pinhão manso visando à produção do biodiesel. Face ao exposto, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos de diferentes níveis de lâminas de água e adubação nitrogenada no crescimento, na produção e no estado nutricional do pinhão manso. O trabalho foi desenvolvido no período de setembro de 2008 a fevereiro de 2010, na área experimental da Fazenda Bandeira pertencente a Agroempresa Brasil Ecodiesel, situada em Crateús – CE, localizada em 05˚23’25’’S, 40˚57’38’’W e 717 m de altitude. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o de blocos ao acaso no esquema de parcelas subdivididas. Os tratamentos foram compostos a partir da combinação de cinco lâminas de água (50%, 75%, 100%, 125% e 150% da evaporação do Tanque Classe “A”), e quatro níveis de adubação nitrogenada (0%, 50%, 100% e 150% da adubação nitrogenada recomendada), totalizando 20 tratamentos com três repetições. As análises referentes ao crescimento foram realizadas aos 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 e 210 dias após a poda de uniformização. As variáveis analisadas foram o crescimento, a produção, a eficiência do uso da água e estado nutricional da planta. O potencial mátrico foi decrescendo a medida em houve o incremento das lâminas nos diferentes tratamentos com irrigação e foram crescentes na medida em que a fitomassa da planta aumentava. Com a maior lâmina de água foram alcançados os maiores valores de crescimento e produtividade. As doses de nitrogênio aplicadas neste experimento não foram suficientes para influenciar nos tratamentos de crescimento e produtividade da cultura. Houve um declínio nos valores da taxa de crescimento relativo em altura e diâmetro caulinar causado pelos fatores climáticos e pelo inicio da floração e formação de frutos. Os maiores valores da eficiência do uso da água na produção de frutos, sementes e albúmen foram encontrados com a menor lâmina aplicada. A menor lâmina aplicada foi de 735 mm e cada 2% de aumento deste volume obteve-se um aumento médio de 1% nas variáveis de produtividade. Como o semiárido cearense apresenta naturalmente condições de escassez hídrica torna-se viável o cultivo do pinhão manso com a lâmina de 735 mm, uma vez que esta apresenta uma economia de água de 124% em relação a maior lâmina aplicada. A ordem de acúmulo de macronutrientes nas folhas, de maneira geral, foi a seguinte: N > Ca > K > Mg > P.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / O resÃduo (torta) obtido apÃs a extraÃÃo de Ãleo das sementes de pinhÃo-manso (Jatropha curcas) para a produÃÃo de biodiesel à tÃxico. Apesar dos entraves relacionados à sua utilizaÃÃo na alimentaÃÃo animal, existem evidÃncias de que esse resÃduo tem grande potencial de utilizaÃÃo biotecnolÃgica graÃas ao arsenal de molÃculas que o constitui. Assim, o presente trabalho teve como foco a purificaÃÃo e caracterizaÃÃo de um inibidor de tripsina da torta de pinhÃo-manso, vislumbrando um maior aproveitamento desse resÃduo. A anÃlise da composiÃÃo centesimal revelou ser a torta de pinhÃo-manso composta principalmente por proteÃnas (37,21%), fibras (34,26%) e lipÃdios (19,16%). O extrato bruto obtido a partir da torta sob condiÃÃo alcalina (tampÃo borato de sÃdio 100 mM, pH 10,0) mostrou a presenÃa de lectina (319,76 UH/gF), inibidor de papaÃna (1.287,38 UI/gF), protease (2,69 UA/gF) e, principalmente, de inibidor de tripsina (1.649,7 UI/gF). O inibidor de tripsina, denominado JcTI, foi purificado do extrato bruto por fracionamento com Ãcido tricloroacÃtico (2,5%) seguido de cromatografias de afinidade (tripsina-sepharose-4B) e de exclusÃo molecular (sephacryl S-200). JcTI à uma glicoproteÃna (6,4% de carboidratos) com massa molecular na faixa de 20-21 kDa, pI de 6,6, sequÃncia NH2-terminal (VRDICKKEAERQDLSSCENYITQRRGY) exibindo similaridade em torno de 60% com albuminas vegetais e altamente estÃvel ao calor, salinidade e pH. JcTI (500 Âg/mL) retardou o crescimento de vÃrios fungos fitopatogÃnicos de importÃncia agrÃcola, incluindo Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, Fusarium oxysporum e Fusarium solani. Esse inibidor tambÃm mostrou atividade antibacteriana frente a bactÃrias patogÃnicas ao homem, tais como Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella choleraesuis e Staphylococcus aureus, com concentraÃÃo inibitÃria mÃnima inferior a 5 Âg/mL. Os resultados obtidos demonstram o potencial do JcTI para aplicaÃÃo biotecnolÃgica como uma nova proteÃna de defesa contra fungos fitopatogÃnicos e bactÃrias patogÃnicas ao homem. / The residue (cake) obtained after the extraction of oil from jatropha (Jatropha curcas) seeds for biodiesel production is toxic. Despite of the obstacles related to its use in the animal feed, there are evidences that this residue has great potential for biotechnology applications due to its arsenal of molecules. Thus, the present study aimed to purify and characterize a trypsin inhibitor from jatropha cake, in order to make a better use of this residue. The centesimal composition analysis showed to be the jatropha cake mainly composed of proteins (37.21%), fiber (34.26%) and lipids (19.16%). The crude extract obtained from the jatropha cake under alkaline condition (100 mM sodium borate buffer, pH 10.0) showed the presence of lectin (319.76 HU/gF), papain inhibitor (1,287.38 IU/gF), protease (2.69 AU/gF) and, especially, trypsin inhibitor (1,649.7 IU/gF). The trypsin inhibitor, named JcTI, was purified by fractionation of the crude extract with trichloroacetic acid (2.5%) followed by affinity chromatography (trypsin-sepharose-4B) and molecular exclusion (sephacryl S-200). JcTI is a glycoprotein (6.4% carbohydrates) with molecular mass in the range of 20-21 kDa, pI of 6.6, NH2-terminal sequence (VRDICKKEAERQDLSSCENYITQRRGY) showing identity around 60% with plant albumins and highly stable to heat, pH and salinity. JcTI (500 Âg/mL) slowed the growth of important phytopthogenic fungi, including Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium solani. This inhibitor also presented antibacterial activity against human pathogenic bacteria such as Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella choleraesuis and Staphylococcus aureus, with minimum inhibitory concentration less than 5 Âg/mL. The results demonstrate the potential of JcTI for biotechnological application as a new defense protein against phytopthogenic fungi and human pathogenic bacteria.