published_or_final_version / Real Estate and Construction / Master / Master of Science in Construction Project Management

Cette recherche a eu pour but principal de montrer, à travers l’exemple de l’industrie informatique dans les années 90, que la stratégie de partenariat est aujourd’hui devenue un outil essentiel pour permettre aux entreprises à la tête d’une industrie à forte innovation technologique, confrontée à des changements structurels importants, et en particulier à la désintégration menant au leadership technologique partagé, de maintenir leur position dominante. Les quatre parties du travail constituent une suite logique d’étapes contribuant chacune à valider la thèse: la partie I porte sur la synthèse des principaux courants de la littérature scientifique sur les accords de collaboration et leur relation avec l’évolution des industries. Le but poursuivi dans la partie II est de décrire les changements intervenus dans l’industrie informatique au cours des années 90 et de formuler l’hypothèse d’une relation entre ces changements et la stratégie des firmes dans le domaine des accords de collaboration. Cette hypothèse est vérifiée empiriquement dans les parties III et IV à l’aide d’une banque de données sur les accords de collaboration. La partie III du travail présente les résultats descriptifs et la partie IV les résultats analytiques permettant de valider l’hypothèse.

Dans un contexte de globalisation des marchés, les partenariats inter-firmes et les joint ventures internationales (JVI) se sont considérablement développés à l’échelle mondiale. La littérature montre qu’en dépit des nombreux avantages offerts aux entreprises, ces stratégies demeurent risquées avec un niveau de performance hétérogène. Dans le cadre de cette recherche doctorale, nous proposons d’étudier l’impact des conditions initiales sur la longévité et les modalités de sortie des joint ventures implantées dans les pays de la Méditerranée. Dans cet objectif, nous avons retenu une perspective holistique en mobilisant trois ensembles de variables : l’environnement de la structure commune, les caractéristiques des partenaires et celles de la joint venture. Ces conditions initiales, prises en compte au moment de la formation de la relation, sont considérées comme des éléments « déstabilisateurs » influençant la durée de la relation partenariale. Afin de déterminer l’influence de ces variables, nous avons construit une base de données, à partir de la presse économique. L’échantillon est constitué de 124 JVI implantées dans huit pays de la région méditerranéenne et créées entre 1996 et 2003. Les analyses statistiques de survie nous ont permis de montrer que le type des JVI (JVI créées par des investissements greenfield ou par acquisition) et le degré de similarité des activités entre le partenaire étranger et la JVI exercent une influence significative sur la longévité. / Inter-firm partnerships and international joint ventures (IJV) have developed significantly at the global scale. Previous studies show that, despite their benefits, these strategies remain risky, with a heterogeneous level of performance. In this doctoral dissertation, we aim to analyze the impact of initial conditions on longevity and exit modes of joint ventures established in Mediterranean countries. For this purpose, we have chosen a holistic approach by using three sets of variables: the environment of the common structure, the characteristics of the partner companies and the characteristics of the joint venture. Such initial conditions, under which IJVs are formed, are considered as "destabilizing" factors influencing the duration of the partnership. In order to determine the influence of these variables, we created a database, relying on the international business press. The sample includes 124 IJVs which were formed between 1996 and 2003 and implemented in eight countries of the Mediterranean region. Survival analysis shows that the type of IJV (created by greenfield investments or by acquisition) and the industry relatedness of an IJV to its foreign parent have a significant influence on longevity.

O trabalho trata do interesse público nas sociedades de economia mista enquanto tipo societário que agrega participação estatal e privada em seu capital social, e que se constitui em instrumento do Estado para a implementação de políticas públicas. Analisa os elementos que as caracterizam e os problemas internos e externos que delas decorrem, buscando demonstrar que toda sua estrutura gravita em torno do interesse público que lhes dá causa. Em um segundo momento, percorre os meandros da expressão interesse público, investigando seus aspectos ideológicos e a compreensão do conceito no decorrer da evolução histórico-cultural do pensamento jurídico-político. Assegura que sua essência de conceito jurídico indeterminado não retira a possibilidade de sua melhor aplicação a cada caso concreto, tendo em vista que seu núcleo permanece aberto à realidade. Entende que, com a instituição do Estado Democrático de Direito pela Constituição Federal de 1988, que erigiu a dignidade da pessoa humana como princípio fundamental da ordem econômicasocial, o interesse público passou a constituir uma forma de garantir a satisfação dos interesses privados, pelo que não se pode incorrer no erro de afirmar que o interesse público coloca em risco os direitos fundamentais, conferindo à expressão um caráter autoritário que, em verdade, ela não contém. Aduz sobre a propalada idéia de supremacia do interesse público sobre o interesse privado, não contemplada explicitamente pelo texto constitucional, mas amplamente admitida pelo Direito Administrativo como princípio que consagra uma finalidade imperativa e indisponível da Administração e de seus agentes. Apresenta o embate atual na doutrina brasileira entre a corrente de juristas que propugna pela reconstrução do princípio da supremacia do interesse público, com base na nova roupagem que lhe foi conferida pela Constituição Federal, de garantidor dos direitos fundamentais, frente à corrente que defende a desconstrução do princípio que, a seu ver, colocaria em risco os interesses privados, o que demandaria um juízo de ponderação entre os interesses conflitantes. Em seguida, passa a analisar o interesse público como elemento fundamental da atividade estatal e combate que a participação do Estado na exploração direta de atividade econômica tenha caráter subsidiário; o Estado não só pode, como deve intervir no domínio econômico, visando assegurar o melhor interesse público a ser realizado. Em sua parte final, o trabalho traz, especificamente, a compreensão do interesse público nas sociedades de economia mista com base nas questões clássicas que derivam da atuação do Estado em um contexto macroeconômico, sob a perspectiva do poder de controle, da função social da empresa, do lucro e da concorrência. Conclui que o interesse público nas sociedades de economia mista se confunde com sua própria finalidade e deve ser compreendido tanto como elemento que norteia todos os aspectos de sua constituição, tanto como elemento que direciona a atuação estatal na atividade econômica. / The paper discusses the public interest in joint ventures as a type of company that combines state and private participation in its capital stock, and that it constitutes in an instrument of the State for the implementation of public policies. It analyzes the elements that characterize them and the internal and external problems resulting thereon, seeking to demonstrate that their whole structure revolves around the public interest that gives them rise. Then it goes through the intricacies of the term public interest by investigating its ideological aspects and understanding the concept in the course of historical and cultural evolution of the legal and political thought. It ensures that its essence of indeterminate legal concept does not remove the possibility of its best application in each specific case, given that its core remains open to reality. It considers that, with the establishment of the Democratic Rule-of-law State by the Federal Constitution of 1988, that raised the human dignity as a fundamental principle of social-economic order, public interest began to be a way to ensure satisfaction of private interests, by that you cannot make the mistake of asserting that the public interest endangers the fundamental rights, giving the expression an authoritarian character that, in fact, it does not have. It brings forward the divulged idea about supremacy of the public interest over the private interest, not covered explicitly by the Constitution, but widely accepted by the Administrative Law as the principle that elects a mandatory and unavailable purpose of the Administration and its agents. It presents the current resistance in Brazilian doctrine between the jurists current who advocates the reconstruction of the public interest supremacy principle, based on the new look given to it by the Federal Constitution, of guarantor of fundamental rights, and the current that defends the deconstruction of the principle that, in their opinion, endanger the private interests, which would require a court to deliberate between conflicting interests. Then it analyzes the public interest as a fundamental element of the state activity and it combats that the States participation in the direct exploitation of economic activity has subsidiary nature; the State not only may, but must intervene in the economic order, in order to ensure the best interest public. In its final part, this paper brings, specifically, the understanding of the public interest in joint ventures based on the classic questions that arise from the actions of the State in a macroeconomic context, from the perspective of controlling power, companys social function, profit and competition. Its conclusion is that the public interest in joint ventures is confounded with its own purpose and should be understood both as an element that guides all aspects of its constitution, and as an element that directs the State action in economic activity.

Les partenariats inter-entreprises continuent d'être une tendance majeure dans le contexte B2B. Les entreprises cherchent des projets de collaboration pour pénétrer les marchés étrangers, pour combiner les ressources, partager les coûts et les risques, et créer des synergies dans un environnement de plus en plus concurrentiel. Ainsi, les impacts du pays hôte, et les caractéristiques de l'entreprise sur le choix du mode d'entrée ont été largement étudiées dans la littérature. Les ressources du pays hôte, sa culture et ses risques, couplés avec les particularités de chaque mode d'entrée, nécessitent plus d'enquêtes ancrées dans la littérature sur le mode d'entrée. Puisant dans le cadre OLI, cette étude porte sur les entreprises conjointes (JVI) et analyse l'impact des avantages de propriété et de la localisation sur le niveau de contrôle (par exemple, sur le niveau de l'internalisation) dans un JVI entre la Syrie et l'Iran, dans l'industrie automobile. Les résultats indiquent une relation positive entre les avantages de propriété et le niveau de contrôle. Il est également constaté que les entreprises tendent à privilégier un mode de contrôle plus élevé lorsque le pays d'accueil offre de meilleurs avantages de localisation. / Inter-firm partnerships continue to be a major trend in the B2B context. Companies are looking for collaborative projects to penetrate foreign markets, to combine resources, share costs and risks, and create synergies in an increasingly competitive. Thus, the impacts of host country and firm characteristics the choice of entry mode have been widely studied in the literature. The resources of the host country, its culture, these risks. Are the possibilities, coupled with the peculiarities of each mode of entry, requiring more focused investigation in the literature on user input. Drawing the OLI framework, this study is on joint ventures (JVI) and analyzes the impact of the benefits of ownership and location of the business decision on the level of control (eg, the level of internalization) JVI in between Syria and Iran in the automotive industry. The results indicate a positive relationship between the benefits of ownership and control level. It is also found that companies tend to focus on higher control mode when the host country offers the best location advantages.

Since ¡§Doi Moi¡¨ (renovation) begun in 1986, Vietnam has engaged in economic reform on an on-going basis in order to create a fruitful investment environment and attract foreign investors to engage in its market. As the total investment amount is over 19 billion US dollars, the role of Taiwanese investors played is more important than before. Notwithstanding that the investment environment in Vietnam has improved more significantly than ever, the enterprises¡¦ operation still has to bear considerable risk. Due to Vietnam¡¦s special single-party state constitution, for foreign investors, it is expected that the political risk is existed with the high feasibility of government change policies and ignore investors¡¦ benefits. According to this, the purpose of this research is to realize how the host¡¦s political risk influences Taiwanese MNEs¡¦ entry mode choice. As previous studies generally focused on the discussion of the relationship between political risk and entry mode choice, however, the moderating effects of firms¡¦ own resource and advantages are less mentioned. Therefore, this thesis tries to provide a theoretical framework based on resource-based view, eclectic theory and other related theories that includes profitability, financial structure, and R&D capability as the contingency factors to examine how these factors moderate the relationship between political risk and entry mode choice. The findings of this study reveal that when the political risk in Vietnam getting higher, Taiwanese MNEs are more likely to engage in Vietnam through JVs. Besides, the positive moderating effect of profitability is also existed. It shows when a firm with higher profitability, it will more tend to choose JVs as the political risk in Vietnam rising.

Thesis (doctoral)--Universität der Bundeswehr, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 239-253).

The leisure industry has been one of the fastest growing industries in Britain (Grade, 1998), and in the year 2000 accounted for approximately 10% of Britain's gross domestic product (LeisureWeek, 2000a). Health clubs have been one of the fastest developing business sectors within the leisure industry (Mintel, 1999), and there is predicted to be plenty of scope for future growth (Mintel, 2001). The health club sector has evolved greatly since its inception, with developments including consolidation, diversification, bi-polarisation and market segmentation. One of the most recent trends in the sector has been intenationalisation, with fifteen British companies now having a presence overseas. This research seeks to analyse the process by which the British health club sector has developed from being purely domestic based to having significant overseas investment. A number of stages within that process are identified including the motives to internationalise, the choice of country, the mode of entry utilised and the management and co-ordination of overseas activities. One of the key objectives of this research is to determine if a holistic view of internationalisation is appropriate, or even plausible for the health club sector. The research suggests that the influence of environmental and company-factors results in a company's initial decision to internationalise, with certain 'determinants' regulating which companies actually invest overseas. A number of ownershipspecific factors are identified that establish which companies might be able to compete effectively overseas. The process of internationalisation. is then analysed and a number of factors established which influence the companies' choice of country to invest in, the mode of entry and the manner in which the overseas investments are managed.

有鑒於中國政府相關政策限制或是中國市場獨特的機會和風險，合資企業(Joint Ventures,JV)一直是外商直接投資中國相當重要的一種形式。就實務上而言，在企業的國際化過程中，廠商經常為因應快速的技術創新與市場的全球化，或為降低風險、規避地主國政府限制、學習等因素，而與地主國之企業合作，其中國際合資(International Joint Ventures, IJVs)模式是最直接、最密切的合作形式，也是企業國際化時，最常採用的海外進入模式之一。 近年來，外商對華直接投資中獨資企業比重大幅上升，或併購中外合資企業中方資產、轉化為外商獨資企業或外商控股企業的案例迅速增加，外資對華投資的獨資化逐漸成為趨勢。外商為了獲得高利潤，基於制度變遷、資源依賴程度、企業的控制力、交易成本等方面的考慮，會傾向選擇獨資化的投資方式(李維安,李寶權，2003)。因此衍生出本研究之研究問題：「中外合資企業在中國運作多年後，何以外方能將合資公司轉變為外方100%獨資之公司？」 本研究試圖將IJVs形成目的、形成後階段與外資在中國合資企業中的獨資傾向做連結，嘗試去發掘是否因為一些預期或非預期因素，使得合資公司控制結構不平衡，進而造成於中國的中外合資公司獨資化現象。本研究將站在中方合夥人的角度，分析中外合資企業不穩定性的原因。 透過企業訪談及資料收集研究後，本研究整理出一些因素，這些因素有利於去解釋外商將它們與地主國企業之合資公司轉變為外商全資子公司的可能原因，解釋進入中國之後外商股權形式之轉變，另外也提供了獨資化現象的具體證據。 研究結果所討論的幾項外商獨資化因素因素： (一) 外方合資目的之達成 1. 政策開放 2. 已獲取當地市場知識 (二) 雙方資源貢獻不均 1. 外方提供關鍵技術 2. 外方之全球配銷系統所形成的獨佔力 (三) 外在環境開放對外方有利 1. 外在環境不確定性降低-地主國政策之改變 2. 產業競爭態勢之改變 (四) 夥伴關係不再重要 1. 中外雙方學習程度之不同 2. 外方逐漸降低對中方合資夥伴之依賴 上述任一項因素都會引起合資雙方談判力、雙方衝突及對合資夥伴之依賴程度發生變化，進而影響該合資公司之控制結構。 從本研究之個案就可以發現，因為上述幾項因素，隨著合資時間之增加，導致合資公司的中方雖然佔有跟外方相同的股份，卻會逐漸失去其在合資公司之相對談判力、擁有較低的合資公司管理控制程度。

Made available in DSpace on 2010-04-20T20:20:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 1995-07-06T00:00:00Z / Além da produção acadêmica, os especialistas em estratégia criam novas fórmulas para o aumento da competitividade, para o fim do planejamento estratégico, para a busca de vantagens competitivas, para estratégias alternativas de mercado, para a formação de alianças, para o estabelecimento de visões de futuro compartilhadas com os empregados e outros enfoques relativos ao assunto. As alianças estratégicas, justamente em função das mudanças decorrentes do novo cenário econômico mundial, da competitividade e das inúmeras Joint Ventures e outros tipos de alinaças que se concretizaram nas últimas duas dácadas, tem merecido especial atneção por parte dos estudiosos da estratégia empresarial