Cette thèse s’articule autour de deux problématiques : l’intégration du contexte socio-émotionnel permet-elle de réduire la sévérité du blâme infligé à l’agresseur (approche life-span) ? Comment les genres de l’agresseur et de la victime sont intégrés dans le jugement de blâme des pré-adolescents, adolescents et adultes jeunes. Enfin, est-ce que le facteur genre influence l’intégration du contexte socio-émotionnel ? Les résultats montrent que le contexte socio-émotionnel est intégré différemment en fonction de l’âge (enfants, pré-adolescents, adolescents, adultes jeunes, adultes moyens et adultes âgés), et il semble être plus difficile d’intégrer le contexte socio-émotionnel que les intentions ou les conséquences. L’accès aux processus identificatoires semble nécessaire pour intégrer ce facteur de manière multiplicative. Le genre est également intégré dans le jugement de blâme dès l’adolescence, et ce facteur module l’intégration du contexte socio-émotionnel. Ces données vont dans le sens de la littérature : les incivilités quotidiennes à priori non liées au genre peuvent être nuancées en fonction des genres des protagonistes. Ainsi, le contexte socio-émotionnel et le genre sont des circonstances atténuantes et l’intégration de ces facteurs n’est pas le même à différents âges de la vie. / This thesis revolves around two problematics. How is the socio-emotional context integrated in the judgment of blame, in order to reduce the sanction given to the perpetrator (life-span approach)? How is gender -the perpetrator’s and the victim’s- integrated in the judgment of blame of preadolescents, adolescents and young adults? Eventually, does the gender factor have an influence on the integration of the socio-emotional context? Results showed that socio-emotional context is not integrated in the same way depending on participants’ age. Multiplicative algebra develops later compared with the integration of intention and consequence. It seems that it is more difficult to integrate socio-emotional contexts than intention or consequence in the judgment of blame. Moreover, a sufficient cognitive level and no lack of identification processes are needed to be able to integrate socio-emotional context and consequences multiplicatively. Gender is also integrated in the judgment of blame as soon as adolescence –with less severity towards girls– and this factor has an influence on the integration of socio-emotional context. These data are congruent with the literature: daily incivilities that are not related to gender can be mitigated depending on the gender of protagonists. To conclude, this doctoral thesis allowed to complete research on the extension of judgment of blame: socio-emotional context and gender are mitigating circumstances in judgment of blame. The integration of those factors is not the same depending on age.

O trabalho objetiva dar uma abordagem crítica ao julgamento do Superior Tribunal de Justiça no recurso especial repetitivo. O julgamento por amostragem trata-se de técnica que identifica questões de direito que se repetem em vários recursos especiais, escolhe recursos para serem julgados como representativos da controvérsia e paralisa os demais recursos que versem sobre o tema a ser decidido. Na análise realizada constata-se que o julgamento por amostragem é uma tutela recursal coletiva adequada para o enfrentamento do problema do excesso de recursos e da litigância de massa. No entanto, para o aproveitamento adequado da sua potencialidade, o trabalho conclui no sentido de que deve ser superada a crise de identidade do Superior Tribunal de Justiça, amoldando-o às funções contemporâneas das Cortes Supremas, bem como os problemas relativos à instabilidade da sua jurisprudência e à baixa aderência aos seus precedentes. Para adequada aplicação do recurso especial repetitivo, enquanto modelo de julgamento por amostragem, deve-se dar ênfase ao aspecto gerencial desse modelo de tutela recursal coletiva, a exemplo do que ocorre nas experiências de outros países nos modelos de tutela multipartes. Para adequação do recurso especial repetitivo ao modelo de julgamento por amostragem em sua efetiva potencialidade, devem-se aperfeiçoar os aspectos procedimentais para o fim de assegurar a efetividade do contraditório pelos amici curiae. / The aim of this work is to provide a critical approach regarding the trial of the so-called repetitive special appeals by the Brazilian Superior Court of Justice (STJ). Sampling judgment is a technique that identifies repetitive law issues in several special appeals, chooses those appeals that will be tried as representative of the controversy and paralyzes the remaining appeals about that same topic. In the analysis it was found that sampling judgment is an appropriate collective appellate adjudication to address the problem concerning the excessive amount of judicialization and mass claims. However, for proper use of its potential, this study concludes that the identity crisis of the Superior Court of Justice must be overcome, shaping it to contemporary functions of the Supreme Courts, as well as problems related to the instability of its jurisprudence and low compliance to its precedents. In order to obtain an adequate implementation of repetitive special appeals, as an example of sampling judgment, the managerial aspect of this collective appellate adjudication model needs to be emphasized, similar to what occurs in the experiences of other countries regarding multiparty adjudication models. To adapt repetitive special appeals to the model of sampling judgment in its effective potential, the procedural aspects should be improved to ensure the effectiveness of the right of adversarial proceedings by amici curiae.

Propomos neste estudo uma leitura e comentário do capítulo De l\'institution des enfans, Livro I, 26, dos Essais de Michel de Montaigne. Trata-se de contribuir para a discussão e elucidação de um capítulo que, embora muito conhecido e mobilizado pela crítica especializada, sobretudo pelos historiadores da educação, apresenta um trabalho de interpretação quase sempre pouco atento aos desenvolvimentos próprios do texto. A tese labora em duas frentes: naquela da história e das concepções educacionais do humanismo renascentista e naquela - em que está seu interesse principal - da compreensão e articulação dos elementos essenciais do pensamento pedagógico de Montaigne. Ressaltamos o exercício do julgamento, a conversação como meio pedagógico e a importância da filosofia moral na formação dos jovens / The purpose of this study is to do a read and comment the chapter De l institution des enfans, Livre I, 26, of the Les Essais, wrote by Michel de Montaigne. It contributes to discuss and elucidate a chapter that, even though its very known and mobilized by the specialized critics, over all by the educations historians, presents an interpretation work almost always little intent to the proper developments of the text. The thesis deals in two fronts: in that one of the history and the educational conceptions of the Renaissance Humanism and in that one - in which exists its main interest - of the understanding and joint of the essential elements of the Montaignes pedagogical thought. We stand out the exercise of the judgment, the conversation as pedagogical instrument and the importance of the moral philosophy in the formation of the young

Thesis advisor: Liane Young / Research in three parts used behavioral methods and fMRI to shed light on the nature of moral norms and situate them within a broader understanding of how people deploy cognition to navigate the social world. Results revealed that moral norms in two clusters: {1} “universal-rights norms” (i.e., values focused on universal rights to be unharmed and treated as an equal); and {2} “group-elevating norms” (i.e., loyalty, reciprocity, obedience to authority, and concern about purity) predicted prosocial and antisocial moral judgments, interpersonal orientations, and behaviors through cognitive mechanisms including representations of causation and theory of mind (ToM). Five studies reported in Part 1 demonstrated that universal-rights norms were positively associated with prosociality (equal allocations and willingness to help); whereas group-elevating norms were robustly positively associated with antisocial interpersonal orientations (Machiavellianism and Social Dominance Orientation). Three studies in Part 2 showed that group-elevating norms predicted antisocial moral judgments including stigmatization and blame of victims. In contrast, universal-rights values were associated with sensitivity to victims’ suffering and blame of perpetrators. Experimentally manipulating moral focus off of victims and onto perpetrators reduced victim-blaming by reducing perceptions of victims as causal and increasing perceptions of victims as forced. Effects of group-elevating norms on victim-blaming were likewise mediated by perceptions of victim causality and forcedness, suggesting that intervening on focus constitutes one way to modulate effects of moral norms on moral judgments. Four studies in Part 3 examined moral diversity within the domain of fairness and revealed that group-elevating and universal-rights norms are differentially reflected in conceptions of fairness as reciprocity, charity, and impartiality. Reciprocity and charity warranted being clustered together as person-based fairness due to their shared motivational basis in consideration of the unique states of individuals and emotion, and their robust, overlapping recruitment of neural activity indicative of ToM in PC, VMPFC and DMPFC. Impartiality, which favored no particular individual, constituted person-blind fairness, due to its reliance on standard procedures rather than the unique states of individuals or emotion, and its failure to recruit PC, VMPFC and DMPFC. In terms of fairness and moral praiseworthiness, these three allocative processes cleaved along a different line. Person-blind impartiality was rated most fair and highly moral, and person-based fairness broke apart into: charity, deemed highly moral and labeled by the most empathic participants as fair; and reciprocity, which was lowest in fairness and moral praiseworthiness ratings and most esteemed by Machiavellian individuals and those who made a greater number of self-interested allocations. Enhanced activity in LTPJ for unfairness generally, and in judgment of reciprocity in particular, pointed to a role for ToM in moral evaluation of these different conceptions of fairness. Findings across Parts 1-3 have meta-ethical implications. Reduced endorsement of universal-rights norms and increased endorsement of group-elevating norms conferred risk for antisocial judgments, interpersonal orientations and behaviors, suggesting that universal-rights norms and group-elevating norms may differ in their capacity to produce moral outcomes. Results demonstrating a role for ToM and representations of causality in the effects of moral norms on moral judgments deserve focus in future research. It will be important to determine how deeply moral values imbed into individuals’ cognitive architecture, and the extent to which effects of moral values can be modulated via interventions on basic cognition. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2015. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Psychology.

Factors which influence severity of moral judgement in men and women were investigated in this study with 94 male and 89 female undergraduate students as participants. Effects of "sex of judge," "sex of transgressor," and "value orientation" variables were examined across five diverse story conditions. A measure of identification was also obtained. As hypothesized, a significant main effect was found for "value orientation," but not for "sex of judge" or "sex of transgressor" variables. The hypothesized disappearance of a "sex of judge" by "sex of transgressor" interaction was found. Hypotheses concerning a permissive trend and the effects of degree of identification were not confirmed.

En dépit d’un discours social égalitariste, la pratique d’une activité professionnelle, de loisir, ou sportive contraire aux stéréotypes de genre entraîne toujours de la désapprobation de la part d’autrui (Schmalz, Kerstetter, & Anderson, 2008). L’objectif de ce travail doctoral est de mettre en évidence que nos jugements sur le genre et sur le sexe des personnes sont davantage influencés par la hiérarchie sociale qui existe entre les sexes, que par le contexte. Cette thèse avance, dans une première partie, qu’à une asymétrie sociale correspond une asymétrie cognitive quant aux jugements émis à propos du genre des personnes. Pour les hommes, seule la dimension « féminine » varie selon le type d’activité pratiquée, alors que pour les femmes, le changement est constaté sur les deux dimensions : masculine et féminine. Le même constat peut être fait lors de tâches liées à la catégorisation de sexe. En allant plus loin, à l’aide d’une mesure en temps réelle (Mouse-Tracking, Freeman & Ambady, 2010), nous mettons en évidence dans une deuxième partie une asymétrie motrice dans le processus de catégorisation qui serait le reflet de l’asymétrie cognitive constatée précédemment. Ce résultat renforce l’idée que l’homme peut être considéré comme le groupe dominant : les jugements le concernant ne dépendent pas du contexte, alors qu’à l’inverse, nous observons que les jugements sur les femmes (i.e., le groupe dominé) sont davantage influencés par le contexte. Pour finir, nous explorons l’hypothèse que l’influence de la hiérarchie sociale serait marquée au niveau fonctionnel. En conclusion, ce travail doctoral soutient l’idée que nos jugements sur les hommes et les femmes ne sont pas seulement influencés par le contexte, mais aussi par la position sociale des individus. / Despite efforts toward equality, the participation in a professional activity, recreational or sport contrary to gender stereotypes always involves of disapproval from others (Schmalz, Kerstetter, & Anderson, 2008). The objective of this doctoral work is to show that our judgments on gender and on sex of people are more influenced by the social hierarchy between the sexes, as by the context. This thesis advances, in a first part, that to a social asymmetry corresponds a cognitive asymmetry on the judgements related to the gender of the people. For men, only the dimension « feminine » varies according to the type of activity performed, while for women, the change is found on two dimensions: masculine and feminine. The same observation can be made in a sex categorization task. With measures in real-time (MouseTracker, Freeman & Ambady, 2010), in the second part, we show a motor asymmetry in the process of categorization that would reflect cognitive asymmetry observed previously. This result reinforces the idea that the man can be considered as the dominant group: its judgment do not depend on the context, while in contrast, we observe that judgments on women (i.e., the dominated group) are more influenced by the context. Finally, we explore the hypothesis that the influence of the social hierarchy would be marked at the functional level. In conclusion, this doctoral work supports the idea that our judgments on men and women are not only influenced by the context, but also by the social position of individuals.

O propósito desta dissertação é apresentar o uso da opinião de especialistas e outras questões relevantes acerca do assunto na avaliação das incertezas em estudos de análise de risco e confiabilidade, com apresentação de um estudo de caso prático. Em estudos de confiabilidade umas das principais preocupações está na determinação das frequências de ocorrência dos eventos e seu comportamento ao longo do tempo. Muitas vezes, os dados de frequência estão obsoletos, não estão disponíveis ou mesmo, não são suficientes para se avaliar a probabilidade de ocorrência de eventos. Nestes casos, a elicitação da opinião de especialista surge como uma alternativa a suplementar estas ausências de dados possibilitando assim uma melhor análise das incertezas. Baseado na condição da subjetividade, a elicitação dos especialistas tem como objetivo quantificar as incertezas a partir da experiência prévia e estado atual de conhecimento. Combinado com métodos matemáticos, a elicitação possibilita o gerenciamento de conflitos de informações de forma a atingir o consenso e possibilitar uma análise subjetiva dos problemas. / The purpose of this dissertationis to present the use of expert opinion and other relevant issues on the subjective assessment of uncertainties in risk analysis and reliability studies, presenting a practical case study. In reliability studies a major concern is to determine the frequencies of occurrence of events and their behavior through time. Often, the available data are not representative enough to evaluate the event probability or it is obsolete for use. In these cases, the elicitation of expert opinion is an alternative to supplement these data absences, Thus enabling a better uncertainties analysis. Based on the subjectivity condition, the elicitation of experts aims to quantify the uncertainty considering the previous experiences and current state of knowledge. Combined with mathematical elicitation methods, it enables the manegement of information conflicts in order to reach consensus and makes possible a subjective analysis of problems.

In response to the release of one of its Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB or Board) inspection reports, Deloitte notes that “[p]rofessional judgments of reasonable and highly competent people may differ as to the nature and extent of necessary auditing procedures, conclusions reached and required documentation” (PCAOB, 2008, 30). Other responses to PCAOB findings echo this sentiment. Stakeholders need to understand causes of differences between experts’ professional judgments to effectively utilize PCAOB inspection findings and firms’ responses to those findings. This study uses Social Identity Theory to explore whether role identity as an audit partner, internal reviewer, or PCAOB inspector, influences an expert’s judgments in an ambiguous decision environment. I find that professional judgments do not differ based on professional identity. This study also examines whether the presence or absence of outcome knowledge explains judgment differences among auditing experts. Consistent with prior research, e.g. Peecher & Piercey, 2008, outcome knowledge does affect experts’ professional judgment. I also find that experts’ level of organizational identification and membership esteem impacts professional judgment. / Includes bibliography. / Dissertation (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2014. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-27T13:49:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FRANCISCO ALBERTIN FERREIRA.pdf: 708318 bytes, checksum: 19f78ea9054dd3ba7002710a07f78b01 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-08-29 / The present dissertation discusses the Last Judgment that is a current theme of investigation. This is due to the fact that the three major monotheistic religions approach it in their religious essence. In judaism, it is related to the acts of piety present in the Old Testament; in christianity, to acts of mercy which involve a compromise of love to God and neighbor and are fundamental for obtaining salvation; and, in Islam, the good or evil that one practices with his brothers are important acts for either gaining paradise or ending in hell. In the first part, the question of text in its context is approached: the social reality of the Roman Empire, of the judeo-christian community, in Antiocus, and the necessity of solidarity that this text expresses. In the second part, there is a complete exegesis in all its steps to the Last Judgment (Matthew 25,31-46), within these, there is the delineation, the structure, the linguistic configuration, the wording, the characteristics of God present in the text and much other exegetical informations. In the third part, the updating of the message of the Last Judgment is presented which has, as its base, three dimensions: the personal, ecclesiastical and social, where, according to Jesus teachings, the acts of mercy, practiced in relation to the least of God s creature, here and now, will be decisive at the Last Judgment, when the Son of Man will judge each according to his acts. / A presente dissertação discorre sobre o Juízo Final que é um tema atual e questionador. Isto se deve ao fato das três grandes religiões monoteístas o abordarem em sua essência religiosa. No judaísmo, está relacionado às obras de piedade presentes no Antigo Testamento; no cristianismo, às obras de misericórdia que envolvem compromisso de amor a Deus e ao próximo e são fundamentais para se obter a salvação; e, no islamismo, o bem ou mal que se pratica com os irmãos são obras importantes para possuir o paraíso ou acabar no inferno. Na primeira parte, é abordada a questão do texto em seu contexto: a realidade social do Império Romano, da comunidade judaico-cristã, na Antioquia, e a necessidade da solidariedade que este texto expressa. Na segunda parte, há uma exegese completa em todos os seus passos sobre o Juízo Final (Mateus 25,31-46), dentre estes, a delimitação, a estrutura, a configuração lingüística, a redação, as características de Deus existentes no texto e muitas outras informações exegéticas. Na terceira parte, é apresentada a atualização da mensagem do Juízo Final que tem, por base, três dimensões: pessoal, eclesial e social, onde, de acordo com os ensinamentos de Jesus, as obras de misericórdia, praticadas em relação aos mais pequeninos, aqui e agora, serão decisivas no dia do Juízo Final, quando o Filho do Homem julgará cada um de acordo com suas obras.

A Crítica do Juízo surgiu sobretudo devido a uma necessidade sistemática da filosofia de Kant, a saber, a de tornar possível uma passagem entre o mundo da natureza e o mundo da liberdade. Contudo, ela tornou-se uma obra fundamental para a estética, na qual a noção de forma é a crucial para que se compreenda tanto a criação artística como a recepção estética, pois tal noção constitui, para Kant, o fundamento de toda disposição para o gosto. Trata-se aqui de investigar a noção de forma a partir dos diferentes aspectos que ela assume ao longo da Crítica do Juízo, uma vez que aquilo que passou a ser denominado pela crítica de arte moderna e contemporânea como um formalismo de inspiração kantiana parece desconsiderar a real complexidade de tal noção. Tendo em vista mostrar que a forma, para Kant, não é meramente uma estrutura espaço temporal, mas implica a expressão de um conteúdo, a tese foi estruturada em quatro capítulos. O primeiro capítulo é dedicado à análise da relação entre forma e reflexão, relação esta que exige um exame da oposição entre forma e matéria da sensação, bem como da noção de forma da finalidade. O segundo capítulo volta-se para a especificidade da bela-arte e envolve a comparação entre o belo natural e o belo artístico, o problema da distinção entre beleza livre e beleza aderente e a teoria do gênio. O terceiro capítulo trata do problema da convivência entre forma e conteúdo na obra de arte em virtude da teoria das Idéias estéticas e da afirmação do belo como símbolo do bem.O quarto capítulo analisa a influência do pensamento de Kant na teoria de Greenberg. / The Critique of Judgment arose above all due to a systematic necessity in Kant\'s philosophy, namely to make a passage between the world of nature and the world of liberty possible. Nevertheless, it became a fundamental work for aesthetics, in which the notion of form is crucial as much to the understanding of artistic creation as to aesthetic reception, since such a notion constituted for Kant, the basis of any disposition to taste. In this paper it is sought to investigate the notion of form beginning from the different aspects which it assumes throughout the Critique of Judgment, since what has come to be termed in modern and contemporary art criticism as Kantian inspired formalism appears to ignore the true complexity of such a notion. Bearing in mind that for Kant, form is not merely a time space structure but implies the expressio n of content, the thesis was structured in four chapters. The first chapter is dedicated to the analysis of the relationship between form and reflection, which demands an examination of the opposition between form and the subject matter, as well as the notion of the form of finality. The second chapter is concerned with the specificity of fine art and involves the comparison between natural and artistic beauty, the problem of the distinction between free beauty and adherent beauty and the theory of genius. The third treats the problem of the co-existence between form and content in art work in virtue of the theory of aesthetic Ideals and the affirmation of beauty as a symbol of good. The fourth chapter analyzes the influence of Kant\'s thought on Greenberg\'s theory.