De ökade bostadspriserna, och därtill svårigheten för framförallt unga att ta sig in på bostadsmarknaden är något som ofta tas upp i svensk media. Det finns finns många förslag och teorier för hur detta ska lösas. En sak är de flesta dock överens om, det behövs byggas fler bostäder och det bör ske inom en snar framtid. För att effektivisera bostadsbyggandet behövs nya metoder att arbeta med. Det finns en rad exempel på metoder som implementerats i tillverkningsindustrin och förbättrat effektiviteten avsevärt. En av dessa är Lean Production som på senare år börjat anpassas och tillämpas inom byggbranschen, då benämnt som Lean Construction. Denna rapport belyser de teoretiska metoder som finns till effektivisering, och hur vår samarbetspartner Peab Bostadsproduktion AB arbetar med dessa teorier i praktiken. En jämförelse mellan teoretisk och aktuell arbetsmetodik har utförts för att belysa ett par problem som uppstått under produktionen av ett flerbostadshus i Hökarängen. Resultatet visar på vikten av att göra rätt från början. Små misstag i ett tidigt skede kan ofta leda till större misstag mot slutet av processen, och rapporten syftar till att hitta vägar för att minimera dessa. / The increasing housing prices and the problems for young adults to enter the property market are often raised in Swedish media. There are many reasons for this, and just as many theories of how to solve these problems. One thing however most people agree upon, there is a big need for building new dwellings, and it has to be done in the near future. To make the construction of dwellings more effective, new methods to work with are needed. There are a few examples of methods being implemented in the manufacturing industry which have improved the efficiency considerably. One method is Lean Production, which in recent years has been modified to work better in construction. This method is called Lean Construction. This report will show a few theoretical methods for improving efficiency, and how our partner Peab Bostadsproduktion AB works with these methods. A comparison between theoretical and the current way of working has been made, and a few examples of problems that have occurred during the construction of a residential building in Hökarängen are mentioned. The conclusion shows the importance of getting things right from the start. Minor mistakes in the early stages can often lead to bigger mistakes in the end of the process. The report aims to find ways to minimize them.

Most construction companies want to deliver the best possible results for their customers while spending the least possible resources. Nevertheless, the construction industry has traditionally been full of unnecessary inefficiency regarding workflows. One of the most successful methods to prevent inefficiency workflow is lean construction. Lean construction consists of various methods that aim to streamline workflow as optimally as possible. Purpose: The purpose of the degree project is to use specific lean methods and tools to identify different waste and be able to use them to reduce downtime of a studied construction project. Method: A case study has been carried out where the project Heby - care homes has been studied. To gather more information a survey study has been done. To gather even further information about the project an interview was conducted with a person who has a leading role. Results: The result shows a analysis of the survey and the interviewe answers. It also includs working methods, transparency and waste minimization. Furthermore it includs solutions like identify problems, create order and structure, standardize and work on improvements. Conclusions: The conclusion that can be drawn is that standardizations in the form of checklists and guides need to be in each project. More openness and to review your chosen forms of agreement. To have a more dynamic working group that strives to achieve common goals and continuous improvements. These are the most important aspects of making a project effective.

This study represents a shift in focus with regard to studies related to traumatic events such as childhood sexual abuse (CSA). It endeavours to go beyond documenting the prevalence of CSA to understanding the moderating factors that encourage adaptive adjustment to CSA. The rationale of this study was to understand how personal beliefs in a just world, future aspirations and proactive coping in the context of an earlier traumatic event such as CSA, are related. My secondary interest was to understand how the aforementioned constructs feature in the development of resilience. I strove to do this by exploring the relationship between proactive coping, just-world beliefs (with specific reference to personal belief in a just world) and future aspirations of a survivor of childhood sexual abuse. I made use of an instrumental case study design. A single participant was purposively selected for this study due to her unique features of being a self-identified resilient survivor of child sexual abuse. Data was collected over a period of three months by means of semi-structured interviews, drawings and theory-based scales. In this study I made use of qualitative data analysis to explore the theoretical relationships amongst the constructs. The results of the study suggest that there is a relationship between personal belief in a just world and religiosity, and that this relationship may mediate the optimistic orientation in the participant of the present study. There also appears to be a relationship between the personal belief in a just world and future aspirations of the participant in this study, suggesting that the role of just world beliefs in terms of the active pursuit and investment in future goals need to be further examined. Finally, the relationship between positive future aspirations and proactive coping was less clear, requiring further investigation to elucidate this relationship. / Dissertation (MEd)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Educational Psychology / unrestricted

Due to the rapid technological advancements of the 21st century the fundamental nature of warfare has changed. Drones along with autonomous weapon systems has presented new challenges to the traditional concept and internal interpretations of just war theory. The purpose of this thesis is to present an analytical summary of the academic debate surrounding the emergence of AI technology, and how it has challenged the core principles embodied within jus in bello and jus ad bellum. Furthermore, the thesis explores the ethical issues external to just war theory principles, with a focus on how AI technology has established unique challenges for drone operators as a consequence of this contemporary phenomenon of war. This is done through a descriptive idea analysis and a critical analysis based on existing empirical material on the current academic debate on this issue.  While the advantages of drones and LAWS are evidently presented throughout this thesis, the repercussions are equally as important to contemplate. Thus, the findings in this thesis concludes that it is difficult to argue in favour or against the emergence of AI technology in war, as relevant arguments exist on both sides of the spectrum. However, the challenges for future just war theorists will be to adjust and reinterpret the moral foundations embodied within the principles of jus in bello and jus ad bellum to adhere to this contemporary phenomenon of war.

Like many other European cities, Malmö has set ambitious goals to become Sweden’s first carbon-neutral city by 2030. This objective is aligned with several public entities such as the Öresund Region, the Swedish Energy Agency, the European Union, and the UN within the Agenda 2030 for Sustainable Urban Development. However, statistics show that this goal is very difficult, if not, impossible to reach, as the city has achieved 32% of renewable energy by the end of 2020. Furthermore, the region of Skåne is currently facing problems regarding electricity shortage due to the lack of production in the region and network capacity in the national grid. This study identifies at least two major causes to explain why the energy transition in the city of Malmö does not see the light at the end of the tunnel. First, there is a dominant political narrative in Sweden that favors centralized and intensive capital solutions that may result in the lock-in of alternatives that aim for a more decentralized energy system. Second, the high trust in technological innovation to solve societal challenges has reduced Social Innovation (SI) as a tool that only complements technological advances (e.g., offshore wind turbines and smart grids). Therefore, this mainstream eliminates the capacity of Social Innovation in the Energy Sector (SIE) as an opportunity to contest dominant structures and make transformative changes at the institutional level within the energy system. Within this context, regime actors such as Large-scale Energy Companies (LECs) have an important role in impeding but possibly also enabling SIE and facilitating the sustainable and just energy transition in Sweden. Drawing on the Transformative Social Innovation-framework, this thesis analyzes three SIE-initiatives developed by E.ON Group in collaboration with other actors. An embedded-case study approach and mixed methods (mapping, document review, semi-structured interviews, and thematic and discourse analysis) were the basis of this research to understand the transformative potential of each initiative. The results of the study conclude that LECs participate actively in the development of SIE. It shows that projects like SWITCH/CoordiNET change internal social relations but not institutional relations, while others such as Sege Park and Smart Cities Accelerator+ have big potential of transformative change and may replace and alter dominant informal and formal institutions. It also demonstrates how E.ON and the City of Malmö are challenging the dominant political narrative in Sweden. Building on the latter empirical findings, this thesis suggests recommendations for city actors (public sector, businesses, organizations, and individuals) to create alliances and reach the goal of producing 100% renewable energy while aiming for a more sustainable and just energy system in the city of Malmö.

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The American landscape is increasingly populated with memorial tourist sites showing a devotion to the past. In the last published statewide study of Tennessee historical roadside markers, Jones (1988) analyzed the 1,170 roadside markers across the state. In his analysis, markers devoted to black history or white women accounted for only 0.7% (n=8) and 0.8% (n=9), respectively, of all markers. At the time of this study there were more roadside markers solely dedicated to David Crocket (0.9%, n=11) than to either of these groups. Additionally, Native American people merely accounted for 3.0% (n=35), while white men accounted for 11.7% (n=137)–including 3% dedicated to Klu Klux Klan Founder Nathan Bedford Forrest (Jones, 1988). This particularly visible expression of public history serves primarily to preserve a white, Protestant, male history of the area (Jones, 1988). Using data on the 313 historical roadside markers erected since 1988, we (1) update the analysis of Jones (1988) and (2) discuss the lack of a “just representation” of non-white male history in these markers that has carried forward to 2019. The study is informed by social representation and critical race theory.

Throughout the last decade wars have created a certain interest in reflection upon rights, justice and the causes for which people may or may not be killed. Soldiers are expected to make decisions about life and death in extremely difficult circumstances and complex situations during war. With conflicting obligations, they are forced to choose between orders, duty and ethical values in situations where not all can be met at the same time. Scholars in military ethics argues that ethical challenges and dilemmas can be overcome by using ethical reasoning processes such as moral judgement, moral competence and through different moral principles in the conduct of war. This study investigates how Swedish soldiers reason between moral dilemmas they might encounter in their professional practice and aims to explore if there is a conflict between their moral obligations and duty. It aims to improve the understanding of how Swedish soldiers justify the use of lethal force and obeying orders, and what underlying ethical and moral factors that affect their judgements and justifications. Qualitative scenario-based results show that their moral judgements are based foremost on consequentialist grounds, with good moral competence to adapt their judgements when faced with moral dilemmas. Subconsciously they follow the rules and moral principles of war, putting great emphasis on their trust and dependence on fellow soldiers as well as higher military bodies, although they are likely to disobey orders when it doesn’t seem morally justified.

Autobiographical accounts of interracial friendships tend to take on unrealistic Huck-andJim-type dimensions, particularly in southern musicians’ autobiographies, where musical compatibility is often mistaken for a larger sense of harmony. A select few memoirs, however, have dispensed with this master narrative to illustrate instances of overcoming segregation through interpersonal means. In the vein of fellow Alabamian W.C. Handy’s The Father of the Blues, (1941), jazz composer/performer Willie Ruff’s A Call to Assembly (1991) uses the tools of African American respectability politics (ideals of democracy, Christianity and common humanity) to build more balanced relationships with young white contemporaries also enraptured by jazz, in the process shaming segregationists. In this case, music paves the way for whites’ understanding of larger social equality. In Bakhtinian terms, this authorial positioning is “centripetal” (literally meaning “rotation toward the center”), affirming unity and common core values to the reader. By contrast, bebop musician Dizzy Gillespie in his To Be or Not to Bop (1979) takes on more centrifugal proportions, “clowning” his way around segregation like the time-honored trickster figure, finding allies in the jazz counterculture in the west, the north and abroad, beyond the reach of Jim Crow. Like Ruff, though, Gillespie takes advantage of jazz’s strategies to escape the trap of asymmetrical “friendships.” By eschewing the platitudes of the interracialbrotherhood tale, Ruff and Gillespie reveal the reciprocity and sacrifice necessary for white ally ship and establish jazz as a medium for political expression and true collaboration.

The need for increasing efficiencies for medical resource delivery during a mass casualty incident/event is a paramount logistical planning factor that could mean life or death to the citizens affected by a disaster. As such, Washington State has prioritized emergency management and preparedness. Using the just-in-time system by way of Baghbanian' s complex adaptive decision-making theory as the foundation, gave purpose to this qualitative study. This was accomplished by analysis of emergency management professional responses, and to what degree, improvements can be made to the medical resource delivery system during a mass casualty incident/event. Data were collected through semi structured interviews with a random sample of 12 experienced emergency professionals from the State of Washington. This study was guided by primary research questions that focused on emergency managers and their understanding and adaptability toward preparedness. Interview data were deductively coded and analyzed through a thematic analysis procedure. The key theme of this study is that participants perceived slight differences in logistical and operational approaches that vector into transportation and operational understanding as the main factors influencing medical resource delivery. The positive social change association of this study is that it provides emergency managers, first responders, and medical staff with recommendations for analysis and planning development for medical resource delivery, thereby mitigating the life and death implications for citizens in future disasters.