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Freshwater mussel culture has become an attractive enterprise because of its application for restoring depleted freshwater mussel populations, for rearing adults to support shell and cultured pearl industries, and for environmental monitoring and assessment. This study focused on testing indoor and outdoor culture techniques to rear newly metamorphosed juveniles of the rainbow mussel (Villosa iris). Tanks and floating containers were used outdoors, and sediment beds and floating containers were used in indoor culture experiments. Culture experiments with indoor sediment beds produced modest growth rates and variable survival rates for up to 4 months. Shell lengths of juveniles increased from 0.38 - 0.41 mm to 0.93 - 3.22 mm, 1.45 - 7.05 times original size; survival rates ranged from 1.27 % to 51.0 %. Experiments with indoor floating containers resulted in an increase of juvenile shell lengths from 0.38 - 0.40 mm to 0.86 - 2.07 mm, an 86 - 207 % increase; survival rates were 23.3 % to 27.0 % after 3 months. All indoor culture experiments combined water flow, inoculation of algae, fertilization, lighting and a pre-operation phase. Experimental results suggested that indoor floating container culture was a useful method to rear newly metamorphosed juvenile mussels, and the indoor sediment bed culture technique may also be suitable with modification, especially if filamentous algae can be controlled. Both outdoor tank and floating container culture experiments yielded poor results, which were probably caused by unsuitable culture conditions. Differences in juvenile growth rates (P < 0.001) and survival (P < 0.001) between floating container experiments I and II, which used the same culture techniques, were attributed to differences in culture conditions; water temperature (P < 0.001), dissolved oxygen (P < 0.01) and hardness (P < 0.01). Water temperature also contributed to a higher growth (P < 0.001) and survival rate (P < 0.001) in sediment bed culture II. The extensive occurrence of filamentous algae on sediments affected results and caused lower growth (P < 0.001) and survival rates (P <0.001) of juveniles in the sediment bed culture experiment III, IV and V. Finally, absence of water flow may have influenced growth and survival of juvenile V. iris, a naturally riverine species. Lack of currents near the bottom of tank and floating containers where juveniles resided likely contributed to complete mortality of juveniles in the outdoor culture experiments. / Master of Science

Psychological assessment ofjuveniles being considered for waiver to adult criminal courts often requires systematic evaluation of dangerousness, maturity-sophistication, and amenability to treatment (ATX). Despite the importance of these constructs to the evaluation of juveniles, little is known about the criteria that constitute these three constructs. This study was designed to assist in clarifying the constructs of dangerousness, maturity-sophistication, and ATX that typically guide juvenile transfers. Generally, prototypicality ratings were aligned with the current literature on dangerousness, sophistication-maturity, and ATX.

The ability to forage successfully is intimately tied to juvenile survivorship in many avian species. The time it takes juveniles to develop competent foraging skills varies with the prey type and foraging behaviors. My research examined the length of time it took juvenile Black Phoebes (Sayornis nigricans), a bird species abundant in urban environments, to exhibit foraging behavior similar to adults. Black phoebes are insectivorous and forage by scanning for and then pursuing potential prey. I hypothesized that before they disperse, approximately two months after fledging, juvenile phoebes should forage as successfully as adults. Because foraging proficiency affects time allocation, the study also compared how juveniles spend their time compared to adults. In support of my hypothesis, when juveniles were five weeks old, they foraged as successfully as adults. However, by the time of dispersal juveniles did not allocate their time similarly to adults, spending more time flying and less time perched than adults. Finally, the scanning rate and duration of foraging flights were similar to adults after the second week of successful foraging (around week six of age). Overall, these results indicate that foraging is a learned behavior that juveniles develop during their first few months of independence. Early development of proficient foraging abilities increases chances of survival. However, the development of proficient foraging abilities appears to precede the development of effective time allocation, which must occur sometime after independence.

My thesis is dealing with problematics of delinquent behaviour of children and juveniles, especially its prevention. Theoretical part is trying to explain general terms related with area of delinquency and also giving some general theories of delinquency. Furthermore it is specifying the period of school-age and adolescence and it is trying to point at some basic development specifics, signs and motivation of children and juvenile delinquency. In the next chapter it is dealing with the most common causes of delinquent behaviour of children and juveniles. Last but not least it is pointing at importancy of preventive effect of school environment and local community. Practical part finds, with help of different methods, efficiency of preventive action in particural schools and local community. Keywords delinquency, prevention, children, juveniles, school, local community

Magíster en Gestión y Políticas Públicas / Considerar la educación como herramienta esencial para la reinserción social de un adolescente en desarrollo, es entender y comprender de los múltiples beneficios que ello conlleva. La trayectoria de las políticas públicas, desde el punto de vista de los programas de seguridad ciudadana y educacionales, han dado cuenta que han sido mínimas en cuanto a la reinserción educativa, dando énfasis sólo a jóvenes que se encuentran privados de libertad en centros cerrados, dejando a un gran número de adolescentes a disposición de la oferta educacional en el medio libre. En este contexto, se analizaron los límites y posibilidades de los programas educativos y la pertinencia de la realidad educativa de los jóvenes que son sancionados por la justicia vinculada con las necesidades de reinserción social y habilitación. El presente estudio de caso, es de carácter descriptivo y utiliza una metodología cualitativa, que a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas como instrumento de recolección de datos podrá responder al objetivo general. También, mediante el análisis de los programas de seguridad pública de los últimos tres gobiernos entorno al desarrollo de acciones y/o estrategias de reinserción social mediante la educación, además de los factores de vulnerabilidad que determinan el alejamiento de los jóvenes del sistema educativo y por último la visión de los actores del único caso en Chile de un modelo educativo que realiza la tarea de reinserción educativa para jóvenes vulnerables y/o adolescentes infractores de ley. En base a lo planteado anteriormente, en cuanto la escasez de políticas públicas y oportunidades educativas para jóvenes infractores de ley, surgen las siguientes preguntas de investigación ¿Cuál es la pertinencia de la oferta educativa para la reinserción social de los jóvenes infractores de ley?, ¿Existen políticas educativas destinadas efectivamente a tratar el tema para los jóvenes infractores de ley, toda vez que el 97% de los adolescentes que son condenados por un delito deberán cumplir la sanción en el medio libre? Frente a estas interrogantes, además del análisis de contenidos y de los objetivos, se pudo concluir que los jóvenes actualmente se encuentran situados entre la educación formal o regular y la educación de adultos, no existe modalidad educativa que los atienda, la única oferta que disponen es la que ofrece la Fundación educacional Súmate, la cual cuenta con una metodología educativa de reinserción, dando énfasis a una educación integral, de aprendizajes significativos e intervenciones en ámbito familiar y comunitario. Las políticas educativas en la actualidad, han consolidado al sistema educativo regular o formal en un sistema segregado y excluyente, los adolescentes infractores de ley no tiene cabida y por lo tanto desertan en su mayoría al iniciar la enseñanza media, complejizando su trayectoria escolar y relegándolo de un sistema educacional que no los integra.

La concepción del cuidado como un bien público posiciona a la sociedad como responsable del bienestar infantil. En ese sentido, surgen organizaciones sociales y comunitarias que buscan identificar y solucionar problemáticas relacionadas a la población infantil. Estas organizaciones cuentan con un grupo de trabajo de personas voluntarias que se aproximarán al trabajo del cuidado desde una comprensión particular y colectiva de dicho concepto. Es así como el objetivo de la investigación es comprender el cuidado infantil de voluntarios de un albergue de Lima. Para lo mencionado se empleó una metodología cualitativo hermenéutico coherente con el paradigma constructivista, el cual fue empleado para comprender la construcción de significados de los participantes. Se realizaron entrevistas semi estructuradas a ocho participantes. Se concluye que la comprensión del cuidado infantil del voluntario se retroalimenta desde dos vías. La primera de ellas implica los recursos teórico-práctico que permite la transformación continua de los esquemas previos de cuidado infantil que posee el voluntario. Por otro lado, la segunda vía dará cuenta del vínculo construido entre voluntario y beneficiario que, le permite al primero, conocer y acceder las necesidades del beneficiario y, así, otorgarles un óptimo cuidado. / Child care as a public wellness, positions society as responsible for child welfare. In this sense, arise social and community organizations which seek to identify and solve problems related to child population. These organizations have a working group of volunteers who will approach the work of care from a particular and collective comprehension of this concept. The aim of this research is to comprehend the child care of volunteers in a shelter in Lima. For this purpose, was used a hermeneutic qualitative methodology coherent with the constructivist paradigm was used, which was used to understand the meaning construction of the participants. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with eight participants. In sum, the volunteers comprehend of child care is fed back in two ways. The first one involves the theoretical-practical resources that let the continuous transformation of the previous child care schemes of the volunteers. On the other hand, the second way considers the bond between volunteer and beneficiary, which allows the first, know and access the needs of the beneficiary and, thus, grant them optimum care. / Tesis

Thesis title: The age limit of criminal responsibility and connected matters Thesis comprehensively deals with the issue of the age limit of criminal responsibility. It describes factors connected to the age limit and factors, which influence the practical impact of the age limit and connected provisions on young offenders. The first chapter describes the historical evolution of law provisions connected to the age limit of criminal responsibility, focusing on the Czech Republic. It offers an opportunity to track the evolution and changes in the criminal law on young offenders until the end of the 20th century. The second chapter deals with the international criminal law on young offenders and describes opinion of international organizations on the matter of the age limit of criminal responsibility. The third chapter is about the four main systems, how the age limit is set in foreign countries. Examples of foreign provisions and explanation of positive and negative aspects can be also found in this chapter. The fourth chapter describes recent evolution of Czech law on young offenders and description of the system of the age limit in the Czech Republic. It also includes description of groups of children and juveniles and characterizes their position in Czech law. The fifth chapter concerns forms of...

The purpose of this study was to analyze those factors that affect the commitment rate of juveniles and how outside variables such as gender, race, parents, and school attendance affect the commitment rate of crime and delinquency. The variables used for this study came from the Gang Resistance Education and Training (G.R.E.A.T.) data collected by Esbensen and Osgood (1999). The analysis revealed that females are more likely to have a higher commit rate than males, that Whites have a higher commit rate than other races, that those juveniles living with their father have a lower commit rate than those living with others, and those juveniles who do not attend school often are less likely to commit crimes and delinquent actions than those who attend more often.

At the end of the nineteenth century, individuals identified as child savers pioneered an unprecedented movement to save America’s children from physical and moral harm. The establishment of the juvenile justice system came as a result of the actions of the child savers. Researchers have focused extensively on many aspects of the juvenile justice system including studies on the effectiveness of the system to tracking the changes the system has undergone since its establishment. Numerous other studies examined opinions of the juvenile justice system. However, the research has focused solely on the general public, juvenile probation officers and juvenile correctional staff. The current study examined the actual participants within the juvenile justice system - the juvenile offenders - to gauge their perceptions of the system that was created to protect and turn them into law-abiding individuals. A survey was conducted with juvenile offenders housed within two conservative, Midwestern juvenile correctional facilities. The juveniles believed that rehabilitation should be an integral goal of the juvenile justice system and they endorsed community-based interventions as a means to change behavior. The results indicate that the juvenile offenders are in tune with the general public as seeing the juvenile justice system as a child saving institution rather than as a punitive endeavor.