Die Entzündungsreaktion der Arthrose wird als eine sekundäre Reaktion auf einen degenerativen Prozeß des Gelenkknorpels angesehen. Die Ursache für die Degeneration kann im Mißverhältnis zwischen Belastbarkeit und Beanspruchung liegen, es können metabolische Störungen (Urämie, Diabetes mellitus) verantwortlich gemacht werden, weswegen von sekundärer Arthrose gesprochen wird. Die Ursache der primären Arthrose bleibt unbekannt. Es kann als bewiesen angesehen werden der Zusammenhang mit Alter und Geschlecht der Patienten, denn Arthrose ist in der Regel eine Erkrankung jenseits des fünfzigsten Lebensjahres und betrifft vornehmlich Frauen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die Synovialis von 20 Patienten aufgearbeitet und hinsichtlich des enthaltenen entzündlichen Infiltrates untersucht. Unter Anwendung der indirekten Immunperoxidase Technik und der indirekten Immunfluoreszenz Technik wurde die Expression der Antigene CD 20, CD 23, CD 40, CD 27, IgG, IgA, IgM, Kappa, Lambda, CD 3, CD 4, CD 8, Ki M4, CD 68, Ki 67 sowie die Expression der Cytokine IL 2 und IL 10 analysiert. Die Synovialmembran zeigte histologisch eine Verbreiterung der Deckzellschicht, Knorpelfragmente innerhalb der Synovialmembran und ein insgesamt schwach ausgeprägtes entzündliches Infiltrat. In lediglich drei von 20 Fällen fand sich eine stärkere entzündliche Infiltration. Diese entzündlichen Infiltrate wiesen eine perivaskuläre Verteilung auf. Am häufigsten wurden in gefäßnahen Regionen B Lymphozyten identifiziert, Plasmazellen wiesen in der Regel einen deutlich größeren Abstand zum Gefäß auf. Unter den nachgewiesenen Plasmazellen fand sich eine prädominante Expression an IgG bei ausgewogener Anwesenheit sowohl der Kappa- als auch der Lambda- Leichtketten. T Lymphozyten waren ebenfalls zirkulär um die Gefäße anzutreffen und zeigten eine prädominante Interleukin 10 Expression. Lymphozytäre Aggregate, mit follikelähnlicher Struktur ließen sich in lediglich in 4 von 20 Fällen nachweisen. Makrophagen waren sowohl perivaskulär als auch in der Deckzellschicht nachweisbar. Ki M4 positive Retikulumzellen (FDC) waren dagegen nur in einem von 20 Fällen nachweisbar. Alle Zellpopulationen der Membrana synovialis wiesen nur eine schwache Proliferationsaktivität auf. Das Fehlen von dem Keimzentrum des Lymphfollikels vergleichbaren Strukturen, die deutliche Abwesenheit von Ki M4 positiver FDC's sowie die schwache Expression von Ki 67, sprechen trotz Anwesenheit der ebenfalls zur Antigenpräsentation befähigten Makrophagen gegen eine Einwanderung und Maturation nativer B Lymphozyten in die Membrana Synovialis. Wandern dagegen Gedächtniszellen in die Membrana synovialis ein, so ist eine Maturation mit Follikelbildung nicht mehr notwendig. Unter der Mithilfe von T Lymphozyten und Makrophagen können die B Lymphozyten zu Plasmazellen differenzieren. T Lymphozyten zeichnen sich ebenfalls durch eine starke perivaskuläre Verteilung aus. Dabei ist die Expression von IL 10 prädominant, was sich als eine Immunantwort von TH2-Typus interpretieren läßt. Diese ermöglicht eine Differenzierung der B Lymphozyten zu Plasmazellen. Reife B Lymphozyten, die unter dem Einfluß einer TH2 Subpopulation von CD 4 positiven T Lymphozyten ohne Keimzentrum zu Plasmazellen differenzieren, könnten ein Grund dafür sein, daß follikuläre Strukturen fehlen. Vorgereifte B Lymphozyten benötigen auch keine inflammatorisch hochpotenten Zytokine um eine schnelle Reifung und eine Immunantwort zu ermöglichen. Dies könnte ein Grund sein, warum die entzündliche Reaktion bei Arthrose so schwach ausgeprägt ist. / Inflammation in osteoarthritis is a secondary reaction to a degenerating process of the articular cartilage. Cause of Degeneration can be a disproportion of mechanical stress and resistance or metabolic diseases like diabetes mellitus. This kind of osteoarthritis is called "secondary osteoarthritis". Primary osteoarthritis has an unknown cause. Age and sex of the patient are a predictor for osteoarthritis, hense it is a disease of people above the age of 50 and more often it is found in women than in men. This paper investigated the synovial membranes of twenty patients to characterize the inflammatory Infiltrate. It characterized the cell surface antigen CD 20, CD 23, CD 40, CD 27, CD 3, CD 4, CD 8, Ki M4, CD 68, the antibodies IgG, IgA, IgM, Kappa, Lambda, the proliferating antigen Ki 67 and the expression profile of the cytokines IL 2 and IL 10 by using immunohistochemical staining (indirect immunoperoxidase technique and indirect immunofluorescence technique) with monoclonal antibodies. The synovial membrane shows in histology a dissemination of cover cells, fragments of cartilage and a slight expression of inflammatory infiltrate with a perivascular allocation. In only three of twenty cases we detected stronger inflammatory infiltrates. Most of the perivascular cells express CD 20. They are B lymphocytes. Plasma cells have more distance to the blood vessels and showed a predominant expression of IgG. T-lymphocytes were also detected perivascular. The expression of IL 10 was predominant. Lymphocytes aggregates like lymph follicle were detected in four of twenty cases. Macrophages were proved perivascular as well as in the cover cells. Ki M4 positive reticulum cells were found in only one of twenty cases. All kind of cells in the synovial membrane showed a low proliferation activity. The absence of germinal centers or comparable structures, the low expression of Ki M4 and Ki 67 speak against the immigration and maturation of native B lymphocytes in the synovial membrane. Memory B-lymphocytes don't need germinal centers or compatible structures for maturation, they can mature to plasma cells by help of T-lymphocytes, macrophages or other B-lymphocytes. It is more probably that the detected B lymphocytes are memory cells. The perivascular T lymphocytes in combination with the predominant expression of IL 10 may be interpreted as a TH2 immune reaction. This supports the maturation of B-lymphocytes to plasma cells. The maturation of memory B-lymphocytes under influence of TH2 immune reaction can be the reason for the missing of germinal centers or comparable structures. Matured B-lymphocytes don't need high-grade inflammatory cytokines for quick immune response. This is the possible reason for the low-grade inflammatory reaction of osteoarthritis.

Submitted by Rosivalda Pereira (mrs.pereira@ufma.br) on 2017-05-17T21:14:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 AnaGiseliaNascimento.pdf: 3146962 bytes, checksum: 2e04b37893415a3b55c8a3bcd2cf19b9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-17T21:14:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AnaGiseliaNascimento.pdf: 3146962 bytes, checksum: 2e04b37893415a3b55c8a3bcd2cf19b9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-30 / Pituitary adenomas represent 10-15% of all intracranial tumors with an incidence of 1/1000 of the population. They are considered benign and mostly slow growth. Despite this, about 35% may present with invasion of parasellar compartments and a significant number have a clinically aggressive behavior with early recurrence during follow-up, despite surgery and other therapeutic approaches. Such aggressive tumors should be identified early in order to provide a more incisive treatment and / or a strict clinical and radiological follow-up, with prompt djunctive therapy institution in persistence or recurrence of these tumors. Despite these considerations, to date, no clinical, radiological and histological marker predicting such behavior has been established. This study aims to reassess the role of Ki-67 through an improved immunohistochemical technique for the expression of these antigens and correlate it to demographic and clinicopathological parameters of pituitary adenomas. This is a crosssectional study conducted from November 2015 to August 2016 were used pituitary adenoma tissue from 62 patients from the Endocrinology Service of the University of the Federal University of Maranhão Hospital. For evaluation of adenomas of medical records data were analyzed, namely: clinical and serum levels of related hormones as well as magnetic resonance imaging of the pituitary gland. To analyze the expression of Ki-67 was performed immunohistochemical technique using the anti-human monoclonal primary antibody, expressed by the percentage of labeled nuclei in the form of labeling index Ki-67. In our sample of 62 patients, 31 patients were female (50%) with a mean age at surgery of 46.2 (± 13.3) years, ranging from 16 to 73 years. Ki-67 index, as well as their median had to be higher in females, with p = 0.04 and p = 0.02, respectively. There was no predominance of expression and Ki-67 index with respect to age and diagnosis. Adenomas giant had higher median Ki-67 with respect to non giants with p = 0.04, but there was no correlation of Ki-67 with tumor invasion. The pituitary adenomas previously submitted to specific pharmacotherapy showed expression of Ki-67 lower, however, only when the somatotropinomas were analyzed separately, there was statistically significant with p = .0,03. The Ki-67 antigen, a marker of tumor proliferative activity, play an important role in pituitary adenomas. In conjunction with other biomarkers such as tumor invasion, large volume adenoma the initial presentation of patients and / or rapid tumor growth rate documentation can lead to identification of patients which show an aggressive clinical behavior, in order to conduct a multimodal therapeutic approach more effective or more strict postoperative follow-up. / Adenomas hipofisários representam de 10-15% de todas as neoplasias intracranianas com prevalência de um caso para 1000 habitantes. Apresentam grande variação de comportamento clínico, sendo a maioria de crescimento indolente, enquanto cerca de 35% podem ser invasivos e um pequeno grupo francamente agressivo. Até o presente momento, não há um biomarcador que possa predizer seu comportamento de forma confiável, o que possibilitaria uma terapia adjuvante mais agressiva ou um seguimento clínico mais rigoroso. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a expressão e o índice do marcador imuno-histoquímico de proliferação celular, antígeno Ki-67 em adenomas hipofisários e correlacioná-lo a parâmetros demográficos e clínico-patológicos, visando definir sua relevância prognóstica. Trata-se de um estudo transversal realizado no período de novembro de 2015 a agosto de 2016. Foram utilizados tecidos de adenomas hipofisários de 62 pacientes oriundos do Serviço de Endocrinologia do Hospital Universitário da Universidade Federal do Maranhão. Para avaliação dos adenomas foram analisados dados dos prontuários, a saber: avaliação clínica e dosagens séricas de hormônios relacionados, assim como ressonância nuclear magnética de hipófise. Para analisar a expressão do Ki-67, foi realizada a técnica de imuno-histoquimica utilizando-se o anticorpo primário monoclonal anti-humano expressado pela percentagem de núcleos imunopositivos sob forma de índice de marcação de Ki-67. Na amostra de 62 pacientes, 31 pacientes foram do sexo feminino (50%) com a média de idade à época da cirurgia de 46,2 (±13,3) anos, variando de 16 a 73 anos. O antígeno Ki-67 apresentou expressão em 37 (59,7%) pacientes, variando o seu índice de 0,1% a 2,4%. O índice Ki-67, assim como a sua mediana apresentaram-se mais elevados no sexo feminino com p=0,04 e p=0,02, respectivamente. Não houve predominância da expressão e do índice de Ki-67 com relação a idade e diagnóstico. Adenomas gigantes apresentaram mediana de Ki-67 mais elevada com relação aos não gigantes com valor de p=0,04, mas não houve qualquer correlação de Ki-67 com a invasão tumoral. Os adenomas hipofisários previamente submetidos à farmacoterapia específica apresentaram expressão de Ki-67 mais baixos, no entanto, somente quando os somatotropinomas foram analisados de forma isolada, houve significância estatística com p=0,03. O antígeno Ki-67, marcador de atividade proliferativa tumoral, tem papel relevante em adenomas hipofisários. Em conjunto com outros biomarcadores, como invasão tumoral, grande volume do adenoma à apresentação inicial dos pacientes e/ou documentação de rápida velocidade de crescimento do tumor, pode levar a identificação de pacientes que demonstrem um comportamento clínico agressivo, de forma a conduzir a uma abordagem terapêutica multimodal mais efetiva ou a um seguimento pós operatório mais estrito.

Breast cancer is one of the most common malignancies in women. Due to early detection and the use of screening programs approximately 60% of all new cases lack lymph node involvement. Today, a substantial proportion of these women will be offered adjuvant systemic chemotherapy. However, better proliferation markers are needed to predict patient outcome and to avoid overtreatment. Cyclin A, cyclin E and Ki-67 are all markers for proliferation and involved in the regulation of the cell cycle. Overexpression has been associated with disease recurrence in several studies, but the results have not been consistent. However, none of these studies has investigated aberrant expression of cyclin E (the expression of cyclin E during phases of the cell cycle other than late G1 and early S-phase). Studies have shown that aberrant cyclin E might provide additional prognostic information compared to cyclin E alone. The aims of this thesis were 1.to investigate the prognostic value of cyclin A, cyclin E and aberrant cyclin E in early breast cancer. 2.to validate the tissue microarray (TMA) technique for cyclin A and 3.to define the most optimal cut-off values for cyclin A and Ki-67. We found that the agreement of TMA and large section results was good with kappa values 0.62-0.75 and that the reproducibility of the two readers’ results was good or even very good, with kappa values 0.71 – 0.87. The optimal cut-off value for cyclin A average was 8% and for cyclin A maximum value 11%. The corresponding values for Ki-67 were 15 and 22%. Neither cyclin E nor aberrant cyclin E was a prognostic factor in low-risk node negative breast cancer patients. Finally, we conclude that cyclin A is a prognostic factor in node negative breast cancer (univariate analysis average value OR=2.9 95% CI 1.8-4.6; maximum value OR=3.7 95% CI 2.3-5.9).

This thesis is a statement about a series of paintings based on an invented dollhouse object that conveys the artist’s identity and placement in the world. Through this essay, the artist represents the home as a space that fosters the recovery and rebirth of invisible energy, ki and examines ideas of transience, interconnection, and rebirth in the mysterious flow of ki in the home. Also the artist will explain her own view about being an artist, the methodologies and specific techniques of her paintings, and her artistic direction for the future.

Purpose: To determine the expressions of bcl-2, p53, Ki-67 and PTEN on the basis of immunohistochemistry methods in upper urinary transitional cell carcinoma (TCC), and to correlate their presentations in specimens with clinical tumor stage, grade and patient survival. Material and Method: Paraffin-embedded primary upper urinary TCC specimens were divided into 2 groups for immunohistochemical study: Group 1 including 91 cases were treated with bcl-2, p53 and Ki-67 antibodies; group 2 including 93 specimens contained both tumor and benign tissues were treated with PTEN antibody. Semi- quantitatively, according to the amount of the stained cells, they were divided into 3 levels: level 1, scanty; level 2, focal; and level 3, diffuse. Association of immunoreactivity with tumor grade and stage was examined. Prognostic significance of tumor marker expression in patients¡¦ survival was accessed. Results: Group1: Of the 91 tumors most (98.9%) of the specimens showed level 1 bcl-2 expression and only 1 patient had level 2 expression. The p53 mutations were identified level 3 expression in 48.4% of the cases, followed by level 2 (26.4%) and level 1 (25.3%) identifications. The Ki-67 expression was recognized level 3 in 6 patients, level 2 in 21 and level 1 in 66 cases. Significant correlations were seen between p53 expression and tumor grading (p=0.004) and between immunostain of Ki-67 and clinical stage (p=0.031). The p53, bcl-2 and Ki-67 expressions in upper urinary tract TCC specimens were not a significant factor of patients¡¦ survival. Group 2: Of the tumors all cytoplasm has level 3 PTEN expressions and the nuclei, 18 (19.4%) showed scanty expression, 35 (37.6%) revealed focal expression, and diffuse expression was noted in 40 (43.0%) cases. Loss of PTEN expression in tumor nuclei was positively correlated with pathologic stage (p=0.019). Of the fibrocytes adjacent to tumor cells, the nuclei showed 24 (25.8%) scanty, 59 (63.4%) focal and 10 (10.8%) diffuse distribution of PTEN expressions. Poorly differentiated tumor (grade 3) specimens were correlated with loss of PTEN expression in fibrocytic nuclei adjacent to tumor (p=0.028). Most (58%) fibrocytic cytoplasm was scanty PTEN expression, followed by 23 (24.7%) diffuse and 16 (17.2%) focal immunostaining. PTEN expressions in upper urinary tract TCC specimens were not a significant factor of patients¡¦ survival. Conclusions: We examined 93 surgical specimens of upper urinary tract TCC for the expression of PTEN and 91 cases for bcl-2, p53 and Ki-67 by immunohistochemical stained. Correlation between tumor grading and p53 mutations and correlation between clinical stage and Ki-67 immunoreactivity were observed. Meanwhile, loss of PTEN expression in tumor nuclei of upper urinary TCC is correlated significantly with advanced tumor stage, and poorly differentiated tumor specimens were correlated with loss of PTEN expression in normal nuclei adjacent to tumor cells. However, no correlation between overall survival rate and tumor markers was identified. Thus, the detection of p53, bcl-2, Ki-67 and PTEN would be not enough for evaluation the prognosis of upper TCC.

<p>The Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics (CGB) is an academic department at Karolinska Institute. Generally stated, the CGB department is committed to the generation and management of genetic information by approaches aiming at elucidating the connection between genes, protein and function.</p><p>WiGID is a genome information database that is available through WAP (Wireless Application Protocol).</p><p>Our version of WiGID is based on WML, PHP and PostgreSQL as a database server.</p><p>One of the changes on the old WiGID application was the creation of a relational database with seven tables and one view, instead of the file that represented the database on the old version. We also changed the script language from python to PHP.</p><p>The search engine ability has been extended with three new search alternatives for a user to choose from. Each choice leads to other, sometimes multiple choices.</p><p>A GUI has been created for the administrator, to be able to insert information into the database.</p><p>The structure of the search engine is primarily for narrowing down the search result on the phone display, thereby making the search efficient.</p> / <p>Wireless Genome Information Database (WiGID), är en genome information databas och är tillgänglig genom WAP (Wireless Application Protocol).</p><p>WiGID har vidareutvecklats med WML och PHP som skript språk istället för WML och Python.</p><p>Några exempel på den ny utvecklade WiGID är navigationsmöjligheterna och applikationens bakomliggande struktur.</p><p>Modelleringen av relationsbaserade databasen har gett ökad flexibilitet till applikationen. Den är inte längre statisk och svårhanterlig. Hanteringen av databasen har lösts genom inmatnings skriptet. Inmatnings skriptet hanterar information från en fil som den läser ifrån och lägger informationen i respektive tabell.</p><p>Sökmöjligheterna har ökats genom användning av SQL (Structured Query Language). Navigationsmöjligheterna i sökmotorn utökades till sex valmöjligheter istället för tre enligt den äldre versionen. Varje länk går vidare till nya alternativ för att förfina själva sökningen. Sökningen har effektiviserats och valmöjligheterna.</p>

O propósito do presente estudo foi analisar as células epiteliais odontogênicas procurando um entendimento maior sobre a natureza e conseqüentemente o comportamento de algumas lesões odontogênicas. A expressão imunoistoquímica de p53 e PCNA foi analisada em cisto radicular, cisto dentígero, ceratocisto odontogênico e cisto odontogênico calcificante (Cisto de Gorlin) onde verificou-se que no cisto radicular e cisto dentígero a expressão dos marcadores está relacionado com proliferação e stress celular causado pelo estímulo inflamatório e em ceratocisto odontogênico e Cisto de Gorlin a expressão dos marcadores corresponde a proliferação celular não descartando também a presença de mutação no gene TP53. Também foi observada a expressão de Ki-67, EGFR e Survivin em folículo pericoronário, ceratocisto odontogênico e cisto dentígero que mostrou que as células epiteliais dos folículos pericoronários têm potencial proliferativo para formar lesões odontogênicas e que a proliferação das células do cisto dentígero é relacionada com o estímulo inflamatório. Todos os marcadores estudados comprovaram a natureza neoplásica do ceratocisto odontogênico. / The purpose of this study was to analyze odontogenic epithelial cells to contribute to the knowledge about their nature and, consequently, about the behavior of certain odontogenic lesions. Immunohistochemical expressions of p53 and PCNA were analyzed in radicular cysts, dentigerous cysts, odontogenic keratocysts and calcifying odontogenic cysts (Gorlin cyst). In radicular and dentigerous cysts, the expression of these markers was associated with cell proliferation and stress caused by an inflammatory stimulus. In keratocysts and Gorlin cysts, the expression of markers corresponded to cell proliferation. Results also showed possible mutation in TP53 gene. Also, Ki-67, EGFR and Survivin were expressed in pericoronal follicles, odontogenic keratocysts and dentigerous cysts, which demonstrated that epithelial cells of pericoronal follicles may proliferate to form odontogenic lesions and that cell proliferation in dentigerous cysts was associated with an inflammatory stimulus. The analysis of all markers under study confirmed the neoplastic nature of odontogenic keratocysts.

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