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<p>A script reform was carried out in China between 1955 and 1964 by simplifying the shape of a number of characters. Most of the simplified forms adopted had already been in popular use for a long time before this reform, while a few were invented for the occasion.</p><p>One objective of this dissertation is to estimate the proportion of invented forms. To this end, use of simplified variants before 1955 was surveyed. Pre-reform writing turned out to be more heterogeneous than expected. In fact, already Han dynasty (206 BC-AD 220) handwriting differed considerably from the norms set up by contemporary dictionaries and model texts.</p><p>One aim of the script reform was to unify writing habits and make them conform better with established norms. To evaluate the Script Reform Committee's success in this field, this dissertation surveys the use of different unofficial short forms even after the reform. Success turned out to be moderate. Many pre-1955 short variants survived, and, what was worse, new ones emerged after the reform. Particularly confusing was the use of different unofficial short forms in different parts of China. The existence of such local variants was confirmed by extensive reading of signs, advertisements, price tags and wall newspapers in twenty-one provinces, and by interviews with informants at four hundred localities. Results of that survey are displayed on twenty-four maps.</p><p>A few years earlier, even Japanese characters had gone through a reform which made many simplified forms official. Some of the new official Japanese forms differed from those which came to be official in China, creating a discrepancy which has at times been lamented. However, this dissertation compares the short forms used in pre-reform Japan with those of pre-reform China, and shows that most of the present discrepancies have roots in differences in Chinese and Japanese writing traditions, which bound the hands of reformers in both countries and enforced the decisions which were eventually made.</p>

A script reform was carried out in China between 1955 and 1964 by simplifying the shape of a number of characters. Most of the simplified forms adopted had already been in popular use for a long time before this reform, while a few were invented for the occasion. One objective of this dissertation is to estimate the proportion of invented forms. To this end, use of simplified variants before 1955 was surveyed. Pre-reform writing turned out to be more heterogeneous than expected. In fact, already Han dynasty (206 BC-AD 220) handwriting differed considerably from the norms set up by contemporary dictionaries and model texts. One aim of the script reform was to unify writing habits and make them conform better with established norms. To evaluate the Script Reform Committee's success in this field, this dissertation surveys the use of different unofficial short forms even after the reform. Success turned out to be moderate. Many pre-1955 short variants survived, and, what was worse, new ones emerged after the reform. Particularly confusing was the use of different unofficial short forms in different parts of China. The existence of such local variants was confirmed by extensive reading of signs, advertisements, price tags and wall newspapers in twenty-one provinces, and by interviews with informants at four hundred localities. Results of that survey are displayed on twenty-four maps. A few years earlier, even Japanese characters had gone through a reform which made many simplified forms official. Some of the new official Japanese forms differed from those which came to be official in China, creating a discrepancy which has at times been lamented. However, this dissertation compares the short forms used in pre-reform Japan with those of pre-reform China, and shows that most of the present discrepancies have roots in differences in Chinese and Japanese writing traditions, which bound the hands of reformers in both countries and enforced the decisions which were eventually made.

The teaching of Chinese in Sweden is a relatively new phenomenon. This essay investigates teachers of Chinese in Sweden and their attitudes and approach to the syllabus. A web based questionnaire was sent to teachers of Chinese throughout Sweden. The questionnaire was sent to 21 teachers, with a total of 13 teachers completing the questionnaire. This investigation contributes to the field of teaching Chinese by describing how teachers use the syllabus. The results indicate that the teachers use the subject aims and the core content in the syllabus when planning their lessons. The teachers also use the knowledge requirements to inform their students what they are required to do in order to obtain a certain grade. However, the teachers use the knowledge requirements in different ways and they do not consider them to be easily understood. As Chinese has recently become an established school subject throughout the country, further research is needed in order to improve the subject. / <p>Kinesiska</p>

For a westerner or any other person who comes from a language background where the alphabet is used to form words and sentences, Chinese is one of the most difficult languages for second language learners. Especially the mastering of the Chinese written language is deemed by a majority of Chinese language students as the most difficult part of learning Chinese. This study investigates how a pedagogic teaching method called meaningful interpretation and chunking can assist students in acquiring the skills of reading and writing Chinese characters. To facilitate the transfer of new knowledge, it is important to bring meaning and sense to what the students are asked to learn. For the novice, Chinese characters may seem like randomly assembled strokes which are hard to comprehend. With this thesis I have wanted to highlight the value of using a teaching method that thoroughly analyzes and explains the different radicals and components of the Chinese characters, such a method, will not only increase students’ understanding of the characters, it will also work towards ensuring that the characters’ form and meaning stay in the students’ memory so they can be reproduced at a later point in time.

Kinesiska tecknen såg från början inte ut som sin nuvarande form. Den aktuella skrivstilen är en följd av över tretusen års förändring och utveckling. I början var ett tecken en avbildning av ett riktigt föremål eller hade ett logiskt begrepp. För närvarande ser de flesta tecknen ut som en främmande symbol. I min undervisningsverksamhet visar det sig att det är en stor utmaning för en elev som behöver memorera tusentals tecken för att sedan kunna skriva dem för att räknas som skrivkunnig. Därför har detta arbete ett syfte att underlätta elevens studiebörda. Aktionsforskning används som metodansats för att uppfylla detta syfte. Genom tidigare forskning i området, teorier i barns lärande samt hjälp från handledaren kunde aktionsforskningens fyra faser verkställas. Under arbetets gång har eleverna även repeterat sina kunskaper i strecktyperna och streckordningen som också ingår i teckens struktur. Resultatet visar att om en elev förstår ett teckens struktur har eleven lättare att komma ihåg tecknet och ju mer kunskap eleven har i radikaler och komponenter desto lättare blir det för eleven att lära sig nya tecken. Att lära sig skriva ett tecken med hjälp av kunskap i radikaler och komponenter gör att eleverna får mindre belastning på arbetsminnet, vilket även förbättrar elevernas handskrivning av kinesiska tecken. Dock är det inte alla tecken som går att analysera på ett tydligt och logiskt sätt och ett undervisningsmaterial som är anpassat för elever tar tid att utforma.

The purpose of this thesis is to study teaching methods for Chinese Measure Words (CMW),to students in Sweden, who have Swedish as mother tongue. The study also looks at whatchallenges the teachers have in this area, and how the teachers are solving those challenges.A qualitative interview study is performed with two elementary school teachers, and twoupper secondary school teachers, who all are teaching Chinese as a modern language tostudents in Sweden, who have Swedish as mother tongue. The result shows that five differentmethods are used to teach CMW. The result also shows that the most used teaching strategyis to use the common Chinese measure word "个", which can be used together with a largenumber of substantives. Furthermore, the results are showing that the teachers have thefollowing challenges when teaching CMW: Challenge to motivate the students to learnCMW, Challenge with teaching CMW used for abstract concepts, Challenge to make thestudent remember the large amount of CMW, and Challenge to find teaching references forCMW. The results also show what strategies the teachers are using to handle thesechallenges: Be tolerant when using CMW, Introducing the CMW "个" and Use of cognitivestrategies in the teaching.

Since 2014 Chinese, as the only non-European language, has a separate syllabus within the syllabus of the subject Modern languages. Before that, teachers of Chinese had to rely on other sources in planning their teaching, because the syllabus of Modern languages simply was not adjusted to a language as different as Chinese. Some teachers relied on textbooks. The only two textbooks in Chinese that were produced in Sweden, for teaching in primary and secondary school, were both produced before the syllabus was established. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate to what extent the textbooks corresponded to the core content of the syllabus and how teachers of Chinese used the textbooks together with other teaching material. Two methods were used. First a comparison was made of the books and the syllabus, and secondly four teachers of Chinese were interviewed. Results from the two methods coincided and showed that to fulfill the goals in the syllabus, the textbooks were not enough. They mainly lacked enough assignments for listening and speaking comprehension, especially to be able to follow the stipulated pace in which the reading and the speaking skills are supposed to be learnt.

<p>Samordning av de multinationella företagens verksamheter anses vara en allt viktigare källa till konkurrensfördelar. För att en sådan samordning ska möjliggöras ställs det krav på en effektiv kommunikation inom organisationen. Detta försvåras av att de multinationella företagen består av dotterbolag som är verksamma i många olika länder och miljöer.</p><p>Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka hur ABB och Ericsson har agerat för att skapa en effektiv kommunikation mellan sitt svenska moderbolag och sina kinesiska dotterbolag. I fallet med ABB är studien avgränsad till att endast undersöka kommunikationen mellan ABB Power Systems och det kinesiska dotterbolaget ABB Chongqing Transformer Co. Ltd. Kommunikationen inom Ericsson berör det svenska moderbolagets, LM Ericssons, kommunikation med det kinesiska bolaget Ericsson China Co. Ltd. samt Nanjing Ericsson Panda Communications Company Ltd.s kommunikation med moderbolaget.</p><p>Utifrån de fem faktorerna; fysiskt avstånd, kulturskillnader, språkskillnader, kunskapsskillnader och grad av intern inbäddning, har vi formulerat attitydpåståenden som representanter från företagens moder- och dotterbolag har fått ta ställning till.</p><p>Undersökningen visar att företagen genom användning av olika kommunikationshjälpmedel, koncernspråk, samarbete inom koncernerna, utlandsstationerad personal och stationering av dotterbolagspersonal vid olika enheter har skapat en effektiv kommunikation mellan moder- och dotterbolagen. Ett av de viktigaste bidragen till effektiv kommunikation tycks dock vara tillvaratagande av kunskap och erfarenhet från verksamhet i andra länder.</p>

Samordning av de multinationella företagens verksamheter anses vara en allt viktigare källa till konkurrensfördelar. För att en sådan samordning ska möjliggöras ställs det krav på en effektiv kommunikation inom organisationen. Detta försvåras av att de multinationella företagen består av dotterbolag som är verksamma i många olika länder och miljöer. Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka hur ABB och Ericsson har agerat för att skapa en effektiv kommunikation mellan sitt svenska moderbolag och sina kinesiska dotterbolag. I fallet med ABB är studien avgränsad till att endast undersöka kommunikationen mellan ABB Power Systems och det kinesiska dotterbolaget ABB Chongqing Transformer Co. Ltd. Kommunikationen inom Ericsson berör det svenska moderbolagets, LM Ericssons, kommunikation med det kinesiska bolaget Ericsson China Co. Ltd. samt Nanjing Ericsson Panda Communications Company Ltd.s kommunikation med moderbolaget. Utifrån de fem faktorerna; fysiskt avstånd, kulturskillnader, språkskillnader, kunskapsskillnader och grad av intern inbäddning, har vi formulerat attitydpåståenden som representanter från företagens moder- och dotterbolag har fått ta ställning till. Undersökningen visar att företagen genom användning av olika kommunikationshjälpmedel, koncernspråk, samarbete inom koncernerna, utlandsstationerad personal och stationering av dotterbolagspersonal vid olika enheter har skapat en effektiv kommunikation mellan moder- och dotterbolagen. Ett av de viktigaste bidragen till effektiv kommunikation tycks dock vara tillvaratagande av kunskap och erfarenhet från verksamhet i andra länder.