Der Agrarsektor spielt eine dominierende Rolle in der pakistanischen Wirtschaft, indem er einen größeren Beitrag zum Bruttoinlandsprodukt leistet und einem großen Teil der Erwerbsbevölkerung Arbeitsplätze bietet. Punjab ist die größte Provinz Pakistans in Bezug auf landwirtschaftliche Produktion und Bevölkerung. Die Mehrheit der Bauern in Punjab sind Kleinbauern. Diese Kleinbauern sind größtenteils arm und haben eine geringere menschliche Entwicklung. Infolgedessen bleibt die landwirtschaftliche Produktion entweder qualitativ minderwertig oder quantitativ unzureichend, was als landwirtschaftliche Armut bezeichnet wird. Agrarwissenschaftler haben viel Arbeit geleistet, um die Produktivität des Agrarsektors durch die Verwendung von besserem Saatgut, Düngemitteln, Mechanisierung usw. zu verbessern. Die aktuelle Studie zielte darauf ab, den Zusammenhang zwischen landwirtschaftlicher Armut und menschlicher Entwicklung bei Kleinbauern in Punjab zu untersuchen. Primärdaten wurden von 250 Kleinbauern in 5 Distrikten von Punjab gesammelt. Die Analyse der binären logistischen Regression wurde verwendet, um die Beziehung zwischen den Dimensionen der menschlichen Entwicklung und der landwirtschaftlichen Armut eingehend zu analysieren. Bei der Analyse der Daten fand die Studie einen umgekehrten Zusammenhang zwischen landwirtschaftlicher Armut und allen drei Dimensionen der menschlichen Entwicklung, d. H. Bildung, Gesundheit und Lebensstandard der Kleinbauern in Punjab. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass die bessere Bildung, Gesundheit und der bessere Lebensstandard die Wahrscheinlichkeit verringern, dass der Landwirt landwirtschaftliche Armut hat. Die Regierung von Punjab der menschlichen Entwicklung von Kleinbauern bei der Ausarbeitung einer Politik besondere Aufmerksamkeit widmen sollte. Die Regierung sollte sicherstellen, dass die Kleinbauern in Punjab über Bildung und Sensibilisierung, Gesundheitseinrichtungen und einfache Kredite verfügen. / Agriculture sector plays a dominant role in Pakistan economy by making a greater contribution to Gross Domestic Product and providing employment to a huge portion of labor force. Punjab is the largest province of Pakistan with respect to agricultural production and population. Majority of the farmers in Punjab are small land holders. These small farmers are mostly poor and having lower levels of human development. low level of human development among small farmers obstructed the growth of agriculture in Punjab. As a result, the agricultural output remains either inferior in quality of insufficient in quantity which is termed as Agricultural poverty. A lot of work has been done by agricultural scientists globally on improving the productivity of agricultural sector by the use of better seed, fertilizers, mechanization etc. The current study aimed to explore the relationship between Agricultural poverty and human development among small farmers in Punjab. Primary data was collected from 250 small farmers in 5 districts of Punjab. Binary Logistic Regression analysis was used to analyze the relationship between the dimensions of human development and agricultural poverty. The study found inverse relationship between Agricultural poverty and all three dimensions of human development i.e Education, health and living standard of the small farmers in Punjab. Results revealed that the better education, health and living standard decreases the probability of the farmer to have agricultural poverty. Agriculture sector and farmers remained one of the most neglected part of the society by policy makers. Among farmers, the small farmers are most vulnerable. There is a need of extensive policy. It is suggested that the Government of Punjab should pay special attention to the human development of small farmers while devising policy. Government should ensure the provision of education and awareness, health facilities and easy credit to the small farmers in Punjab.

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During the last decades “Climate Change” has become a vital topic on national and international political agendas. There it is presented as an irrevocable fact of global impact and thus of universal relevance. What has often been neglected are local discourses of marginalized groups and their specific contextualization of “Climate Change” phenomena. The aim of this project, to develop another perspective along these dominant narratives, has resulted in the research question How is social reality reconstructed on the phenomenon of “Climate Change” among the “Emerging Black Farmers” in the Swartland region in Western Cape, South Africa? Taken as an example, “Climate Change Knowledge” is reconstructed through a case study on the information exchange between the NGO Goedgedacht Trust and local small-scale farmers in the post-Apartheid context of on-going political, social, economic and educational transition in South Africa. Applying a constructivist approach, “Climate Change Knowledge” is not understood as an objectively given, but a socially constructed “reality” that is based on the interdependency of socio-economic conditions and individual assets, including language skills and language practice, sets of social norms and values, as well as strategies of knowledge transfer. The data set consists of qualitative data sources, such as application forms and interview material, which are triangulated. The rationale of a multi-layered data analysis includes a discursive perspective as well as linguistic and ethical “side perspectives”. Epistemologically, the thesis is guided by assumptions of complexity theory, framing knowledge around “Climate Change” as a fluid, constantly changing system that is shaped by constant intra- and inter-systemic exchange processes, and characterized by non-linearity, self-organization and representation of its constituents. From this point of departure, a theoretical terminology has been developed, which differentiates between symbols, interrelations, contents and content clusters. These elements are located in a system of spatio-temporal orientation and embedded into a broader (socio-economic) context of “historicity”. Content clusters are remodelled with the help of concept maps. Starting from that, a local perspective on “Climate Change” is developed, adding an experiential notion to the global narratives. The thesis concludes that there is no single reality about “Climate Change” and that the farmers’ “Climate Change Knowledge” highly depends on experiential relativity and spatio-temporal immediacy. Furthermore, analysis has shown that the system’s historicity and social manifestations can be traced in the scope and emphasis of the content clusters discussed. Finally the thesis demonstrates that characteristics of symbols, interconnections and contents range between dichotomies of direct and indirect, predictable versus unpredictable, awareness and negligence or threat and danger, all coexisting and creating a continuum of knowledge production.