In this project I am investigating my relationship with western traditional porcelain produced between 1700 and 1900 from a gender perspective. While looking at what has been feminine coded within the late history of ceramics I made the horrible realization that I do not value this kind of ceramics. The 21th century Scandinavia with stripped down, clean surfaces, filled with cool people dressed in black leaves little room for romantic, billowy vases decorated with flowers.     I have produced a series of 30 porcelain vases, all decorated in the same way with a botanical pattern. They are installed in an old wooden shelf, packed tightly together. With this installation I want to discuss what part art history has made it to the museums and what parts has been stored away and labelled as tasteless knick knack. How has gender affected this? For some reason all my artistic role models has been male painters and not female ceramicists.

The high demand for an increase in performance and at the same time loweringthe emissions is forcing the automotive industry to increase the efficiency of thevehicles. This demand lead to a problem called knock, which often is the limitingfactor when increasing the efficiency of the engine. Knock occurs when theunburned gases inside the combustion chamber self-ignites due to the increasingpressure and temperature.This thesis investigates if it is possible to predict knock with a physicallybased knock model. The model consist of several sub-models such as pressuremodel, temperature model and knock model. The models are built by using measureddata and the goal is to get an independent knock prediction model that canfind the limited ignition angle that will cause knock.The results shows that an analytic pressure model can simulate a measuredpressure curve. But when it comes to predicting knock, there is an uncertaintywhich can be improved by changing the modelling strategy and making the modelsmore accurate.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:40:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maristela Silva Fiel.pdf: 647564 bytes, checksum: f02b3bbfff131bc96f4d0065f79e713c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-05-19 / This study has lhe objective of understanding how lhe Brazilian social context's transgression interferes in lhe "expansion of himseJr'; which judgments people do in situations where people transgress rufes with lhe intention of adapt them to their own desires ("Brazilian knack'?; how they guide their actions in that context and which principies they define in their relationships among pairs, with lhe institutions and with lhe social net. To construct this study we accomplished a qualitative and an interpretative research, giving emphasis on lhe building of a reality based on lhe social nature and lhe importance of understanding lhe phenomenon in lhe contextual and systemic way. Focal groups where used as research instruments, which allowed us to dialogue about this topic with lhe participants and co-build knowledge on lhe studied phenomenon. Ten people of both sexes were interviewed, ages varying between 18 and 52 years old, socioeconomic levels C and B (data from lhe '~gência Brasil') and very low or even nulllevels of vulnerability (data from lhe 'índice Paulista de; Vulnerabilidade . Social - IPVS'). In lhe analysis and interpretation of lhe content Df lhe interviews we built four tables with lhe following thematic axis; ethics, moral, transgression and values; they were then divided in subclasses. The results showed that lhe individualism, lhe fact of "taking advantage", lhe competition and lhe decline of merit are guidelines in lhe search of a positive self concept. We live in a culture . 1 where what is shown is hierarchically above lhe good, lhe right and of what is fair / Este estudo teve como objetivo compreender como o contexto social brasileiro de transgressão interfere na "expansão de si mesmo"; quais julgamentos as pessoas fazem de situações em que as pessoas transgridem regras numa clara tentativa de adaptá-Ias aos próprios desejos ("jeitinho brasileiro"); como orientam suas ações nesse contexto e quais princípios definem em seus relacionamentos entre pares, com as instituições e com a rede social mais ampla. Para a construção deste estudo realizamos uma pesquisa qualitativa e interpretativa, enfatizando a natureza socialmente construída da realidade e a importância de compreender o fenômeno de forma contextualizada e sistêmica. O instrumento utilizado foi o grupo focal, que nos permitiu dialogar sobre o tema com os participantes e coconstruir conhecimentos sobre o fenômeno estudado. Foram entrevistadas dez pessoas de ambos os sexos, as idades varia,rafTl entre 18 à 52 anos, níveis sócioeconomicos C e B (dados da Agência Brasil) e ~íveis muito baixos ou nenhuma de vulnerabilidade (índice Paulista de Vulnerabilidade Social - IPVS). Na análise e interpretação do conteúdo das entrevistas construímos quatro tabelas com os seguintes eixos temi!ticos: ética, moral, transgressão e valores; os I quais foram posteriormente divididos em subcategorias. Os resultados obtidos . I demonstram que o individualismo, o "levar vantagem", a competição e o 'declínio do mérito são norteadores na busca de autoconceito positivo. Vivemos numa cultura na qual a visibilidade está hierarquicamente acima do bom, do certo e do justo

Knocking is a type of abnormal combustion which depends on several physical factors and results in high frequency pressure oscillations inside the combustion chamber of a spark-ignited internal combustion engine (ICE). These oscillations can damage the engine and hamper its efficiency, which is why it is important for automakers to understand the knocking behavior so that it can be avoided during engine operation. Due to the catastrophic outcomes of knocking a lot of research has been done in the past on prediction of its occurrence. There can be several causes of knocking but when it occurs due to auto-ignition of fuel in the end-gas it’s called spark-knock. There are various mathematical models that predict the phenomenon of spark-knock. In this thesis, several of the previously published knock prediction models for heavy-duty natural-gas engine are studied and analyzed. The main objective of this project is to assess the accuracy of different types of knock prediction models.Amongst all the types of knock prediction models emphasize has been given to empirical correlation models, particularly to the ones which are based on chemical kinetics pertaining to the combustion process of methane. These are the models that claim to predict ignition delay time based on concentration of air and fuel in the unburned zone of the cylinder. The models are assessed based on the knocking behavior they represent across the engine operation range. Results pertaining to the knock prediction models are evaluated in a 1D engine simulation model using AVL BOOST. The BOOST performance prediction model is calibrated against experimentally measured engine test-cell data and the same data is used to assess the knock prediction models.The knock prediction model whose results correlate with experimental observations is analyzed further while other models are discarded. Using the validated model, variation in knock occurrence is evaluated with change in the combustion phasing. Two of the parameter that are used to define the combustion phasing are spark-advance and combustion duration. It was found that when the brake mean effective pressure is kept constant the knock prediction parameter increases linearly with increase in spark advance and decreases linearly with increase in combustion duration. The variation of knock prediction parameter with spark advance showed increasing gradient with increase in engine torque. / Knack i en förbränningsmotor är en typ av onormal förbränning. Det är ett komplicerat fenomen som beror på flera fysiska faktorer och resulterar i högfrekventa tryckoscillationer inuti förbränningskammaren. Dessa oscillationer kan skada motorn och fenomenet hämmar motorns effektivitet. Knack kan uppstå på två sätt i en Otto-motor och detta examensarbete kommer att handla om självantändning. Självantändning, i detta fall, är när ändgasen börjar brinna utan att ha blivit påverkad av flamfronten eller gnistan från tändstiftet. Det finns flera olika matematiska modeller som i olika grader kan prediktera knackfenomenet. I detta examensarbete studeras några av de tidigare publicerade prediktionsmodellerna för knack i Otto-förbränning och modelleras för analys. Huvudsyftet med detta projekt är således att bedöma noggrannheten hos olika typer av knackmodeller. Extra fokus har lagts på empiriska korrelationsmodeller, särskilt till de som är baserade på kemisk kinetik avseende förbränningsprocessen av metan. Dessa modeller förutsäger den tid det tar för ändgasen att självantända, baserat på dess koncentration av luft och bränsle. Knackmodellerna bedöms sedan utifrån det beteende som de förutsäger över motorns driftområde och dess överensstämmelse med kända motorkalibreringsstrategier. Resultatet av knackpredikteringen för de olika knackmodellerna utvärderas och valideras i en motorsimuleringsmodell i mjukvaran AVL BOOST. BOOST-modellen kalibreras mot experimentellt uppmätta motortestdata. Baserat på resultaten från de valda knockmodellerna så blev den modell som bäst korrelerar med kända motorkalibreringsstrategier analyserad djupare. Den utvalda modellen var en ECM modell och den utvärderas ytterligare med avseende på variation i predikterad knack-parameter. Detta görs genom att modifiera två förbränningsparametrar: tändvinkel och förbränningsduration. Det visade sig att modellerna predikterade en linjär ökning då tändningen tidigareläggs och ett linjärt minskande vid längre förbränningsduration, vilket är i enlighet med motortestdata. Vidare visade det sig att variationer i tändvinkel resulterade i en högre gradient i knackpredikteringen vid högre motorbelastningar och korresponderande minskning vid lägre belastning.

Knack i en förbränningsmotor är en typ av onormal förbränning. Det är ett komplicerat fenomen som beror på flera fysiska faktorer och resulterar i högfrekventa tryckoscillationer inuti förbränningskammaren. Dessa oscillationer kan skada motorn och fenomenet hämmar motorns effektivitet. Knack kan uppstå på två sätt i en Otto-motor och detta examensarbete kommer att handla om självantändning. Självantändning, i detta fall, är när ändgasen börjar brinna utan att ha blivit påverkad av flamfronten eller gnistan från tändstiftet. Det finns flera olika matematiska modeller som i olika grader kan prediktera knackfenomenet. I detta examensarbete studeras några av de tidigare publicerade prediktionsmodellerna för knack i Otto-förbränning och modelleras för analys. Huvudsyftet med detta projekt är således att bedöma noggrannheten hos olika typer av knackmodeller. Extra fokus har lagts på empiriska korrelationsmodeller, särskilt till de som är baserade på kemisk kinetik avseende förbränningsprocessen av metan. Dessa modeller förutsäger den tid det tar för ändgasen att självantända, baserat på dess koncentration av luft och bränsle. Knackmodellerna bedöms sedan utifrån det beteende som de förutsäger över motorns driftområde och dess överensstämmelse med kända motorkalibreringsstrategier. Resultatet av knackpredikteringen för de olika knackmodellerna utvärderas och valideras i en motorsimuleringsmodell i mjukvaran AVL BOOST. BOOST-modellen kalibreras mot experimentellt uppmätta motortestdata. Baserat på resultaten från de valda knockmodellerna så blev den modell som bäst korrelerar med kända motorkalibreringsstrategier analyserad djupare. Den utvalda modellen var en ECM modell och den utvärderas ytterligare med avseende på variation i predikterad knack-parameter. Detta görs genom att modifiera två förbränningsparametrar: tändvinkel och förbränningsduration. Det visade sig att modellerna predikterade en linjär ökning då tändningen tidigareläggs och ett linjärt minskande vid längre förbränningsduration, vilket är i enlighet med motortestdata. Vidare visade det sig att variationer i tändvinkel resulterade i en högre gradient i knackpredikteringen vid högre motorbelastningar och korresponderande minskning vid lägre belastning. / Knocking is a type of abnormal combustion which depends on several physical factors and results in high frequency pressure oscillations inside the combustion chamber of a spark-ignited internal combustion engine (ICE). These oscillations can damage the engine and hamper its efficiency, which is why it is important for automakers to understand the knocking behavior so that it can be avoided during engine operation. Due to the catastrophic outcomes of knocking a lot of research has been done in the past on prediction of its occurrence. There can be several causes of knocking but when it occurs due to auto-ignition of fuel in the end-gas it’s called spark-knock. There are various mathematical models that predict the phenomenon of spark-knock. In this thesis, several of the previously published knock prediction models for heavy-duty natural-gas engine are studied and analyzed. The main objective of this project is to assess the accuracy of different types of knock prediction models. Amongst all the types of knock prediction models emphasize has been given to empirical correlation models, particularly to the ones which are based on chemical kinetics pertaining to the combustion process of methane. These are the models that claim to predict ignition delay time based on concentration of air and fuel in the unburned zone of the cylinder. The models are assessed based on the knocking behavior they represent across the engine operation range. Results pertaining to the knock prediction models are evaluated in a 1D engine simulation model using AVL BOOST. The BOOST performance prediction model is calibrated against experimentally measured engine test-cell data and the same data is used to assess the knock prediction models. The knock prediction model whose results correlate with experimental observations is analyzed further while other models are discarded. Using the validated model, variation in knock occurrence is evaluated with change in the combustion phasing. Two of the parameter that are used to define the combustion phasing are spark-advance and combustion duration. It was found that when the brake mean effective pressure is kept constant the knock prediction parameter increases linearly with increase in spark advance and decreases linearly with increase in combustion duration. The variation of knock prediction parameter with spark advance showed increasing gradient with increase in engine torque.