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This bachelor’s thesis aims to reconstruct the coastal road of northern Sweden during the Finnish war 1808–1809. The thesis purpose is also to discuss what kind of archaeological remains can be found in northern Sweden from the war 1808-1809 and if the archaeological remains are vulnerable to future exploitation. Reconstruction of the road and mapping of the archaeological remains are done through an ArcGIS-analysis, where past conditions such as soil type and postglacial rebound are studied. The old coastal road was used by the military in 1808-1809 to move troops and shipments between different coastal settlements and cities. Today, large parts of the old coastal road are overlapped by highway E4, but some parts remain. A good number of archaeological remains from the war 1808-1809 can be found along the coastal road and there is a high concentration of remains around Sävar, Umeå and Kalix. The largest upcoming and ongoing project in northern Sweden is the construction of the railway “Norrbotniabanan” between Umeå and Luleå. This type of exploitation has showed to interfere with parts of the old coastal road, as well as some of the archaeological remains from the war 1808-1809.

To be able to research the chain of development and its causes within military doctrines you need to describe the change and categorize it to make it understandable. This essays intent is to categorize a phenomenon within the Swedish doctrine to make it available for further research about doctrinal development. The categories are found in two of the great theorists on guerrilla warfare due to the subjects’ resemblance to guerrilla tactics and its means. The phenomenon that is to be researched is directly translated as “the free war” which basically means the use of irregular warfare behind the enemy lines. The description of “the free war”, by whom and when it is used, are the factors that have changed during the second half of the 20th century, and have therefore been placed into different categories. Before 1982 “the free war” was planned in advance and used as a complement to the regular forces and is conducted by specially chosen or educated people. From 1982 and foreword “the free war” has been described as a last resort if you have been cut off from your own forces. In this last definition of “the free war” everyone are supposed to be able to conduct the irregular tactics used behind enemy lines. The conclusion from this essay is that there has been a change within the Swedish doctrine and is therefore a subject for further research on doctrinal development within the Swedish armed forces. In this way this paper will contribute to the debate on doctrinal development.

Diss. Uppsala : Uppsala universitet, 2006.

This study examines foreign policy change.In contrast to most previous research this study investigates when trend-and significant foreign policy changes occurs. This study is a case study that examines US foreign policy changes and actions towards the Islamic republic of Pakistan.This study will also be using Jakob Gustavsson’s theory on foreign policy change. This is a qualitative study.A relationship historically defined by its ups and downs. This study finds that it is most likely that in order for significant changes to occur in foreign policy there must be changes in the fundamental structural conditions. A plausible conclusion is that the trend change that has occurred is the result of a series of events under 2011 that led to a crisis between the two countries

Upptäckten av kärnvapnet ledde till slutet av andra världskriget och starten till kalla kriget. I dess destruktiva kraft uppkom också ett behov av att skydda civilbefolkningen. I USA skulle det ske genom ett civilförsvar som var mer än ett skydd. Det fungerade också som en meningsskapande process hos människor för att hantera oro, ångest, kärnvapenpolitik, utrikespolitik, kampen mot kommunismen med mera. Detta beskrivs av amerikanska historiker inom ramen för vad som kallas civilförsvarskultur. Men på svensk mark är det ett outforskat område.       Även Sverige hade ett civilförsvar men på grund av få historiska studier vet vi bara lite om meningsskapande och ytterst sett trygghet gentemot hotet det skulle bemöta. Ett berättelseperspektiv kan hjälpa till att synliggöra detta. Således är syftet med studien att undersöka vad för slags trygghetsskapande berättelse som föreligger gentemot hoten om kärnvapen och konventionellt krig i pressmaterial, filmer och publikationer. Det gäller tidsperioden 1957–1962. Syftet bryts ned i fem frågor: Vad består hot/oro av? Vad består trygghet av? Vad för slags emotionella strategier förekommer? Vad för slags genusordning uppvisar källmaterialet? Vad för slags kritik förekommer?       Dessa frågor grundas på tidigare forskning främst från USA men också från Sverige. Amerikanska forskare preciserar förekomsten av emotionella strategier, en särskild genusordning och kritik inom amerikansk civilförsvarskultur varpå det faller sig intressant att fråga sig om det går igen i svensk civilförsvarskultur. Svenska historiker menar att det under tidsperioden finns en trygghetsberättelse som utgörs av dikotomin trygghet–hot/oro.  Därmed sökes ett svar om vad av detta innehåll som finns kring utrymningar.       Studiens teoretiska utgångspunkter står på två ben. Först och främst handlar det om begreppet militarisering, det vill säga hur ett samhälle organiseras för produktionen av våld. För det andra, med hjälp av begreppet trygghetsberättelse preciseras förekomsten av en meningsskapande berättelse om trygghetsskapande.       Utifrån kvalitativ innehållsanalys studeras två kategorier av källmaterial. Publikationer och filmer utgivna av Civilförsvarsstyrelsen visar på utrymning i idealbild medan artiklar från dagstidningarna Arbetet, Dagens Nyheter och Svenska Dagbladet visar på utrymning i praktiken.       Resultatet uppvisar förekomsten av en trygghetsberättelse som har en särskild intrig. Med vardagen som utgångspunkt berättar den om hur detta normaltillstånd bryts av hot/oro som består av krig och kärnvapen. Detta behöver hanteras och det sker genom att skapa trygghet. Tryggheten innehåller trygghetsskapande berättelser om ett antal beståndsdelar som skall följas från början till slut, om utrymningsövningarnas succé, om att myndigheterna har koll genom att deras ansvarsområden preciseras och poängteras, om emotionella strategier för att hålla känslorna i schack och övningsdeltagarnas skötsamhet. Avsaknad av kritik mot utrymningar förstärker bilden av trygghet.      Trygghetsberättelsen uppvisar också ett innehåll av en särskild genusordning där män och kvinnor till viss del har olika ansvarsområden. Den visar också upp en förståelse för utrymningsövningar som trevliga utflykter vilket är en berättelse som konkurrerar med berättelsen om hot/oro.

Syftet med detta examensarbete har varit att undersöka hur man skildrar det kalla kriget i nutida tjeckiska och svenska läroböcker. Jag utgår från faktumet att Tjeckien (respektive Tjeckoslovakien) och Sverige hade olika politiska förutsättningar under det kalla kriget och därför har jag velat spåra hur dessa skillnader eventuellt synliggörs i historieläroböcker, i synnerhet i texterna som handlar om det kalla kriget. På grund av mina egna erfarenheter har jag också formulerat en hypotes som behandlar skilda tendenser inom de två ländernas skolväsende. Dessa tendenser innefattar bland annat fokus på faktainlärning, kontra fokus på analysförmåga och kritiskt tänkande. Resultatet visar tydligt att det politiska arvet har lämnat avtryck på hur man tolkar vissa händelser i enskilda länder. Däremot stämmer hypotesen bara delvis överens. Man kan spåra tendenser av att gynna analysförmågan och det kritiska tänkandet även i de tjeckiska läroböckerna. Den ena tjeckiska läroboken hamnade i strävan att avskaffa fokus på ren faktainlärning i den andra ytterligheten, det vill säga att ange bristfälliga information.

This essay is investigating what the citizens of Kalmar could read in the local newspapers on matters concerning the Soviet Union during the cold war. We chose to do a study of the two largest local newspapers in the region, Barometern and Östra Småland. We wanted to see how they reported about three specific events. In addition to the newspapers, we used litterature who dealt with Swedish foreign policies during the above mentioned period. The reason behind the choice of litterature was to get a bigger picture, contextually. The most important results given from the study was that the local citizens in Kalmar were able to get a lot of useful information regarding the events. We could also see that there was a difference between the newspapers in the way they reported about the events. That was most clear in the editorial material where the newspapers political tendencies were shining through. Regarding the swedish foreign policy, it was made clear to us that the most distinct feature was to maintain their neutrallity in the polarized world. In order to do that, the image of neutrality had to be preserved. That’s why Sweden during certain periods, were cautious in their criticism against the Soviet Union and USA.

The similarity between the Russian and the Indian, in a Cold War context, may be ambiguous considering the ethnic-social variables and the period in time from where the Indians relate. However, by analyzing these, as well as other, characters in the exhibition of movies, we could learn something about the ideology of the time from which the movies derive. This study examines ideology and movies in the Cold War era and concludes that the Indian, for example, may be representing the values of the common public enemy, originating from the Cold War ideology. The movies examined, regardless of influence of distinct Cold War themes or lack of such themes, carry attributes that give evidence of typical Cold War ideology. The fear of communism and common enemies connected to a Cold War context, the thought of America as the land of the free – with the horizon in the ending of the movies as metaphoric to freedom – and the moral rhetoric that connects to the American thought of a duty as a global savior, are all signs of the Cold War ideology. Even though the messages are somewhat clearer and more distinct in the movies with Cold War motifs, the fact that ideology is projected through other movies as well should be considered essential for the continuing study of movies as cultural artefacts.

Shelters and Nuclear weaponsA discourse analysis of the Swedish defense and civil defense debate during the Cold war Sweden during the Cold War set into motion one of the world’slargest civil defense policies at the time, second only to neutral Switzerland. The governments expenditure was far greater per capita than both that of USA and Soviet Union and included massive evacuation plans for Stockholm and other large cities in Sweden, with the hopeful expectation to bring down the amount of people in each of them to 15000 in case of a foreign hostile nuclear attack. The policies included construction of shelters with room for 2,5 million of about 7 million citizens in total at the time along with gasmasks for the whole population. Not only this, Sweden was considered one of the biggest military powers of that time in relation to its size and population. This brings the question what kind of discourse allowed such an expansion in military as well as civil defense?    The aim of this study is to examine what conception of a coming war was discussed in Swedish press and how it was interconnected with the defense and civil defense debate during 1954, 1960 and 1966. Using the theoretical framework of discourse analysis - including the two branches Nukespeak and Conceptual history - the study wants to bring forth firstly how the threat of nuclear war was discussed in Swedish press. Secondly if the conceptions of this future war was presented and used by a dominant group for political gains. And third, if so, what strategies was used to keep this dominance and how did this situation change as we move towards the mid 1960´s? The result is then compared with the work of other Swedish historians in the field of Cold War culture as Marie Cronqvist, Jonas Anshelm, Henrik Sjövall, Jerry Määttä and Michael Godhe to give a plausible explanation of the development.    The results show that the dominant perspective of a coming nuclear attack was built upon an authoritarian ideology with the following attributes: 1) The coming nuclear war was a terrible plague that would destroy the whole world’s civilization, even humanity as a race was threatened by it. 2) The threat of war was considered realistic and plausible. The local conflict in Scandinavia and the global conflict is also considered being one and the same which grants the Swedish military a key position in preventing the east and west superpowers from unleashing a total annihilation. 3) A requirement to be able to keep peace between the superpowers and survive the war as it is presented is that technical innovation is maintained at all costs. This is presented as a necessity given by the atomic age as a deterministic historical epoch. 4) It is possible to survive this apocalyptic war with good planning, well built shelters, a strong will of resistance to foreign power and a well equipped military.    This hegemonic perspective is maintained by methods described by Edward Schiappa and other linguistic scientists as domestication and bureaucratization, and also with a plea of a 'male' rationality, thus expelling female criticism. 1966 this hegemonic perspective is challenged and the reason of this change could be that of saturation of the concept of the atomic age and what it could bring to human civilization. Also a merging of military expertise and foreign politics could have played a part in this and a general relaxation of the superpowers foreign politics which meant that the war that was expected and planned for by the military advisers was more and more unlikely to occur.