Abstract As ecological deterioration getting worse and worse, the degree from global environment problem threat human life is more and more striking, and brings the rise of environmental diplomacy and global environmental politics. The PRC has wide territory, numerous population, and abundant natural resource, however after twenty years of modernizing, result in environment crisis. Since 1989, the PRC being forced to enhance her attention and participation in international environmental protection field by the pressure from domestic and foreign factors. The purpose of this thesis is to realize the details about the development of the PRC environmental diplomacy during the post cold-war era. The author try to combine domestic and international approaches, and use regime theory to analyze the actions of the PRC. The findings as follows: 1. The PRC make their objectives (ex : gain financial and technical assistance, improve the domestic environmental protection ability, modify her international image, etc. ) come true by holding the principles, including secure sovereignty, the unequal responsibilities between developed and developing countries, and developed countries should bare the major responsibilities of global environment problems. 2. The decision-making about the policy guide participation in the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change origins from the result of the bargaining between bureaucracies. Besides, climate regime can change the options of environmental and science agencies, but the effect doesn¡¦t show in ultimate decisions. 3. Although the PRC still fear participation in regime will let her sovereignty invaded and economic potential repressed, try to make long-term plans and make capital of foreign firms to improve her environmental protection abilities.

In Taiwan, most of the energy relies on imports due to few natural resources. Further more, scientists estimate that crude oil will be depleted within 40 years. A high cost energy era has arrived. Skyrocketing oil prices have a severe negative impact on the cost structure of the Taiwan Power Company (TPC), which has an estimated deficit of NT$70 billion in 2007. TPC has faced a difficult dilemma: whether to raise the electricity rate or become bankrupt. Eventually, the government has to intervene. The Kyoto Protocol was in effect in February 2005. It is expected that the environmental convention of reducing of CO2 will become an international movement following ISO14000. With every one kilowatt hour of electricity is generated by TPC, 638g of CO2 were produced. The products of made-in-Taiwan will not received international approval and will be boycotted by the International market if the energy efficiency of national enterprise is too low. Air compressor system, which is as important as water and electricity, is popularly used in almost all industries. However, its high energy-consumption and low efficiency system is seldom noticed. The energy cost of air compressor system is about 80% of the total operational cost which includes the electricity costs of all the machinery and lightings. How to improve air compressor efficiency plays an important role in the manufacture¡¦s production cost and its competition against other industries. Facing fierce competition and low profit, the industries must not only continuously innovate and reduce the cost to enhance competition ability for keeping market share, but also increase energy efficiency and reduce the emission of greenhouse gases by the green production method meeting the environmental requirement. The report is the summary of the interviews with many industry leaders who are involved in the air compressor production or the government officials who are in charge of energy-saving promotion. It also combines with the data of actual measurement of the compressor systems to research if the investment willingness of manufacturers is reflected by their operation cost, operation strategy, the risky consideration when facing law and the information getting of compressor energy-saving. The results of the study are: Clarify the main factors which influence the investment willingness to compressor energy-saving. (A) The cost side: The investment willingness is influenced by the cognition of the leaders of manufacturer unit or business owner to compressor system cost. (B) The strategy side: The investment willingness is influenced by the cognition of the leaders of manufacturer unit or business owner to the operation strategy on compressor system. (C) The legal side: The investment willingness is influenced by the cognition of the leaders of manufacturer unit or business owner to the legal affection to business. (D) The information side: The investment willingness is influenced by getting the information of energy-saving of compressor system. Finally, the study proposes a feasible project to the industries and the government officials who promote energy saving.

Canada’s emissions are nearly 30 per cent above its Kyoto target. Kathryn Harrison is looking to understand why some countries are leading the way and why others are falling short.

The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) of the Kyoto Protocol has been hailed as the grand compromise of the North-South divide over climate change mitigation for its ability to reconcile the economic demands of the North with the developmental needs of the South. Having been primarily analyzed from isolated economic, environmental, or developmental perspectives, the CDM’s efficacy in bridging the North-South divide remains poorly understood. This research evaluates the CDM against three qualitative criteria focused on issues affecting Southern nations’ participation in international agreements. An examination of distributive and procedural issues characterizing the CDM shows that significant trade-offs exist between Northern and Southern interests under the CDM and suggests that the interests of the South are often sacrificed. On this basis, conclusions are drawn which point to the need for increased attention to and accommodation of Southern interests in the CDM specifically, and global climate change efforts more broadly.

The main goal of the thesis is to develop a monitoring instrument for climate policy that is based on the Kyoto Protocol and the IPCC guidelines. The instrument developed is based on a "Full Carbon Accounting" approach which takes into account the carbon flows of the biosphere as well as those related to society's metabolism. Conceptually the analysis is based on the epistemological concept of society nature interaction comprising society's metabolism and colonisation of nature as main starting points. This leads to the empirical concept of material flow analysis. The thesis quantifies the carbon flows and the related uncertainties of the Austrian economy for 1990 for selected areas in a consistent way. The thesis also tries to build up a framework for system of indicators that would allow evaluating climate policy. (author´s abstract)

O Protocolo de Quioto estabeleceu, entre outras ferramentas, o mecanismo de desenvolvimento limpo (MDL) que permite a atuação dos países em desenvolvimento, tais como China, Índia e Brasil, uma participação relevante no chamado mercado de carbono. Essa participação consiste no desenvolvimento de projetos para redução da emissão de Gases de Efeito Estufa (GEE) que objetivam contribuir com o cumprimento da meta de redução das emissões estabelecida para os países industrializados, bem como promover o desenvolvimento sustentável nos países anfitriões, que sediam os projetos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar atividade de projetos de MDL, buscando identificar suas contribuições para o desenvolvimento sustentável. Para atingir este objetivo, foram identificados os principais modelos de avaliação das contribuições de atividades de MDL para o desenvolvimento sustentável, após escolhido um modelo para a avaliação dos projetos de MDL brasileiros, foi realizado um estudo de caso múltiplo com quatro projetos de MDL de diferentes tipos de atividade. Conclui-se, com base nos casos analisados, que os projetos apresentam contribuições para o Desenvolvimento Sustentável do país, mas, na maioria dos casos, o MDL não foi o principal motivador, portanto, é muito provável que as atividades fossem realizadas mesmo sem o apoio financeiro obtido através do MDL. / The Kyoto Protocol established, among other devices, the clean development mechanism (CDM), which provides developing countries such as China, India and Brazil with a material interest in the so-called carbon market. This involves the development of projects aimed at reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) that contribute towards achieving the emissions reduction target established for the industrialized countries as well as promoting sustainable development in the host countries hosting the projects. The objective of this study was to analyze the activity of CDM projects in order to identify the contributions they provide towards sustainable development. To achieve this goal, the main models for assessing the contributions of CDM activities towards sustainable development were identified. After choosing a model to be used in assessing CDM projects in Brazil, a multiple case study was carried out with four CDM projects engaged in different types of activity. Based on the analyzed cases, it was concluded the projects provide contributions towards the sustainable development of the country, though in most cases, the CDM was not the main motivator. Therefore, it is very likely that the activities would have been developed out even without the financial support obtained through the CDM.

O Protocolo de Quioto estabeleceu, entre outras ferramentas, o mecanismo de desenvolvimento limpo (MDL) que permite a atuação dos países em desenvolvimento, tais como China, Índia e Brasil, uma participação relevante no chamado mercado de carbono. Essa participação consiste no desenvolvimento de projetos para redução da emissão de Gases de Efeito Estufa (GEE) que objetivam contribuir com o cumprimento da meta de redução das emissões estabelecida para os países industrializados, bem como promover o desenvolvimento sustentável nos países anfitriões, que sediam os projetos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar atividade de projetos de MDL, buscando identificar suas contribuições para o desenvolvimento sustentável. Para atingir este objetivo, foram identificados os principais modelos de avaliação das contribuições de atividades de MDL para o desenvolvimento sustentável, após escolhido um modelo para a avaliação dos projetos de MDL brasileiros, foi realizado um estudo de caso múltiplo com quatro projetos de MDL de diferentes tipos de atividade. Conclui-se, com base nos casos analisados, que os projetos apresentam contribuições para o Desenvolvimento Sustentável do país, mas, na maioria dos casos, o MDL não foi o principal motivador, portanto, é muito provável que as atividades fossem realizadas mesmo sem o apoio financeiro obtido através do MDL. / The Kyoto Protocol established, among other devices, the clean development mechanism (CDM), which provides developing countries such as China, India and Brazil with a material interest in the so-called carbon market. This involves the development of projects aimed at reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) that contribute towards achieving the emissions reduction target established for the industrialized countries as well as promoting sustainable development in the host countries hosting the projects. The objective of this study was to analyze the activity of CDM projects in order to identify the contributions they provide towards sustainable development. To achieve this goal, the main models for assessing the contributions of CDM activities towards sustainable development were identified. After choosing a model to be used in assessing CDM projects in Brazil, a multiple case study was carried out with four CDM projects engaged in different types of activity. Based on the analyzed cases, it was concluded the projects provide contributions towards the sustainable development of the country, though in most cases, the CDM was not the main motivator. Therefore, it is very likely that the activities would have been developed out even without the financial support obtained through the CDM.

O Protocolo de Quioto estabeleceu, entre outras ferramentas, o mecanismo de desenvolvimento limpo (MDL) que permite a atuação dos países em desenvolvimento, tais como China, Índia e Brasil, uma participação relevante no chamado mercado de carbono. Essa participação consiste no desenvolvimento de projetos para redução da emissão de Gases de Efeito Estufa (GEE) que objetivam contribuir com o cumprimento da meta de redução das emissões estabelecida para os países industrializados, bem como promover o desenvolvimento sustentável nos países anfitriões, que sediam os projetos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar atividade de projetos de MDL, buscando identificar suas contribuições para o desenvolvimento sustentável. Para atingir este objetivo, foram identificados os principais modelos de avaliação das contribuições de atividades de MDL para o desenvolvimento sustentável, após escolhido um modelo para a avaliação dos projetos de MDL brasileiros, foi realizado um estudo de caso múltiplo com quatro projetos de MDL de diferentes tipos de atividade. Conclui-se, com base nos casos analisados, que os projetos apresentam contribuições para o Desenvolvimento Sustentável do país, mas, na maioria dos casos, o MDL não foi o principal motivador, portanto, é muito provável que as atividades fossem realizadas mesmo sem o apoio financeiro obtido através do MDL. / The Kyoto Protocol established, among other devices, the clean development mechanism (CDM), which provides developing countries such as China, India and Brazil with a material interest in the so-called carbon market. This involves the development of projects aimed at reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) that contribute towards achieving the emissions reduction target established for the industrialized countries as well as promoting sustainable development in the host countries hosting the projects. The objective of this study was to analyze the activity of CDM projects in order to identify the contributions they provide towards sustainable development. To achieve this goal, the main models for assessing the contributions of CDM activities towards sustainable development were identified. After choosing a model to be used in assessing CDM projects in Brazil, a multiple case study was carried out with four CDM projects engaged in different types of activity. Based on the analyzed cases, it was concluded the projects provide contributions towards the sustainable development of the country, though in most cases, the CDM was not the main motivator. Therefore, it is very likely that the activities would have been developed out even without the financial support obtained through the CDM.

A Convenção-Quadro das Nações Unidas sobre Mudanças Climáticas, que tem como objetivo final a estabilização das concentrações de gases de efeito estufa em um nível que impeça a interferência humana perigosa no sistema climático, estabeleceu o Protocolo de Kyoto. O Protocolo é um instrumento que permite aos Países do Anexo I (aqueles historicamente responsáveis pelas emissões de GEE) os meios de atingirem suas metas de redução de emissões de Carbono. Para que as metas sejam atingidas, o Protocolo instituiu mecanismos de flexibilização, dos quais destacamos o Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo (MDL). O MDL prevê financiamentos de Países do Anexo I em atividade que resultem em reduções/seqüestro de Carbono em países Não Anexo I. O primeiro projeto de MDL registrado no Comitê Executivo no mundo é o brasileiro NovaGerar, objeto deste estudo. O propósito deste trabalho é discutir o Protocolo de Kyoto, o Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo e verificar suas oportunidades a partir do projeto NovaGerar. / The United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) has as final target to establish the greenhouse gases concentration on the atmosphere in one level that impedes the dangerous human interference on the climatic system. The UNFCCC established the Kyoto Protocol, one tool which allows Annex I Countries (that ones historically responsible for greenhouse gas emissions) to achieve their reduction targets. The Protocol put in place flexibility mechanisms - to help Annex I Countries to achieve their reduction targets - among them we highlight the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). The CDM foresees Annex I Countries financings to activities which result in reduction/sequestration of Carbon in non Annex I Countries. The first CDM project registered in the Executive Committee was the Brazilian NovaGerar, subject of this study. The purpose of this text is to discuss the Kyoto Protocol, the Clean Development Mechanism and verify its opportunities based on NovaGerar project.

The European Union’s climate mitigation is highly dependent on member state compliance with EU climate policy. This paper therefore investigates the effect of different factors on national compliance with the EU’s emission target of a 20 percent reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by 2020 compared to 1990. This target is further divided into additional ones, covering different sectors: a 21 percent reduction of greenhouse gases by 2020 compared to 2005 in the sectors covered by the Emissions Trading System (ETS), and differentiated targets for each member state under the Effort Sharing Decision (ESD) during the same period. Common operationalizations of compliance in quantitative research are associated with problems since the available data mostly concern policy output. This paper measures compliance in terms of outcome instead, by comparing the emission targets to the actual reductions made by the member states. The results indicate that compliance with the nation-specific targets in the ESD sector is mostly decided by how much a state is required to reduce their emissions. Regarding the ETS target, compliance appears somewhat likelier in member states where a larger share of citizens are members of an environmental organization, and a little more unlikely in states where the industry contributes economically with a larger share of GDP.