Climate system protection from the legal point of view Climate change seems to be a defining ecological issue of the 21st century. However, unlike other global threats there are still some scientific uncertainties about the gravity of this problem and its actual consequences. On the other hand the proven fact is that the Earth climate is affected by altered atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases. Dozens of recent studies clearly indicate that the changes in the atmosphere are a result of human activities and that an immediate action is needed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and avoid reaching more harmful levels. If nothing is happened, climate change would lead to a rise in global average temperature together with other associated impacts such as melting glaciers, rising sea-levels or more frequent appearence of extreme weather events. The climate change issue is being addressed both at international and national level. There is a need to take a coordinated action of all states worldwide with respect to their development capabilities and historic responsibilities. International negotiations in last couple of years have shown that it will be very difficult to achieve an agreement between countries with different intrests. The aim of this diploma thesis is to summarize a development of the...

Recentemente passou a ser aceito por amplos segmentos da sociedade as conclusões de cientistas de que o homem vem provocando a mudança climática global em curso por meio da emissão de gases de efeito estufa. E espera-se, se nada for feito, por um agravamento do aquecimento global, em função do aumento da população mundial e do desenvolvimento econômico, para os próximos anos. O resíduo gerado pela sociedade, quando em decomposição, é forte emissor de metano, um dos gases mais maléficos nesse processo. Organismos internacionais liderados pela ONU participam do esforço de limitar as emissões com a negociação de créditos de carbono do Protocolo de Kyoto, o que pode contribuir para viabilizar a adoção de novas tecnologias de tratamento de resíduos. Esta pesquisa traz aos gestores municipais, e aos empreendedores do setor, um modelo de decisão para escolha estratégica das tecnologias mais recentes para tratamento de resíduos sólidos urbanos. Usando a técnica de abordagem sistêmica (system analysis), com o apoio da teoria de ciclo de vida do produto e do conceito de eco-eficiência, foram traçadas tendências. O modelo de decisão usou a técnica do pensamento focado no valor (Value-Focused Thinking) pertencente à teoria da decisão multiatributo. A partir da percepção de importantes formadores de opinião, aponta-se que as tecnologias de aterro sanitário, incineração e de processamento por plasma térmico, acompanhadas da coleta seletiva, da recuperação energética, da separação e da reciclagem, têm cada uma importante parcela de contribuição na solução do problema ambiental. Também é apontado que a combinação da coleta seletiva, seleção do lixo para aumento do seu potencial energético, processamento por plasma térmico acompanhado da geração de energia, é a mais efetiva para ser adotada num município de porte médio do Estado de São Paulo, para os próximos vinte anos. Ao final da pesquisa, as soluções estudadas foram apresentadas a gestores públicos para validação do modelo. / Recently it became accepted, by large segments of society, the conclusions of several scientists that man has been causing a global climatic change through the emission of greenhouse gases. If nothing is done, an increase in global warmth is expected in the years to come, due to the growth of world population as well as economic growth. The waste generated by society, while decomposing, is a strong methane emitter, one of the gases that contribute the most to the global warmth. International organisms, led by UN, have joint efforts in order to limit the emissions of greenhouse gases with the negotiation of carbon credits, mechanism created by the Kyoto Protocol, which may turn the adoption of new technologies of waste treatment economically feasible. This research brings to the public managers and entrepreneurs of this sector a decision-making model to strategically choose the most recent technologies for the treatment of municipal solid waste. Using the system analysis technique, supported by product?s life cycle theory and the concept of eco-efficiency, some tendencies of this sector have been mapped. The decision-making model uses the Value-Focused Thinking technique, which belongs to the multi-attribute decision theory. From of the gathering opinions of important stakeholders, some technologies may be pointed as the most important contributors to solving this environmental problem: landfill technologies, incineration and plasma process, accompanied also by energy recovery, waste sorting and recycling. It is also suggested that a solution of waste sorting, a process of generating refused derived fuel, and plasma process followed by energy recovery is the more effective combination to be adopted by a medium-size city in the near future. At the end of the research works, the studied solutions were presented to public managers to validate the model.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:46:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MARCIO RODRIGO DELFIM.pdf: 565121 bytes, checksum: ef39b6c02fd87348157273ebd9b54c07 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-08-12 / Throughout this thesis the author examines the issue of global warming and argues that the agricultural activity, the way they are being developed, is responsible for a major escalation, due to high rates of emission of greenhouse gases resulting from forest fires, usually performed in order to increase the area used for agriculture or livestock, as well as enteric fermentation in cattle and the decomposition of animal wastes. To alleviate this problem is vital that farmers start to build on this economic activity with emphasis on environmental protection, because only through the balance between economic growth and social development and environmental protection is that if you speak of sustainable development. In order to encourage this new approach (paradigm shift), the Kyoto Protocol and the National Policy on Climate Change play a fundamental role, since, if farmers solve their properties deploy the Clean Development Mechanism under the Protocol, what can be done through afforestation and / or reforestation of devastated areas and projects for limiting emissions of methane, and contribute significantly to reducing the emission of greenhouse gases, farmers will still receive so through the sale of carbon credits. As the state of Goias occupies a prominent place in national ranking, with respect to agricultural and livestock production, there are many entrepreneurial opportunities available to ranchers Goias. / Ao longo da presente dissertação o autor analisa a questão do aquecimento global e procura demonstrar que a atividade agropecuária, da forma como vem sendo desenvolvida, é uma das grandes responsáveis pelo agravamento da situação, em virtude das altas taxas de emissão de gases de efeito estufa decorrentes dos incêndios florestais e das queimadas, geralmente realizados com o intuito de aumentar as áreas destinadas à agricultura ou à pecuária, bem como da fermentação entérica dos bovinos e da decomposição dos dejetos animais. Para amenizar esse problema é imprescindível que os produtores rurais passem a desenvolver a referida atividade econômica dando ênfase à proteção ao meio ambiente, pois somente através do equilíbrio entre crescimento econômico-social e proteção ambiental é que se poderá falar em desenvolvimento sustentável. Como forma de estimular essa nova postura (mudança de paradigma), o Protocolo de Quioto e a Política Nacional de Mudanças Climáticas desempenham papel fundamental, uma vez que, se os produtores rurais resolverem implantar em suas propriedades o Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo previsto no referido Protocolo, o que pode ser feito através de projetos de florestamento e/ou reflorestamento de áreas devastadas e projetos de limitação da emissão de metano, além de contribuir, significativamente, com a redução da emissão dos gases de efeito estufa, os produtores rurais ainda receberão por isso, através da venda de créditos de carbono. Como o estado de Goiás ocupa lugar de destaque no ranking brasileiro, no que tange à produção agrícola e pecuária, são muitas as oportunidades empresarias colocadas à disposição dos agropecuaristas goianos.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:47:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JAQUELINE J SILVA OLIVEIRA.pdf: 13707963 bytes, checksum: bd45c58469f57bbb136769b65def47a7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-04-16 / The environmental problem is characterized essentially by a frenetic search to change the current economic model to a new stage of capitalism, called Natural Capitalism. This presents four principles as indispensable ways of maintaining the Earth and its species, without the naïve vision of non-development, limits to growth and the don quixotic cries to save the Earth from the obvious high global temperatures which provoke climate change. These changes are caused by polluting activities, especially those which increase the greenhouse effect, and by the lack of energetic measures to preserve the environment. A less romantic view of the proposals of Natural Capitalism will be discussed in this study which could lead to the reappropriation of nature, through the sustainable development discourse, which has attracted international agreements to guarantee sustainability (highlighting the Quioto Protocol and CON 15 in Copenhagen). This dissertation, for reasons which will become apparent, focuses on the question of environmental sustainability, based on the tripod (Triple Bottom Line) including economic, social and environmental dimensions. A significant issue that must be observed is the fact that in order to effectively guarantee a permanent adaptation of the new model of development being proposed, it is not sufficient that business leaders assimilate the concept of sustainability and produce without degrading the environment. Consumer awareness must be heightened in order to move towards an ethical market. It is up the consumer to get to know the economic, environmental and social impact of products which s/he rewards by purchase. The identification of products coming from politically correct companies will be carried out through stamps or certification, especially the green stamp, from the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC). It aims to justify the guarantee and differentiation which the FSC offers to the investor, in this case, though the plantation Teak on Brazilian land, as compared to different kinds of forest certification around the world and in Brazil. / A presente dissertação objetiva, valendo-se de subsídios multidisciplinares, analisar e demonstrar a importância do Padrão de Certificação do FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) para o manejo de plantações de teca no Brasil, bem como confrontar as questões teóricojurídicas controvertidas que deverão alcançar o âmbito diferenciado deste programa de certificação florestal, comparado aos demais sistemas existentes. O trabalho orienta-se através dos métodos hipotético-dedutivo e comparativo, apropriados ao objeto de estudo, para sanar as questões levantadas e de técnicas de investigação seguras, notadamente histórica e a monográfica. Para tanto, fez-se uso de referenciais teóricos obtidos pelas pesquisas bibliográficas e em websites, dos esquemas de certificação florestal. No transcorrer do desenvolvimento deste trabalho, destaca-se a problemática ambiental, que se caracteriza, primordialmente, pela frenética busca de mudança do modelo econômico atual para uma nova era do capitalismo: o Capitalismo Natural (Natural Capitalism). Este apresenta quatro princípios como via imprescindível na manutenção do globo e suas espécies, sem a ingênua visão (do não-desenvolvimento e dos limites ao crescimento), ofuscada pela ideologia salvacionista do planeta em relação às evidentes elevações da temperatura média global, que ocasionaram alteração climática, provocada pelas atividades poluidoras, sobretudo, as que aumentaram o efeito estufa, somadas à falta de medidas enérgicas, com o propósito de preservação ambiental. A óptica menos romântica da proposta fundamentada nos quatro princípios do capitalismo natural, que serão citados ao longo deste estudo, desemboca na reapropriação da natureza, através do discurso de desenvolvimento sustentável, em que as dificuldades em resguardar o planeta atraíram acordos internacionais (destacando o Protocolo de Quioto e a Convenção 15, em Copenhague), para garantir a sustentabilidade. A abordagem deste tema, por razões que se tornarão evidentes, está voltada para a questão ambiental, no conceito de sustentabilidade, fundamentado no tripé (Triple Bottom Line) que abrange o econômico, o social e o ambiental. Um ponto importante a ser observado consiste no fato de que a garantia de uma efetiva adaptação ao novo modelo de desenvolvimento proposto não se encontra apenas no processo de as lideranças empresariais assimilarem o conceito de sustentabilidade e produzirem sem degradar o meio ambiente, mas, especialmente, na conscientização do consumidor, o qual norteará um mercado ético. Cabe a ele saber qual é o impacto econômico, ambiental e social, que geram os produtos que premia com a sua compra. A identificação dos produtos de empresas politicamente corretas será feita através de selos ou certificações, no caso específico, do selo verde - FSC (Forest Stewardship Council), almejado pelos empreendedores madeireiros, em particular, os de plantio da tectona grandis no Brasil.

A discussão em torno da degradação ambiental tem origem nos debates iniciados na década de 70. A presente dissertação se insere no escopo da crítica ecológica desenvolvida a partir da teoria do capital monopolista e de seus desdobramentos contemporâneos, ao incorporar as contribuições feitas por François Chesnais et all sobre a dominância financeira. O objetivo dessa dissertação é oferecer os paralelos existentes entre as politicas internacionais sobre o meio ambiente e a trajetória percorrida pela economia internacional ao longo dos últimos 30 anos. O contexto histórico no qual o tema se origina é o processo de endividamento dos países do Terceiro Mundo, e a implementação dos Programas de Ajuste Estruturais, a partir da década de 1980. A dissertação busca apresentar as permanências e as rupturas existentes entre os mecanismos de ajuste e as políticas internacionais voltadas ao meio ambiente, incluindo a ratificação do Protocolo de Quioto, processos desenvolvidos sob a mediação neoliberal. / The discussion of environmental degradation originates in debates started in the 70s. This thesis falls within the scope of the ecological critique developed from the theory of monopoly capital and its contemporary developments, to incorporate the contributions made by François Chesnais et all on the financial dominance. The objective of this dissertation is to provide the parallels between the international policies on the environment and the trajectory by the international economy over the last 30 years. The historical context in which the issue arises is the process of indebtedness of Third World countries, and the implementation of the Structural Adjustment Programs from the 1980s. The dissertation aims to show the continuities and ruptures between the adjustment mechanisms and international policies related to the environment , including the ratification of the Kyoto Protocol, developed under the mediation processes neoliberal.

The objective of this thesis is to analyze the process of the development of climate change regime within the context of international environmental politics. In this context, this thesis aims to scrutinize how principles, norms, rules and decision-making procedures concerning climate change regime have been created during the course of the climate change cooperation. To this end, having started with the explanation of the emergence of environmental issues as a topic of international politics, the thesis focuses on the general assessment of climate change in terms of science and environmental politics. Then, international climate change negotiations together with the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol that constitute the basis for climate change regime are studied in this thesis. Finally, the thesis will elaborate on the positions and policies of the key players in relation to climate change for the purpose of clarifying their roles in the formation of climate change regime. This thesis concludes cooperation on climate change constitutes an example of a regime established within the scope of international environmental politics.

La presente tesis estudia la tributación de la renta derivada del comercio de derechos de emisión de CO2. Este mercado fue implantado por el Protocolo de Kioto para facilitar el cumplimiento de sus objetivos ambientales y constituye un fenómeno jurídico-comercial hasta ahora desconocido que, como tal, tiene sus consecuencias tributarias. El trabajo propone una solución a la compleja cuestión de la tributación de los derechos de emisión de CO2, ya que la normativa vigente resulta insuficiente y desactualizada. Este panorama se complica aún más si se tiene en cuenta el alcance internacional de este mercado. Desde este punto de vista también se estudia en detalle el Convenio de Doble Imposición hispano-argentino e hispano-italiano. La decisión de elegir este tema se centra en su innegable actualidad. Su carácter novedoso está marcado no sólo por el inicio de su funcionamiento (2008) sino también por las características que lo rodean. / The thesis examines the income taxation of the CO2 emission rights trade. This market was adopted by the Kyoto Protocol in order to facilitate the compliance of its environmental objectives and constitutes a legal and commercial phenomenon unknown until recently. As a commercial fact it is subject to taxation The work proposes a solution to the complex issue of the emission rights taxation since the present legislation is insufficient and outdated. This scene is even more complicated because the international implications of this market. In order to that the thesis also studies in detail the Double Taxation Convention between Spain and Argentina and Spain and Italy. The decision to choose this theme focuses on its undeniable current situation. Its innovative character is marked not only by the start of its running (2008) but also by the characteristics that surround it.

International climate change agreements and the European Union legislation have an influence on different levels of governance, including national legal systems and administrative schemes. The following research question is addressed in the doctoral dissertation: “How does Lithuania, specifically the industrial sector, implement GHG reduction requirements under the Kyoto Protocol and the European Union regulations?” Implementation of GHG emission reductions is analyzed from a perspective of multi-level governance and sociology of law. The research is carried out on four levels – supra-state; state; sub-state and societal. These are described as international; national; administrative and industrial arenas in the dissertation. Hence the implementation of climate change legal rules is based on authoritative decision-making across multiple territorial levels. In the dissertation, legal frameworks regarding reductions of GHG emissions are described - and the institutions along with their mandates are identified. There is a hierarchical top-down regulated implementation of legal rules and actors involved at different levels. A perspective based upon Sociology of Law makes it possible to relate the top-down implementation of legal rules to society. In the dissertation the most dominant driving forces and norms affecting actors on each level of implementation are evaluated, by interviewing respondents from state and administrative institutions and industrial companies... [to full text] / Tarptautiniai klimato kaitos susitarimai ir Europos Sąjungos teisės aktai veikia skirtingus valdymo lygmenis, įskaitant nacionalines teisės sistemas ir administravimo modelius. Disertacijoje iškeltas tyrimo klausimas – kaip Lietuva, konkrečiai pramonės sektorius, įgyvendina šiltnamio efektą sukeliančių dujų (toliau – ŠESD) emisijų mažinimo reikalavimus, nustatytus Kioto protokolu ir Europos Sąjungos teisės aktais. Reikalavimų mažinti ŠESD emisijas įgyvendinimas yra analizuojamas daugiapakopio valdymo perspektyvoje. Analizuojami keturi lygmenys – viršvalstybinis, valstybinis, subvalstybinis ir visuomeninis, kurie disertacijoje gretinami su tarptautine, nacionaline, administracine ir pramonės plotmėmis. Taigi klimato kaitos teisės aktų įgyvendinimas paremtas valdžios sprendimų priėmimo dispersija skirtinguose lygmenyse. Disertacijoje apibūdintos teisės sistemos, susijusios su ŠESD mažinimu, identifikuojant institucijas ir jų įgaliojimus. Remiantis teisės sociologijos perspektyva, hierarchinis teisės normų įgyvendinimo principas siejamas su teisės poveikiu (ir atsaku) pramonės sektoriuje. Atlikus kokybinį tyrimą imant interviu iš tyrimo dalyvių, kurie dirba valstybės ir administracinėse institucijose ir pramonės įmonėse, išnagrinėti ir įvertinti skatinantys veiksniai ir normos, veikiančios dalyvių elgseną kiekviename tiriamajame lygmenyje. Ištirtas pramonės sektoriaus atsakas politikos įgyvendinimo procese bei pateikti pasiūlymai dėl Kioto protokolo ir Europos Sąjungos... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

Climate change is a critical sustainable development issue with implications for the environment, economies and society as we know it. The problem of climate change is caused by some countries in parts of the world that has a direct effect on people and natural resources in other parts of the world. Climate change is the effect of increased production of Greenhouse gases (GHGs). Due to the vast complexity of the climate change regime the study does not attempt to be comprehensive or conclusive. The aim of the study is to critically evaluate and determine the purpose, enforceability, legal nature, shortcomings and strengths of the non-binding Copenhagen Accord and how the international climate change regime will evolve after the Copenhagen Accord. The study starts with a brief explanation of the international climate change regime and its development, including international environmental law principles, specifically the common but differentiated responsibility principle. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) has the ultimate objective to achieve the stabilisation of GHG concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. The Conference of the Parties (COPs) is the ultimate decision-making and supreme body of the UNFCCC and is authorised to make and implement decisions to promote the implementation of the UNFCCC, it further has the power to adopt new protocols under the UNFCCC and plays a substantial role in the development of new obligations by the parties to the convention. Various COPs, their respective adopted decisions and resolutions which played an important role in the development of the climate change regime are discussed. This includes COP 1 that lead to the Berlin Mandate; COP 3 and the Kyoto Protocol; COP 7 and the Marrakech Accords; COP 11 that marked the entry into force of the Kyoto Protocol; COP 13 and the Bali Action Plan. COP 15 in Copenhagen was internationally expected and intended to be the breakthrough in addressing the post 2012 period. As is evident from the content of this study the result of COP 15 at Copenhagen means different challenges for different countries and the “bottom up” architecture of the accord could help encourage and reinforce national actions. An overview of the effect of the Copenhagen Accord on the climate change regime, with specific reference to COP 16 in Cancun, is then done. The “bottom up” architecture of the Copenhagen Accord was brought into the official UNFCCC process by the Cancun Agreements that were reached at COP 16. The study mostly comprised of a literature study, which reviewed the relevant international environmental law dealing with climate change, taking into account customary international law; international treaties and conventions; government documents, policies and reports; textbooks and academic journals as well as electronic material obtained from various internet sources. / Thesis (LLM (Environmental Law and Governance))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012

Climate change is a critical sustainable development issue with implications for the environment, economies and society as we know it. The problem of climate change is caused by some countries in parts of the world that has a direct effect on people and natural resources in other parts of the world. Climate change is the effect of increased production of Greenhouse gases (GHGs). Due to the vast complexity of the climate change regime the study does not attempt to be comprehensive or conclusive. The aim of the study is to critically evaluate and determine the purpose, enforceability, legal nature, shortcomings and strengths of the non-binding Copenhagen Accord and how the international climate change regime will evolve after the Copenhagen Accord. The study starts with a brief explanation of the international climate change regime and its development, including international environmental law principles, specifically the common but differentiated responsibility principle. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) has the ultimate objective to achieve the stabilisation of GHG concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. The Conference of the Parties (COPs) is the ultimate decision-making and supreme body of the UNFCCC and is authorised to make and implement decisions to promote the implementation of the UNFCCC, it further has the power to adopt new protocols under the UNFCCC and plays a substantial role in the development of new obligations by the parties to the convention. Various COPs, their respective adopted decisions and resolutions which played an important role in the development of the climate change regime are discussed. This includes COP 1 that lead to the Berlin Mandate; COP 3 and the Kyoto Protocol; COP 7 and the Marrakech Accords; COP 11 that marked the entry into force of the Kyoto Protocol; COP 13 and the Bali Action Plan. COP 15 in Copenhagen was internationally expected and intended to be the breakthrough in addressing the post 2012 period. As is evident from the content of this study the result of COP 15 at Copenhagen means different challenges for different countries and the “bottom up” architecture of the accord could help encourage and reinforce national actions. An overview of the effect of the Copenhagen Accord on the climate change regime, with specific reference to COP 16 in Cancun, is then done. The “bottom up” architecture of the Copenhagen Accord was brought into the official UNFCCC process by the Cancun Agreements that were reached at COP 16. The study mostly comprised of a literature study, which reviewed the relevant international environmental law dealing with climate change, taking into account customary international law; international treaties and conventions; government documents, policies and reports; textbooks and academic journals as well as electronic material obtained from various internet sources. / Thesis (LLM (Environmental Law and Governance))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012