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In drug analysis, different kinds of immunoassays are often used as an initial screening for urine samples. The positive screening results are then followed by a confirmatory test, which consists of mass spectrometry methods to detect the drugs. The confirmatory tests are considered to be more resistant to manipulation than the screening tests. If the tested person wants to obtain a false negative result in the drug analysis, there are a lot of different manipulation strategies available today. Manipulation of urine with oxidants before the drug analysis, oxidizes the drugs, and obtains negative results. The aim of this study was to investigate how the results of the drug analysis with the screening test; cloned enzyme donor immunoassay (CEDIA) and the confirmatory test; liquid chromatography- high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS), were affected when the urine was manipulated with oxidants before the analysis.  Four different oxidants (pyridinium chlorochromate, hypochlorite, sodium nitrite and povidone iodine) in three different concentrations, were investigated and evaluated on 37 different drugs with LC-HRMS. The most effective oxidant and the most adulterated drugs were then further investigated with LC-HRMS, CEDIA and with urine adulteration test strips. The results of the drug analysis were affected by the oxidants with both the CEDIA, and LC-HRMS analysis. All samples containing pyridinium chlorochromate and hypochlorite obtained negative results with CEDIA. With LC-HRMS, the tested samples containing 1 % hypochlorite effectively lowered the drug concentrations under the cut-off. Adulteration tests can be used to identify urine samples, manipulated with oxidants.

Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka normalvärden för nervus peroneus communis (NPC) gällande latens, amplitud och nervledningshastighet samt undersöka om några signifikanta skillnader finns mellan höger respektive vänster NPC hos friska frivilliga deltagare mellan 20 och 40 år. Datainsamlingen utfördes på 25 deltagare på studentkliniken på Hälsohögskolan i Jönköping och maskinen Nicolet EDX® och programmet Synergy användes. Datainsamlingen skedde på tre stimuleringspunkter 1); 80 mm proximalt om musculus extensor digitorum brevis, 2); proximalt om caput fibulae och 3); 100–150 mm ovanför caput fibulae. Resultatet visade medelvärdet latens 4,49 ms, amplitud 10,5 mV och nervledningshastighet 58 ms gällande stimuleringspunkt 1. Latens 10,02 ms, amplitud 10,15 mV och nervledningshastighet 58 m/s för stimuleringspunkt 2. Latens 12,57 ms, amplitud 8,7 mV och nervledningshastighet 58,7 m/s för stimuleringspunkt 3. Icke-parametriska testet Mann-Whitney U Test visade en signifikant skillnad i latensen för stimuleringspunkt 1 gällande höger och vänster NPC p=0,04. Inga övriga variabler visade signifikant skillnad. Korrelationstest visade ett samband mellan längd och latens för stimuleringspunkt 1 och 2 p=0,011 respektive p=0,002. Ingen annan signifikant samband sågs mellan övriga variabler och längd. / The aim of the study was to investigate the normal value for the common peroneal nerve (NPC) in terms of latency, amplitude and nerve conduction velocity and investigate whether there are any significant differences between right and left NPC in healthy volunteers between 20 and 40 years of age. The data collection was performed on 25 participants at the student clinic at the School of Health and Welfare in Jönköping. The machine Nicolet EDX® and the program Synergy were used. Data collection took place at three stimulation points 1); 80mm proximal to the musculus (m.) extensor digitorium brevis, 2); proximal to the capute fibulae and 3); 100-150mm above the caput fibulae. The result showed the mean latency 4,49 ms, amplitude 10,5 mV and nerve conduction velocity 58 ms for stimulation point 1. Latency 10,02 ms, amplitude 10,15 mV and nerve conduction velocity 58 m/s for stimulation point 2. Latency 12,57 ms, amplitude 8,7 mV and nerve conduction velocity 58,7 m/s for stimulation point 3. The non-parametric test Mann-Whitney U Test showed a significant difference in latency for stimulation point 1 regarding right and left NPC p=0,04. No other variables showed a significant difference. Correlation test showed a relationship between length and latency for stimulation point 1 and 2, p=0,011 respectively p=0,002. No other significant correlation was seen between the other variables and height.

Introduction: Analysis of urine from dogs and cats are an important method for diagnosingkidney and urinary tract diseases. Earlier studies have suggested that urine needs to be acidifiedbefore analysis of calcium and phosphorus to obtain a more reliable result. The acidification ismeant to dissolve urinary crystals which could affect the analysis. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate if acidification of dog and cat urinary samples isnecessary for reliable analysis of calcium and phosphorus. The study also aimed to investigate ifacidification is possible after the freezing of urine, and also evaluate the stability of acidifiedurine and supernatant in -80 °C freezer. Material and method: Forty-four urinary samples, of which 38 were from dogs and 6 from cats,were collected. Each sample was divided into three aliquots; one aliquot was acidified directly,one aliquot was acidified after storage in the freezer, and the last aliquot was centrifuged and thesupernatant was collected. Calcium and phosphorus were analyzed with an automatic chemistryinstrument in all aliquots before and after storage in -80 °C. The presence of urinary crystals wasinvestigated through a microscope. Results and conclusion: The calcium and phosphorus concentration were not higher in acidifiedurine, so acidification does not seem to be required for analysis of calcium and phosphorus indog and cat urine. Acidification after storage of urine in the freezer gave similar results asacidification of fresh urine. Both supernatant and acidified urine were stable in -80 °C for at least 3 days.

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