In this study we develop a new method for testing the null hypothesis that the predictor function in a canonical link regression model has a prescribed linear form. The class of models, which we will refer to as canonical link regression models, constitutes arguably the most important subclass of generalized linear models and includes several of the most popular generalized linear models. In addition to the primary contribution of this study, we will revisit several other tests in the existing literature. The common feature among the proposed test, as well as the existing tests, is that they are all based on orthogonal series estimators and used to detect departures from a null model. Our proposal for a new lack-of-fit test is inspired by the recent contribution of Hart and is based on a Laplace approximation to the posterior probability of the null hypothesis. Despite having a Bayesian construction, the resulting statistic is implemented in a frequentist fashion. The formulation of the statistic is based on characterizing departures from the predictor function in terms of Fourier coefficients, and subsequent testing that all of these coefficients are 0. The resulting test statistic can be characterized as a weighted sum of exponentiated squared Fourier coefficient estimators, whereas the weights depend on user-specified prior probabilities. The prior probabilities provide the investigator the flexibility to examine specific departures from the prescribed model. Alternatively, the use of noninformative priors produces a new omnibus lack-of-fit statistic. We present a thorough numerical study of the proposed test and the various existing orthogonal series-based tests in the context of the logistic regression model. Simulation studies demonstrate that the test statistics under consideration possess desirable power properties against alternatives that have been identified in the existing literature as being important.

This study examines the theme of betrayal in three different literary works.Betrayal is seen in different forms in the three novels. In the first chapter of the thesis, the protagonist&rsquo / s betrayal to his friend in the English writer Joseph Conrad&rsquo / s Under Western Eyes is evaluated in terms of the reasons, process, and results. Psychological analysis of the character that betrays is made. In the second chapter adultery is examined in The Painted Veil by Somerset Maugham, who is another English writer. The reasons for the adultery the woman commits, her guilty conscience after the adultery, and the enlightenment process are discussed. In the third chapter, two characters&rsquo / betrayal to their ideology is examined with the background set as Turkey in the 1970s in Bir D&uuml / g&uuml / n Gecesi by Adalet Agaoglu, who is a Turkish writer. Psychological status of the characters is studied based on their feelings at a wedding night with their reasons to have deviated from their political views.Themes such as lack of love and dilemma, which collect the three novels under the same title, are particularly examined.

<p>The purpose of this thesis is to explore disruptions Swedish wind turbines onshore are exposed to, and to estimate their economic impacts on the operators. We want to investigate whether there is a need for a more developed service and maintenance market within the Swedish wind power market.</p><p>This study focuses on wind power, a renewable energy source in an emerging market, which experiences exponential growth. Sweden is a minor actor in the wind power market with a production of around 2 TWh yearly. The government aims at a total production of 10TWh in 2015 and 20TWh in 2020, which equals an annual growth of 24%. However, we hypothesize that the Swedish wind power market is negatively affected by a service and maintenance market which is underdeveloped due to a lack of competition. This results in lengthy repair times and disproportionate costs for wind power operators.</p><p>The study was carried out by conducting semi-structured qualitative interviews and by sending out a survey to approximately 300 wind power operators. Six interviewees were wind power operators and one interviewee was a representative from an independent service supplier. We have also analysed the current cost situation of operators with theories about maintenance costs and we have also carried out an industry analysis on the service and maintenance market, which was based on Porter’s structural industry analysis.</p><p>After conducting a structural analysis of the service and maintenance market, we can conclude a lack of competition today as there is a dominance of the wind turbine manufacturers as the service supplier. Furthermore we can see that this lack of competition has negative effects on the efficiency of the service and maintenance provided. The results also stress a need for a more developed service and maintenance market. We have found that the profitability for the Swedish wind power operators is challenged if the service and maintenance market is not keeping pace and meeting the demands of the rapidly growing Swedish wind power market as a whole.</p>

The impact of stress on the health of postpartum mothers is poorly understood. Although the postpartum period increases risk for stress related diseases such as depression and autoimmune disorders, little qualitative research has focused on women’s perceptions of postpartum stressors. A constant comparative content analysis using Atlas.Ti was done on data collected by Groer (NIH R01 NR05000“Influence of Lactation on Postpartum Stress & Immunity) from 2001 to 2005. Women (n=127) answered the prompt, “Think of any one incident, thought, or feeling that stands out as very stressful to you and describe in as much detail as you choose.” Researcher triangulation was provided by independent coding of data by two qualitative researchers. The women were predominantly white (91%), married (72%), and not yet working following the baby’s birth (70%). Only 28% had family incomes greater than $40,000 per year. Vaginal births were experienced by 66%, 83% without complications. Forty-seven percent were breastfeeding exclusively with 43% bottle feeding. Slightly less than half (48%) were first time mothers. Eighty-nine percent claimed no recent major life event, such as a death in the family. Twenty-seven postpartum stressors were identified that were grouped into five themes: 1) environmental stressors, 2) symptoms of depression, 3) infant health and safety issues, 4) maternal role strain, and 5) lack of support. Seventeen women identified fatigue or lack of sleep as stressful and each questioned her ability to parent a newborn. Though these women would seem low risk for stress (having had an uncomplicated birth, being married and not yet back at work postpartum), 27 different postpartum stressors were identified. Stressors such as lack of sleep may be known by maternal-child nurses, but women are unprepared for them. Interventions need to be designed to provide anticipatory guidance for new mothers regarding postpartum stressors. Tools should be developed for use by clinicians to assess maternal stress in the postpartum period. Prenatal preparation anticipating stressors and postpartum vigilance in assessing stressors could ease the transition into motherhood.

Cold laps are defined as micro-lack of fusion defects at the weld toe more or less parallel to the surface of the parent plate. These defects are known to negatively influence the fatigue properties of weldments. Previous studies suggest that cold lap formation can not be avoided completely in Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW). Therefore, a better understanding of formation mechanisms is imperative to be able to minimize the number and size of these defects. The main objective of this work has been to provide a more comprehensive understanding of cold laps, including categorising, characterisation and defining the most significant factors for formation. GMAW was used to produce welds that were investigated by metallographic methods using light optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectrometry. A novel classification of cold laps was introduced and three types of cold laps were identified: spatter cold laps, overlap cold laps and spatter-overlap cold laps. It was shown that cold laps are partially or fully filled by oxides. The most common oxides are manganese silicon oxides which were concluded to be formed primarily by oxidation of droplets. The presence of oxides was found to significantly increase the tendency to form spatter cold laps as well as overlap cold laps. Particularly for overlap cold laps, it was found that the depth (in transverse direction of weld) is reduced when welding in a non-oxidising environment. Welding on blasted surfaces increased the cold lap formation by entrapment of gas. The droplet and base metal temperatures were also found to be significant factors in cold lap formation. For overlap cold laps the occurrence frequency decreased with increased preheating temperature of the base metal. Mechanisms of overflowing resulting in overlap cold laps were discussed based on an extensive literature review. Several phenomena are believed to contribute to overflow including Rayleigh instability, the balance of forces, transfer of lateral momentum by droplets and an outward Marangoni fluid flow of the weld pool. The present studies suggest that cold lap formation can be suppressed by ensuring that the welding process (arc) is as stable as possible and by welding on a preheated work piece in a non-oxidising environment.

Sandoriai patvirtinti galinų telekomunikacinių įrenginių ir el.pašto pagalba yra neatsiejama komercinės teisės dalis. Lyginant tarptautinius ir Lietuvos teisės aktus, nagrinėjami galimi tokių sandorių formos trūkumai bei jų, kaip rašytinių įrodymų reikšmė civiliniame teismo procese. / This magistrates thesis deals with theoretical and practical aspects of validity of transactions (contracts, confirmed by telecommunications and e-mails, particularly in its form. The purpose of this work was to analyse the possible lack of requisitions of such transactions. According to Lithuanian Civil Code Art. 1.71.2: documents signed by the parties and transmitted by means of telegraph, facsimile communication or over any other means of communication terminal equipment shall be conferred the same power as having been made in the written form, providing the protection of the text is guaranteed and the signature can be identified.

The appearance, use, and philosophy of the disabled detective are latent even in early detective texts, such as in Arthur Conan Doyle’s canonical Sherlock Holmes series. By philosophy, I am referring to both why the detective feels compelled to detect as well as the system of detection the detective uses and on which the text relies. Because the detective feels incompatible with the world around him (all of the detectives I analyze in this dissertation are men), he is driven to either fix himself, the world, or both. His systematic approach includes diagnosing problems through symptomatology and removing the deficient aspect. While the detective narrative’s original framework assimilates bodies to medical and scientific discourses and norms in order to represent a stable social order, I argue that contemporary detective subgenres, including classical disability detective texts, hardboiled disability detective texts and postmodern disability detective texts, respond to this framework by making the portrayal of disability explicit by allocating it to the detective. The texts present disability as both a literary mechanism that uses disability to represent abstract metaphors (of hardship, of pity, of heroism) and a cultural construct in and of itself. I contend that the texts use disability to investigate what it means to be an individual and a member of society. Thus, I trace disability in detective fiction as it parallels the cultural move away from the autonomous individual and his participation in a stable social order and move towards the socially located agent and shifting situational values.

This study is intended to study how the social worker in financial assistance relates to the social workers exercise of its authority, regarding the Social Services Act and the Administrative Procedures Act. In concerning how the social worker treats and handles the cases of their clients, but also what significancethe organization's policies and goals have on the social worker’s role and the formation of their professional identity. To answer these questions the study chose a qualitative approach. Because the purpose of this study is to investigate the social worker’s personal beliefs about their way of conducting social work. With the support of previous research in this area, the study has produced its information in the form of deep interviews. The study chose to confine the study to the Stockholm region and received a total of eight informants who represent a significant part of the empirical material. The result demonstrates that there is a difficulty for the social worker in applying the Social Services Act, the Administrative Act and the policies of the workplace in full. This is due to various factors which the social workers feel they encounter in their work. These factors that cause difficulties are caused by the position of power the social worker holds in their professional capacity and the power of jurisdiction the social worker has in its official authority when handling clients’ cases.  These factors arise from the position of power the social worker has through their professional role and the power of jurisdiction worker has over his powers. The results also revealed that there are differences in how attitudes brought to bear on clients in financial assistance and that there are different factors that are the basis for this.  The conclusion of this study demonstrates that the social worker feels that their actions and capability is affected by lack of time, stress, financial budget, guidelines and unreasonable demands of the profession. That leads to the social worker as an official person ending up in a complex situation, where contradictions are between the client's needs and the organization's guidelines. / Denna studie syftar till att studera hur socialarbetaren inom ekonomiskt bistånd förhåller sig kring sitt myndighetsutövande, gällande socialtjänstlagen och förvaltningslagen i mötet med klienten. Samt hur detta bemötande har för inverkan på handläggningen av klienters ärenden, men även vilken betydelse socialtjänstens riktlinjer och verksamhetsmål har för inverkan på socialarbetarens yrkesroll och formandet av dennes yrkesidentitet. För att kunna besvara dessa frågor valdes en kvalitativ ansats, eftersom syftet med studien var att studera hur socialarbetarens personliga uppfattningar kring dennes arbete påverkar arbetssättet. Med stöd av tidigare forskning inom ämnet, har studiens information införskaffats genom djupintervjuer. Studien avgränsades till Stockholms län och med sammanlagt åtta informanter.Resultatet påvisar att det råder svårigheter för socialarbetaren att förhålla sig till socialtjänstlagen, förvaltningslagen och till verksamhetens riktlinjer fullt ut. Studien visar att detta beror på olika faktorer som påverkar den enskilda socialarbetarens handlingsutrymme, såsom lagrum, riktlinjer, egna värderingar och privata föreställningar. I synnerhet när dessa privata föreställningar och värderingar motsätter sig socialtjänstens och klientens behov. Då det kan påverka handläggningen av klienters ärenden. Dessa faktorer uppstår på grund av den maktposition socialarbetaren har genom sin yrkesroll och den maktbehörighet socialarbetaren har via sin myndighetsutövning. I resultatet framkom även att det råder skillnader i hur förhållningssättet utövas gentemot klienterna inom ekonomiskt bistånd och att det är olika faktorer som ligger till grund för detta. Studiens slutsats påvisade att socialarbetaren upplever handlingsutrymmet påverkas av följande faktorer som tidsbrist, stress, ekonomiska resurser, riktlinjer och kraven på yrkesprofessionen. Detta leder till att socialarbetaren som myndighetsperson hamnar i en komplicerad situation, där motsättningar ställs mellan klientens behov och organisationens riktlinjer.

Bakgrund: Som sjuksköterska består en stor del av arbetet i att bemöta människor. Det har visat sig att då bemötandet upplevs som sämre, så upplevs även övriga omvårdnaden som dålig. En förutsättning för att kunna ge ett gott bemötande är att ha reflekterat över begreppets innebörd och funderat på vilka faktorer som påverkar bemötandet så att det blir gott, respektive sämre. Syfte: Studiens syfte var att undersöka vad blivande sjuksköterskor i termin sex anser är ett gott/sämre bemötande samt orsakerna till varför bemötandet blir gott eller sämre. Metod: Tolv sjuksköterskestudenter intervjuades i fokusgrupper och kvalitativ innehållsanalys användes för att analysera data. Resultat: Sjuksköterskestudenterna betonade betydelsen av tid, respekt samt personliga ställningstaganden och egenskaper i ett bemötande. Exempel på olika orsaker som leder till ett gott bemötande både stämmer överens med de intervjuade sjuksköterskestudenterna och studerad litteratur, var vänlighet, hjälpsamhet, beröring och ögonkontakt. Dessutom framkom även en ”skyll-dig-själv”-attityd som en orsak till ett sämre bemötande, och som inte tidigare nämnts i varken litteratur eller forskning. Slutsats: Yttre omständigheter samt personliga egenskaper hos sjuksköterskan påverkar  bemötandet. Dock behöver sjuksköterskestudenter en bättre förståelse för begreppet bemötande. Därför föreslås att rollspel och seminarium, angående bemötande, bör införas i sjuksköterskeutbildningen. Vidare forskning behöver göras för att undersöka hur patienter och yrkesutövande sjuksköterskor, reflekterar kring bemötandet, för att därmed kunna förtydliga rådande riktlinjer. Den ökade kunskapen anses kunna bidra till ökad vårdkvalitet, bättre arbetsmiljö samt ett ökat välmående för både sjuksköterska och patient. / Background: Being a nurse means a lot of interacting with people. It has been found that when the interaction is perceived as bad, the other health care is perceived as bad. A prerequisite for being able to make a well interaction, you have to reflect the meaning and thoughts about the factors that can affect the interaction and make it good or worse. Aim: The aim of the study was to examine what the nursing students from last semester believe is a good / bad interaction, and the reasons why the interaction is better or worse. Methods: Twelve nursing students were interviewed in focus groups and qualitative content analysis was used to analyze the data. Results: Nursing students emphasized the importance of time, respect, empathy, personal standpoints and characteristics in an interaction. Examples of different causes that lead to good interaction is both consistent with the interviewed nursing students, and studied literature, was the friendliness, helpfulness, touch and eye contact. In addition, also revealed a "blame-yourself"-attitude as a cause of a worse interaction, and are not mentioned in either literature or research. Conclusion: External circumstances and personal characteristics affect the interaction. However, nursing students need a better understanding regarding the concept of interaction. It is therefore proposed that roleplay and seminar, concerning interaction, should be included in nursing education. Further research needs to be done to examine how patients and professional practice nurses, reflects of interaction, in order to be able to clarify current guidelines. The increased knowledge is considered to contribute to improved quality of care, better working environment and increased well-being for both nurses and patients.

This study examines the factors appear to lead to the failure of small businesses in the Kagiso Township. The high failure rate can be partially attributed to the lack of support that the small, medium and micro-enterprises (SMMEs) receive from support institutions as well as to their own internal weaknesses. Strategies are recommended that will help small businesses be more successful. The study was exploratory, descriptive and qualitative in nature. Semi-structured interviews were used to gather data. Results indicated that the most common causes of business failure were lack of knowledge regarding legal matters, lack of funding and a general lack of business acumen. The study recommends that government should improve the effectiveness of its support mechanisms and that record keeping and cash flow management training is critical for SMEs. These recommendations, if applied properly, will ensure small businesses' success in Kagiso and the rest of South Africa. / Business Management / M.Tech. (Business Administration)