Submitted by Núcleo de Pós-Graduação Administração (npgadm@ufba.br) on 2018-04-06T14:59:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação de Mestrado - Clarice Rodrigues da Silva.pdf: 1349322 bytes, checksum: fd7161034dded186d14a457032848709 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Angela Dortas (dortas@ufba.br) on 2018-04-10T18:04:56Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação de Mestrado - Clarice Rodrigues da Silva.pdf: 1349322 bytes, checksum: fd7161034dded186d14a457032848709 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-10T18:04:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação de Mestrado - Clarice Rodrigues da Silva.pdf: 1349322 bytes, checksum: fd7161034dded186d14a457032848709 (MD5) / Ao longo dos últimos anos o Brasil vem editando leis que se destinam a promover a transparência pública, bem como incentivar a participação da sociedade na tomada de decisão e na gestão das instituições. Este estudo visa contribuir para a reflexão sobre essa transparência e participação nos processos institucionais do IFNMG por meio dos canais de interlocução e-SIC e Ouvidoria. Essas instâncias de participação, portanto, serviram como Feedback, fornecendo informações críticas para o ajuste das rotinas e procedimentos da Instituição. Assim, este trabalho propõe-se pesquisar a rotina de análise e atendimento dessas demandas para verificar se as mesmas trazem, em sua essência, propostas de melhorias dos processos institucionais. Buscou-se, também, avaliar a percepção dos gestores dos setores demandados em relação aos temas pesquisados, assim como verificar os encaminhamentos dados pelos mesmos ao responder a demanda. Outro item avaliado foi a qualidade das demandas recebidas sob a perspectiva da promoção de melhorias nos processos. Por meio de pesquisa documental e de questionários respondidos pelos gestores demandados, baseado em uma abordagem qualitativa, foi possível classificar as demandas dos cidadãos e identificar as que tinham possibilidade de promover mudanças. O trabalho está dividido em três partes: A primeira justifica a pesquisa, descrevendo seus objetivos. Em seguida apresenta-se o IFNMG e a região onde o mesmo está inserido. A segunda parte inicia-se com a reforma do Estado e os modelos de gestão adotados ao longo do tempo. Conceitua também a transparência pública, participação social, a Lei de acesso a informação, os canais de interlocução e-SIC e Ouvidoria e a importância de todos eles no modelo de gestão atual. A terceira parte descreve como a pesquisa foi realizada, apresentando uma análise sobre as demandas dos canais e sobre as respostas dos gestores ao questionário. Ao final, com base nas análises, apresenta-se a conclusão do trabalho. / Over the last few years, Brazil has been issuing laws designed to promote public transparency, as well as encouraging the participation of society in decision-making and in the management of institutions. This study aims to contribute to the reflection on this transparency and participation in IFNMG institutional processes through the interlocution channels of e-SIC and Ombudsman. These participation instances, therefore, would serve as Feedback, providing critical information for the adjustment of routines and procedures of the Institution. Thus, what we are going to research is the routine of analysis and attendance of these demands to verify if they bring, in essence, proposals of improvements of the institutional processes. It was also sought to evaluate the perception of the managers of the respondent sectors in relation to the researched topics, as well as to verify the referrals given by them when responding to the demand. Another item evaluated was the quality of the demands received from the perspective of promoting improvements in the processes. Through documentary research and questionnaires answered by the respondent managers, based on a qualitative approach, it was possible to classify the demands of the citizens and to identify those that had the possibility to promote changes. The paper is divided into three parts: The first justifies the research, describing its objectives. Then displays the IFNMG and the region where it is inserted. The second part begins with the reform of the State and the management models adopted over time. It also conceptualizes public transparency, social participation, the Law on access to information, e-SIC and Ombudsmanchannels of communication and the importance of all of them in the current management model. The third part describes how the research was carried out, presenting an analysis on the demands of the channels and on the questionnaire managers' responses. At the end, based on the analyzes, the conclusion of the work is presented.

Post-fire survival, composition and regeneration of understory species in the boreal forest have shown to be affected by several factors, where consumption of the organic soil layer together with altered soil properties play important parts. There has however also been shown that the pre-fire site characteristics affect the post-fire understory vegetation. This study aimed to investigate the effects of fire and pre-fire site characteristics on understory regeneration and composition at a local scale in a boreal forest. Classification of species richness of the understory species together with measurements of biomass in terms of leaf area index (LAI) and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) were performed in a Pinus sylvestris forest in the Gärsjön catchment area, three years after a stand-replacing wildfire. Data of site index, fire severity on soil and moss, fire severity on shrubs, stand age, and remaining humus depth were also used. A total of 36 species of vascular plants (10 forbs, 14 graminoids, 5 dwarf shrubs, 2 ferns, 1 shrub and 4 trees) together with 3 species of bryophytes were recorded in the area. The study revealed that understory species composition was explained by remaining humus depth and site index. The regeneration of the understory was affected differently, where LAI was affected by site index, and NDVI was connected to both site index and fire severity on soil and moss. LAI and NDVI differed in their sensitivity in capturing differences among plant species, where higher values of LAI were associated to species such as E. sylvaticum, P. erecta, C. arundinacea and J. conglomeratus, while NDVI was related to both the ground and field layer, with high values associated to a high abundance of C. canescens and C. ovalis. According to my result, it can be concluded that NDVI is a more appropriate measure of post-fire re-establishment and recovery of understory vegetation in the boreal forest.

La surface foliaire des arbres est un des paramètres majeurs pour comprendre l’écosystème forestier. Par ailleurs, les données du lidar terrestre peuvent être utilisées pour estimer la surface et la distribution spatiale fine du feuillage et du bois dans la forêt. Malheureusement, ces données sont affectées par des problèmes d’occlusion et d’échantillonnage inégal. C’est pourquoi, ce projet vise à développer une méthode de normalisation des données du lidar terrestre afin de permettre une évaluation juste de la distribution 3D du matériel végétatif. Dès lors, la voxélisation du nuage de points en petits cubes élémentaires complétés par une technique d’interpolation pour les voxels trop occlus a été mise en place pour corriger ces effets. Toutefois cet ensemble de méthodes n’a jamais été vérifié, car il est très difficile de procéder à des mesures fines de distribution de la végétation in situ. Dans un premier temps, quatre maquettes qui reproduisent finement des placettes forestières d’inventaire ont été générées de manière à les comparer avec les résultats du processus de correction. Les résultats de cette première approche démontrent, que ce processus de correction permet de retrouver les profils verticaux de végétation avec plus de 90 % d’exactitude sur tous les emplacements forestiers mis à l’essai. Dans un second temps et pour appuyer ces premiers résultats, une méthode de normalisation a été expérimentée sur des nuages de points issus de forêts réelles. Cette deuxième partie de l’étude a été réalisée sur six placettes d’inventaire situées dans l’est du Québec, principalement composées de sapins et d’érables. L’objectif de ce jeu de données était de voir à quel point la méthode précédemment développée permettait de retrouver le profil de végétation de l’arbre cible avant le dégagement de la végétation occultante dans les conditions réelles. Les résultats montrent des corrélations des profils verticaux en moyenne autour de 70 % et allant jusqu’à 85 % dans le meilleur pour les profils exprimés en indice de surface foliaire, c’est-à-dire avant leur conversion en densité de surface totale (DST). Pour conclure, cette étude montre qu’il est possible de corriger significativement les biais relatifs à l’occlusion et à un échantillonnage inégal pour en déduire des profils de densité de la végétation réalistes et réutilisables. En outre, plusieurs défis restent à relever dans la quantification du matériel végétal à partir de l’utilisation du lidar en forêt. Par exemple, en développant des algorithmes d’interpolation capables de compenser la perte d’information quand la végétation ne laisse passer aucun rayon du lidar ou en améliorant l’estimation du feuillage en fonction des différentes espèces d’arbres.

Le Sahel est une région caractérisée par une très forte variabilité intra-saisonnière des précipitations. Cette variabilité affecte fortement les écosystèmes durant la phase de croissance de la végétation. L’objectif de cette thèse est de caractériser cette variabilité à échelle locale à partir des relations entre les précipitations et la dynamique de la végétation, et d’identifier des indicateurs pertinents qui permettraient de mieux décrire cette variabilité dans chaque saison. Cette étude est effectuée dans le bassin versant du Ferlo, une région au nord du Sénégal. Une première partie est consacrée à la caractérisation des relations entre anomalies de pluie et croissance de la végétation à partir des données de télédétection spatiale TRMM3B42, RFE 2.0, SM-ECV (Soil Moisture) et LAI MODIS. Pour cela, le bassin versant du Ferlo est subdivisé en 9 sous-zones « entités homogènes », de même classe de couverture végétale et même type de sol. Sur chacune sont analysées les données de pluie des deux bases de données, l’humidité du sol et le LAI sur la période 2000 – 2010. Dans un second temps, à l’aide d’un modèle de végétation adapté à la région forcé par les pluies satellite, le LAI est simulé sur plusieurs entités et est comparé au LAI MODIS, en appliquant aux simulations les mêmes méthodologies que pour les observations. Les résultats de cette étude montrent une cohérence entre les variations des précipitations des deux bases de données et l’humidité du sol. Les variations du LAI sont plus fortement corrélées aux variations de l’humidité du sol qu’à celles de la pluie. Sur le Ferlo, on observe qu’il faut 2 semaines pour que la végétation réponde à une anomalie de pluie au cours de la saison des pluies. A l’échelle de la saison, la date de démarrage des pluies n’a pas d’incidence sur le maximum de LAI, contrairement à la durée et l’intensité des pauses de pluie. Les entités sur sol sableux (ferrugineux) présentent une meilleure sensibilité aux fluctuations de pluie que celles sur lithosol. De plus, sur les entités situées au Sud-Est, la densité de la végétation arbustive et arborée induit un cycle phénologique différent de celui des herbacées (décalage du maximum de LAI). Le modèle STEP, initialisé avec les données de pluie satellite, reproduit après ajustement la phase de croissance de la végétation dans les entités où les herbacées dominent. La réponse du LAI simulé aux anomalies de pluie est comparable à celles observées, confirmant l’interprétation des observations. Cette étude a permis de définir les paramètres les plus pertinents qui affectent la dynamique de la végétation mais aussi de mettre en évidence les capacités du modèle à décrire le cycle saisonnier de la végétation. / The Sahel is characterized by a strong intra-seasonal variability of rainfall. This variability strongly affects ecosystems during the vegetation growth. The objective of this thesis is to characterize this variability at the local scale from the relationship between rainfall and vegetation dynamics, and to identify relevant indicators to better describe the variability in each season. This study is carried out in the Ferlo’s catchment, a basin located in northern Senegal. The first part is devoted to the characterization of the relationship between rainfall anomalies and growth of vegetation from remote sensing data TRMM3B42, RFE 2.0 SM-ECV (Soil Moisture) and MODIS LAI. Aiming that, the Ferlo basin is divided into 9 zones "homogeneous entity", in terms of vegetation cover class and soil type. For each one are analyzed the rain data from both databases, soil moisture and LAI over the period 2000-2010. In a second time, with a vegetation model adapted to the region forced by satellite rain fields, the LAI is simulated on several entities and is compared to the MODIS LAI, applying on the simulations the same methodologies as for observations. The results of this study show consistency between rainfall variations with both databases and soil moisture. The LAI variations are more strongly correlated with the soil moisture variations than with the rainfall. On the Ferlo, we observe that vegetation needs two weeks to respond to rainfall anomalies during the rainy season. At the season scale, the starting date of the rainy season does not affect the maximum LAI, unlike the duration and intensity of the dry spells. Entities located on sandy soil (ferruginous) have better sensitivity to rainfall fluctuations as those located on lithosoils. In addition, on entities located in the Southeast, the density of the shrub and tree vegetation induces a different phenological cycle than those of the herbaceous (lag of the maximum LAI). The model STEP, initialized with satellite rainfall data, reproduces after adjustment the vegetation growth stage in the entities where grassland dominates. The response of the simulated LAI to the rain anomalies is consistent with those observed, confirming the interpretation of observations. This study allowed to define the most relevant parameters that affect the dynamics of vegetation but also to highlight the capabilities of the model to describe the seasonal cycle of vegetation.

Speculative fiction is a genre that is gaining urgency in the contemporary Canadian literary scene as authors and readers become increasingly concerned with what it means to live in a nation implicated in globalization. This genre is useful because with it, authors can extrapolate from the present to explore what some of the long-term effects of globalization might be. This thesis specifically considers the long-term effects of globalization on communities, a theme that speculative fictions return to frequently. The selected speculative fictions engage with current theory on globalization and community in their explorations of how globalization might affect the types of communities that can be enacted. This thesis argues that these texts demonstrate how Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri’s notion of “cooperative autonomy” can be uniquely cultivated in the conditions of globalization – despite the fact that those conditions are characterized by the fragmentation of traditional forms of community (Empire 392).

A large portion of Earth¿s terrestrial surface is subject to arid climatic water stress. As in these regions the hydrological cycle and the vegetation dynamics are tightly interconnected, a coupled modeling of these two systems is needed to fully reproduce the ecosystems¿ behavior over time and to predict possible future responses to climate change. In this thesis, the performance of three parsimonious dynamic vegetation models, suitable for inclusion in an operational ecohydrological model, are tested in a semi-arid Aleppo pine forest area in the south-east of Spain. The first model considered, HORAS (Quevedo & Francés, 2008), simulates growth as a function of plant transpiration (T), evaluating environmental restraints through the transpiration-reference evapotranspiration ratio. The state variable related to vegetation is R, relative foliar biomass, which is equivalent to FAO crop coefficient (Allen et al., 1998), but not fixed in time. The HORAS model was then abandoned because of its unsatisfactory results, probably due to a poor simulation of evaporation and transpiration processes. As for the other two models, WUE-model and LUE-model, the state variable is the leaf biomass (Bl, kg dry mass m-2 vegetation cover). Both models simulate gross primary production (GPP), in the first case as a function of transpiration and water use efficiency (WUE), in the second case as a function of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (APAR) and light use efficiency (LUE). Net primary production (NPP) is then calculated taking into account respiration. The modelling is focused particularly on simulating foliar biomass, which is obtained from NPP through an allocation equation based on the maximum leaf area index (LAI) sustainable by the system, and considering turnover. An analysis of the information offered by MODIS EVI, NDVI, and LAI products was also performed, in order to investigate vegetation dynamics in the study site and to select the best indices to be used as observational verification for models. MODIS EVI is reported in literature (Huete et al., 2002) to be highly correlated with leaf biomass. In accordance with the phenological cycle timing described for the Aleppo pine in similar climates (Muñoz et al., 2003), the EVI showed maximum values in spring and minimum values in winter. Similar results were found applying the aforementioned WUE- and LUE- models to the study area. Contrasting simulated LAI with the EVI series, the correlation coefficients rWUE = 0.45 and rLUE = 0.57 were found for the WUE-model and LUE-model respectively. Concerning NDVI, its own definition links this index to the ¿greenness¿ of the target, so that it appears highly linked to chlorophyll content and vegetation condition, but only indirectly related to LAI. Photosynthetic pigment concentrations are reported to be sensitive to water stress in Aleppo pine (Baquedano and Castillo, 2006) so, to compare the models¿ results with NDVI, the simulated LAI was corrected by plant water-stress. The resulting correlation coefficients were rWUE = 0.62 and rLUE = 0.59. Lastly, MODIS LAI and ET were found to be unreliable in the study area because very low compared to field data and to values reported in literature (e.g. Molina & del Campo, 2012) for the same species in similar climatic conditions. The performance of both WUE- and LUE- models in this semi-arid region is found to be reasonable. However, the LUE-model presents the advantages of a better performance, the possibility to be used in a wider range of climates and to have been extensively tested in literature. / Pasquato, M. (2013). Comparison of parsimonious dynamic vegetation modelling approaches for semiarid climates [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/34326 / TESIS

In an attempt to understand the micro-dimensional mechanisms of how some individuals come to perpetrate violence against civilians during wartime, this thesis adopts a theory from organisational psychology. By looking at the military as a professional organisation, violence against civilians perpetrated by state armies during wartime is theorised to be the outcome of a process of script error wherein military scripts of non-combatant immunity fail. The theory is applied on the massacre in My Lai, during the Vietnam war. Findings showed that the mechanism of script error did not play out completely as theorised, however that military scripts did dictate behaviour and that a script error was present to some degree as civilians came to be targeted as if they were enemies. Some mechanisms used in previous research on violence against civilians were supported by this study and could also be integrated into the framework of organisational scripts, showing the explanatory value that organisational scripts have to further understand military violence. The study contributes to a deeper understanding of an important historical case, shows the value of introducing organisational psychology into studies of the military organisation and finally helps us further make sense of situations of violent transgression.  organisational scripts, script error, military violence, violence against civilians, mass violence, atrocity, My Lai

Airborne laser scanning has already become an essential part of forest inventories in the Nordic countries and in Canada. However, its wider practical forestry application in the Central European countries is awaiting. In the first part of this thesis, a procedure for modelling of the basic stand variables, especially forest stand volume, was designed using an area-based approach. Not only linear regression was used for modelling but also machine learning (k-nearest neighbor algorithm, Random Forest, Support Vector Machine and neural networks). In the second part, the thesis deals with biomass estimation using the area-based approach and with comparison of the empirical and semi-empirical approaches to modelling. The third part deals with leaf area index (LAI) estimation using penetration indices and LiDAR metrics. The eLAI estimated by optical method is commonly used for model fitting in overwhelming majority of scientific papers. The benefit of this study is usage of LAI derived by destruction method (directly). The thesis as a whole has shown that the airborne laser scanning is also usable in a variety of forestry applications in Central European countries.

Forest coppice biomass, fast growing short rotation coppice (SRC) trees such as willows (Salix) and poplar (Populus) have a substantial potential of storing carbon (C), and has been considered as a sustainable source of woody dry mass. Woody dry mass production, energy efficiency and economic profitability of poplar are important and essential to be studied in Czech Republic. The aim of this PhD thesis was to predict standing woody dry mass, maximize the productivity and quantify the determinants of poplar clone J-105 (Populus nigra × P. maximowiczii) under short rotation coppice (SRC) management on former arable in Czech Republic. This PhD study was carried out in Domanínek, Czech Republic (49°31´N, 16°14´E and 530 m a.s.l.). Plantations were established in high density (9,216 trees ha-1) with single stem hardwood cuttings for verification purposes and to test the performance of poplar clone J-105 on former arable land. The plantations were harvested above 15-20 cm from base in winter 2008/2009 (established in April 2001) and 2009/2010 (established in April 2002). In this thesis, short rotation woody coppice (SRWC) plantations are mentioned as SRWC1 (coppice established in 2009) and SRWC2 (coppice established in 2010), respectively. In spring 2009, SRWC1 was divided into four randomized blocks and treated with three different fertilizers such as minerals [Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), and Potassium (K)], sewage sludge and ash, lime and control (without any treatment of fertilizer). In the plantation SRWC2, no further (at beginning of second rotation-coppice) fertilizer treatment was applied. For the prediction of standing aboveground woody dry mass (AGWDM) in fertilizer treatments and control, allometric equations were developed. The allometric equations thus developed may be considered robust and site specific for poplar clone J-105. After the successful development of allometric equations standing annual AGWDM was estimated followed by annual inventory at the end of each growing season. There were no significant differences observed in allometric equations for AGWDM among the fertilizer treatments (including control) within the year over four years of study from 2011-2014. This experiment was repeated in plantation SRWC2, for which the allometric equation was developed separately, for the purpose of allocation of the aboveground and belowground woody dry mass (BGWDM) at the same site. In this plantation for estimation of AGWDM, allometric equation was developed in 2011 (after two years of plant growth in coppice) and for BGWDM, the equation was developed in 2014 (after more than four years of plant growth in coppice). In SRWC2 plantation, dynamics of annual and cumulative above and belowground woody dry mass were estimated over four years from 2011-2014, where average AGWDM were observed from 8.29 to 11.02 t ha-1 year-1 and average annual BGWDM varied between 2.50 to 3.02 t ha-1 year-1. Growth and wood production mainly depend on photosynthetic area and light efficiency. Therefore, leaf area development including leaf area index (LAI) and leaf area duration (LAD) and radiation use efficiency (RUE) was studied to find a suitable determinant for aboveground woody dry mass production. In the results, maximum leaf area index LAImax was observed to be 9.5 after four years of plant growth in coppice, maximum number of LAD was 185 days after two years of plant growth in coppice and maximum RUE was observed to be 1.3 gMJ-1 in GS4 (growing season four) after four years of plant growth in coppice. LAI and LAD showed a strong positive correlation for AGWDM (R2 values ~1) while RUE showed a moderate positive correlation with AGWDM, where R2=0.50 (p=0.52). This implies that AGWDM is strongly dependent on LAI and LAD. To conclude a robust and site specific allometric equation was developed for poplar clone J-105 and also, this study confirmed that, there was no significant impact of fertilizers for maximizing the AGWDM production on former arable land. For determinants of AGWDM, it confirmed that LAI, LAD and RUE could be a good and reliable predictor of standing AGWDM in SRC poplar clone J-105 on former arable land.

With the use of a process-orientated ecosystem model andmeasurements conducted at different Swedish coniferous forestsites, abiotic and biotic interactions between tree and soilwere identified and related to governing factors. Two differentmodelling approaches to describe soil temperatures at two sitesincluding hydrological transects were tested (I). The approachin which both canopy and soil were considered proved to be amore flexible tool to describe soil temperatures, especiallyduring snow-free winter periods. Five sites along a climatetransect covering Sweden were used to describe soil carbon poolchanges during an 80-year period simulation (II). The dynamicmodelling approach, with a feedback between abiotic and bioticsub-models, was successful in describing simplified patterns offorest stand dynamics and furthermore in differentiatingbetween climate and nitrogen availability factors. The largereffect of nitrogen availability compared to climate on soilcarbon pool changes was clearly shown. Keywords:SPAC; soil surface energy balance; Norwayspruce; canopy; LAI; climate; nitrogen; CoupModel