Thesis (doctoral)--Universität Trier, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 118-129).

Thesis (M.S.)--Missouri University of Science and Technology, 2009. / Vita. The entire thesis text is included in file. Title from title screen of thesis/dissertation PDF file (viewed January 22, 2009) Includes bibliographical references (p. 53-55).

The ability to measure the oxygen saturation, oximetry, of retinal blood both non-invasively and in-vivo has been a goal of eye research for years. Retinal oximetry can in principle be achieved from the measurement of the reflectance spectrum of the ocular fundus. Oximetry calculations are however complicated by the scattering of red blood cells, the different pathways of light through blood and the ocular tissues that light interacts with before exiting the eye. The goal of this thesis was to investigate the influence of red blood cell scattering for different light paths relevant to retinal oximetry. Results of in-vitro whole blood experiments found calculated oxygen saturation differences between blood samples measured under different retinal light paths, and these differences did not depend on the absorbance path length. We also showed that the calculated oxygen saturation value determined by a multiple linear regression Beer-Lambert absorbance model depended on the wavelength range chosen for analysis. The wavelength dependency on the calculated oxygen saturation value is due in part to the correlation that exists between the oxyhaemoglobin and deoxyhaemoglobin extinction coefficient spectra and to errors in the assumptions built into the Beer-Lambert absorbance model. A wavelength region with low correlation between the oxyhaemoglobin and deoxyhaemoglobin extinction coefficients was found that is hypothesized to be a good range to calculate oxygen saturation using a multiple linear regression approach.

Despite the emphasis Proudhon placed on the significance of his ideas on women’s status within society, the patriarchal family, and the conjugal couple for his political thought, scholars of Proudhon display a tendency to bracket off Proudhon’s sexual politics from his general political philosophy. This dissertation comes to grips with Proudhon’s sexism and anti-feminism by first taking Proudhon at his word regarding its importance to his whole political project. I treat Proudhon as a strategist of patriarchal domination in the face of emerging feminist challenges and I argue that his ideas, all of them, should be examined in the light of his own claims about their relation to his anti-feminism. His was a vision of a new patriarchate in which men held full authority within their individual households and, beyond the household, freely associated and federated with each other—in other words, what Proudhon demanded was an anarchism of patriarchs. Proudhon erected the sovereignty of each man out of their absolute mastery over women and crafted mutualism and federalism in order to prevent any intrusion into that sovereignty, making apologetic readings that separate Proudhon’s revolutionary political thought from his patriarchalism difficult to accept. In addition to my engagement with Proudhon’s anti-feminism, this dissertation situates him in the context of 19th century debates around the so-called woman question in French socialism. I have chosen to directly engage with Proudhon’s feminist opponents such as Jeanne Deroin, Jenny d’Héricourt, and Juliette Lambert. On the basis of this feminist literature, this dissertation reconstructs Proudhon’s anti-feminist ideas and agenda dialogically by placing them in opposition to the women whose ideas and movement had actually motivated his writing on the subject in the first place. / Graduate / 2023-08-15

<p>Ballistic and chemical trajectory options to Uranus are investigated for launch dates spanning 50 years. Trajectory solutions are found using STOUR, a patched conic propagator with an analytical ephemeris model. STOUR is heritage software developed by JPL and Purdue, written in FORTRAN. A total of 89 distinct gravity-assist paths to Uranus are considered, most of which will allow for a deep space maneuver (DSM) at some point along the path. For each launch year, the most desirable trajectory is identified and cataloged based on time of flight (up to 15 years), total $\Delta$V cost (DSM and capture maneuver), arrival $V_\infty$, and delivered payload. The Falcon Heavy (Recoverable), Vulcan VC6, Falcon Heavy (Expendable) and SLS Block 1B are considered to provide a range of low- to high-performance launch vehicle capabilities. A rough approximation of Starship's performance capabilities is also computed and applied to select years of launch dates. A flagship mission that delivers both a probe and an orbiter at Uranus is considered, which is approximated as a trajectory capable of delivering 2000 kg. Jupiter is unavailable as a gravity-assist body until the end of the 2020s but alternative gravity-assist paths exist, providing feasible trajectories even in years when Jupiter is not available. A rare Saturn-Uranus alignment in the late 2020's is identified which provides some such trajectory opportunities. A probe-and-orbiter mission to Uranus is feasible for a Vulcan VC6 with approximately 13 year flight times and for a Recoverable Falcon Heavy with approximately 14.5 year flight times. An Expendable Falcon Heavy reduces the time of flight to around 12.5 years and opens up `0E0U' as a gravity-assist path, while the SLS Block 1B typically offers trajectories with 10 to 11 year flight times and opens up more direct `JU' and `U' solutions. With the SLS, flight times as low as 7.5 years are possible.</p> <p>  </p> <p>A new, rapid grid search tool called GREMLINS is also outlined. This new software is capable of solving the same problems as STOUR, but improves on it in three crucial ways: an improved user-experience, more maneuver capabilities, and a more easily maintained and modified code base. GREMLINS takes a different approach to the broad search problem, forgoing $C_3$ matching in favor of using maneuvers to patch together tables of pre-computed Lambert arcs. This approach allows for vectorized computations across data frames of Lambert solutions, which can be computed much more efficiently than the for-loop style approach of past tools. Through the use of SQL tables and a two-step trajectory solving approach, this tool is able to run very quickly while still being able to handle any amount of data required for a broad search. Every line of code in GREMLINS is written in Python in an effort to make it more approachable and easier to develop for a wide community of users, as GREMLINS will be the only only grid search tool available as free and open source software. Multiple example missions and trajectory searches are explored to verify the output from GREMLINS and to compare its performance against STOUR. Despite using a slower coding language, GREMLINS is capable of performing the same trajectory searches in approximately 1/5 the runtime of STOUR, a FORTRAN-coded tool, thanks to its vectorized computations.</p>

Trajectory modeling is one of the most important aspects of any mission design. The trajectory should be able to propagate the S/C to the final destination while optimizing the flight duration, the total change in velocity and also the total launch mass. The Spacecraft Trajectory Optimizer (STO) tool described in this report first solves the Gauss Lambert problem and generates initial departure and arrival conditions which can also be expressed as porkchop plots. These initial conditions are then used as input to optimize the flight steps which are based on a patched conic approximation with the elliptical transfer with respect to the Sun and the hyperbolic transfers at the departure and arrival planet's sphere of influence. The tool is completely based on MATLAB 2007 or later and uses ODE45 for trajectory propagation and FMINCON with Active-set algorithm for optimization. The results obtained in house were compared with four Mars Sample return orbits calculated at ESOC and there is a very good correlation between the required change in velocities and transfer duration for e.g. Orbit case: O22S, ESOC values: total Delta V = 3.946 - 4.119 [km/s], TOF = 329 - 342 [days] &amp; STO values: Delta V = 3:986 [km/s] &amp; TOF = 335 [days]. The in house data was also used as an input in the System Tool Kit (a professional trajectory calculation software) for modeling an interplanetary trajectory to Mars and the S/C arrived at Mars without any optimization. Therefore, even though the STO does not have all the capabilities of a professional software it can be used for preliminary mission analysis as it offers quite accurate results for interplanetary transfers. / <p>Validerat; 20131127 (global_studentproject_submitter)</p>

Histological slides are an important tool in the diagnosis of tumors as well as of other diseases that affect cell shapes and distributions. Until now, the research concerning an optimal staining time has been mainly done empirically. In experimental investigations, it is often not possible to stain an already-stained slide with another stain to receive further information. To overcome these challenges, in the present paper a continuum-based model was developed for conducting a virtual (re-)staining of a scanned histological slide. This model is capable of simulating the staining of cell nuclei with the dye hematoxylin (C.I. 75,290). The transport and binding of the dye are modeled (i) along with the resulting RGB intensities (ii). For (i), a coupled diffusion–reaction equation is used and for (ii) Beer–Lambert’s law. For the spatial discretization an approach based on the finite element method (FEM) is used and for the time discretization a finite difference method (FDM). For the validation of the proposed model, frozen sections from human liver biopsies stained with hemalum were used. The staining times were varied so that the development of the staining intensity could be observed over time. The results show that the model is capable of predicting the staining process. The model can therefore be used to perform a virtual (re-)staining of a histological sample. This allows a change of the staining parameters without the need of acquiring an additional sample. The virtual standardization of the staining is the first step towards universal cross-site comparability of histological slides.

Artistic meaning via visual art and literary fiction is debated in modern aesthetic thought. Language is a cognitive component in postmodernist aesthetic projects. This thesis investigates Maurice Merleau-Ponty's and Paul Ricoeur's writings on painting and language, respectively, whose phenomenological aim is the revelation of being in works of the imagination in tandem with Lambert Zuidervaart's approach to artistic truth which opens the lifeworld to the biotic context of the earth. For him, imaginative disclosure is integral to techno-scientific and art realms. Embodiment, natality, and expression illuminate the problematic of meaning in forms of postmodern visual art. Metaphoric imagination and metaphor are used for metaphor is a principle of articulation, not a figure of speech. Aesthetic projects connect with the lifeworld in a hermeneutic circle of meaning.

This essay investigates the motivation of newly-arrived immigrant students, in the Swedish upper secondary school system, in connection with their simultaneous studies of the Swedish and English language. The essay investigates the students’ motivation as well as their linguistic self-confidence during their simultaneous studies. In order to investigate these factors, this essay uses the operative terms from Gardner and Lambert in their study of student motivation in regards to language learning. These terms codify and structure student motivation into two groups, integrative motivation and instrumental motivation. The former term denoted motivation based on the will to integrative and communicate with native speakers. The latter term instead denoted motivation based on the will to use the language in purely practical terms, for example for advancement in the work force or in educational institutions. This essay also uses the aforementioned term linguistic self-confidence as used by Dörnyei. The term denoted a speaker’s confidence in their own proficiency in a language. The selection process of the study showed that the improvement, of the students’ knowledge, was visible in both languages. However, there was no clear indication as to whether integrative or instrumental motivation had a greater effect on the improvement. Previous research indicates that integrative motivation had been more successful in language learning. The study showed a connection between the students’ linguistic self-confidence and their improvement. This further emphasises the importance for students to recognise their own progress and thus strengthen their linguistic self-confidence, which useful information for language teachers active in a simultaneous language learning situation.

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