The evaluation of policy-relevant economic research requires an ethical foundation. Classical liberal theory provides the requisite foundation for this dissertation, which uses various econometric tools to estimate the effects of shifting some of the property tax from buildings to land in 15 cities in Pennsylvania. Economic theory predicts that such a shift will lead to higher building activity. However, this prediction has been supported little by empirical evidence so far. The first part of the dissertation examines the effect of the land-building tax differential on the number of building permits that were issued in 219 municipalities in Pennsylvania between 1972 and 1994. For such count data a conventional analysis based on a continuous distribution leads to incorrect results; a discrete maximum likelihood analysis with a negative binomial distribution is more appropriate. Two models, a non-linear and a fixed effects model, are developed to examine the influence of the tax differential. Both models suggest that this influence is positive, albeit not statistically significant. Application of maximum likelihood techniques is computationally cumbersome if the assumed distribution of the data cannot be written in closed form. The negative binomial distribution is the only discrete distribution with a variance that is larger than its mean that can easily be applied, although it might not be the best approximation of the true distribution of the data. The second part of the dissertation uses a Markov Chain Monte Carlo method to examine the influence of the tax differential on the number of building permits, under the assumption that building permits are generated by a Poisson process whose parameter varies lognormally. Contrary to the analysis in the first part, the tax is shown to have a strong and significantly positive impact on the number of permits. The third part of the dissertation uses a fixed-effects weighted least squares method to estimate the effect of the tax differential on the value per building permit. The tax coefficient is not significantly different from zero. Still, the overall impact of the tax differential on the total value of construction is shown to be positive and statistically significant. / Ph. D.

THE POSITION OF REAL PROPERTY TAX WITHIN THE TAX SYSTEM OF THE CR SUMMARY The purpose of present thesis is to analyze real property tax within the tax system of the Czech Republic. Present thesis is composed of four chapters and each of them is dealing with different aspects of real property tax. Chapter One is introductory and defines basic terminology and theoretical aspects of taxation in general. The chapter is subdivided into three parts. Part One deals with term "tax" and explains it. Part Two describes types of taxes. Part Three is concerned with elements of the law concept of tax. Chapter Two examines relevant Czech legislation of real property tax. The chapter consists of six parts, which are focused on concrete law elements of real property tax. Chapter Three is subdivided into three parts and provides an outline of municipal authority for real property tax. Each part describes different competence of municipality how to influent real property tax. Chapter Four concentrates on pros and cons resulting from the change of real property taxation in Czech Republic. From 2014 comes into effect new Czech Civil code, which will bring a lot of changes even in taxation. So the proposed amendment of real property tax is taken into account in present thesis. Although change to the ad valorem taxation of real...

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在一個動態體系中，土地在各期的最佳利用方式，將可能隨開發時機而改變，如此，倘若政府土地稅的課徵，會對地主土地開發時序選擇造成影響，則將有影響土地利用的可能。職是之故，土地稅對土地開發時序的影響，就成了政府在課徵土地稅時，必須思索的課題。本文首先重點式的介紹國內外論及此一課題的相關文獻。其次利用現值模型做為分析的架構，得到了以下結論： 　　(1)地主土地開發的最適時機，在將土地開發延後一期之邊際成本等於利益相對之時。 　　(2)在土地開發前適用的稅率高於開發後的狀況下，課徵土地收益稅與地價稅，將加速土地開發。而在開發後稅率高於開發前之情形下，課徵土地收益稅與稅基「永以為定」的地價稅，效果為延緩土地的開發；但課徵稅基為市場價值的地價稅時，效果則不明確。 　　(3)課徵增值稅的效果取於土地前次移轉價值。如果此移轉地價高於（小於）土地開發前純收益之還原價值，則土地增值稅的課徵將加速（延後）土地開發的進行。 　　(4)無論是否課徵土地稅，土地開發前純收益流量的增加，將會導致土土地延後開發。另一方面，提高土地開發後之純收益流量，通常會造成土地開發的提前。不過，在地價稅的課徵係以市場價值做為稅基的情形下，土地開發後純收益流量增加對土地開發時序時影響，視土地開發前後適用稅率的相對大小而定。在土地市場發生閉鎖效果時，課徵土地增值稅將造成部分土地的延後開發。

一般在討論台灣土地稅的文章，很多都從孫中山的土地稅論點發展，對地價變動的「不勞而獲」利益，力主予以課徵，課徵高稅率的土地增值稅，以求社會公平，也從關心社會公平的角度，對地價稅也主張以累進稅方式，用提高稅率方式促進土地利用效率。但本文認為這樣的觀點並不正確。 我們從生產理論推論土地在生產活動，由於生產要素數量比例的調整會產生不同的生產力，進而推論一般認定土地土地價格、數量變動與土地收益變動的關係。地價變化的主因來自土地收益（地租）變化，土地收益變化是「因」，土地價格變化是「果」，處理地價變化問題，重點在對土地收益課稅，也就是地價稅，不是對地價變動課稅的土地增值稅。目前強調對地價稅輕稅，卻對土地增值稅重稅，不僅無法處理孫中山所提出取締「不勞而獲」的問題，甚至讓問題更嚴重。 本文在公平上強調不僅土地資源的應用要公平，貫穿孫中山土地稅的精神，應該所有的生產資源都應一視同仁，由此反推出孫中山過份強調土地的特殊性，導致土地在經濟活動中受到不平等的對待，這樣的不平等，在經濟資源在經濟部門間的移動，導致土地價格更加不合理，也使資源配置更不合理。另一方面，我們也討論孫中山所謂的公平與目前累進稅的公平意義差別，認為現行土地稅採行累進稅，已經偏離孫中山的想法，與原意不合。而累進稅的設計在許多方面並無法促進公平，甚至更不公平。 在效率方面，我們認為價格機能會讓資源配置到最佳狀況，因此地租曲線所呈現的相對土地收益、相對價格是很重要。由於百分之百的土地增值稅會出現閉鎖效果，使得土地增值稅改為累進稅制，這樣就紊亂值本的價格體系，扭曲資源配置，也讓價格資訊原本就不明的狀況更加不透明。不僅於此，連涉及土地收益的地價稅也採行累進稅制。更攪亂土地資源。我們認為土地稅採行累進稅，不僅扭曲孫中山的原意，而且對財富分配助益不大。 再者，我們引進預期及均衡概念去解釋地價變動，實際上，土地交易價格因為含有預期因素，所以交易價格所反映土地購買者的報酬率經常會低於市場狀況，所以土地交易不一定有利。也從均衡的概念推論，一般認定購買土地的報酬率高，其實不正確。若購買土地的報酬率高，則賣土地的人就是傻瓜。 最後，我們引用嘉義市的公告地價、公告現值，印證我們的推論。