L’encadrement juridique d’une personne décédée par le prisme de ses dernières volontés est une situation ordinaire offerte à tout testateur, afin d’anticiper la gestion des conséquences de son décès. Bien que reconnues par le discours juridique comme un indicateur précieux des traitements posthumes à opérer, les dernières volontés ont un caractère supplétif et détiennent, en conséquence, une assise relative dans le discours juridique. Si ce constat prévaut toujours à la lecture des règles formelles, il n’en demeure pas moins que nombre de dernières volontés trouvent à éclore au moment du décès du sujet du droit, sans précisément que ce dernier n’ait effectué une démarche positive. Consacrées depuis la loi Cavaillet dans le cadre spécifique du don d’organes, les présomptions de dernières volontés se développent insidieusement, sans qu’il ne soit toujours possible, y compris pour la personne de son vivant, de connaître leur contenu et leur amplitude. En opérant de la sorte, le discours juridique livre un message inaudible qui atténue la légitimité des dernières volontés. Pourtant, si le travail législatif entrepris est indéniablement perfectible, il a le mérite de laisser entrevoir le statut juridique auquel pourrait désormais prétendre la personne décédée. Ne faut-il pas y voir le signe que l’encadrement juridique des personnes décédées ne devrait pas pouvoir s’opérer autrement que par les dernières volontés ? / The legal framework of deceased people through their last wills is an ordinary situation offered to any testator, in order to anticipate the management of the consequences of their death. Though acknowledged by the legal writings as a valuable indicator of the posthumous process to follow, last will and testament being, by nature, ancillary; it only holds a relative base in the legal discourse. If this observation always prevails over the reading of formal rules, many of the last wishes come out and take effect nonetheless when people die without them having necessarily actively carried out any procedure. Codified since the Cavaillet bill in the specific framework of organ donation, the presumption of last will has developed insidiously, without it being necessarily possible, including for the person during his or her lifetime, to have knowledge neither of their substance nor of their extent. Thus, the implied message one can read between the lines of our current legislation reduces the legitimacy of the last will. However, if the legislative work which has been undertaken is undeniably perfectible, it has the merit of showing the legal status which deceased people could now access. Shouldn’t one take this as a sign that the legal framework of deceased people should only be possible through the respect their last wills?

A dissertação faz um estudo que contempla pesquisa e análise do conjunto de sonetos intitulado A derradeira injúria, composto por Machado de Assis para o livro O Marquês de Pombal: obra comemorativa do centenário da sua morte, publicado em 1885 e editado pelo Club de Regatas Guanabarense. A partir da pesquisa, foi possível resgatar registros e dados sobre a publicação, bem como o contexto social e cultural em que o poema foi escrito. A partir da análise, procurou-se compreender questões formais e interpretativas relativas à poesia que ilustram não apenas essa peça literária específica, como também se relaciona a questões abrangentes e pertinentes à obra poética machadiana. / The dissertation makes a study that includes research and analysis of the set of sonnets entitled A derradeira injúria, composed by Machado de Assis for the book O Marquês de Pombal: obra comemorativa do centenário da sua morte, published in 1885 and edited by the Club de Regatas Guanabarense. From the research, it was possible to retrieve records and data about the publication, as well as the social and cultural context in which the poem was written. From the analysis, it sought to understand formal and interpretative questions related to poetry that illustrate not only this specific literary piece, but also relates to comprehensive questions pertinent to Machado\'s poetic work.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-27T13:49:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FRANCISCO ALBERTIN FERREIRA.pdf: 708318 bytes, checksum: 19f78ea9054dd3ba7002710a07f78b01 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-08-29 / The present dissertation discusses the Last Judgment that is a current theme of investigation. This is due to the fact that the three major monotheistic religions approach it in their religious essence. In judaism, it is related to the acts of piety present in the Old Testament; in christianity, to acts of mercy which involve a compromise of love to God and neighbor and are fundamental for obtaining salvation; and, in Islam, the good or evil that one practices with his brothers are important acts for either gaining paradise or ending in hell. In the first part, the question of text in its context is approached: the social reality of the Roman Empire, of the judeo-christian community, in Antiocus, and the necessity of solidarity that this text expresses. In the second part, there is a complete exegesis in all its steps to the Last Judgment (Matthew 25,31-46), within these, there is the delineation, the structure, the linguistic configuration, the wording, the characteristics of God present in the text and much other exegetical informations. In the third part, the updating of the message of the Last Judgment is presented which has, as its base, three dimensions: the personal, ecclesiastical and social, where, according to Jesus teachings, the acts of mercy, practiced in relation to the least of God s creature, here and now, will be decisive at the Last Judgment, when the Son of Man will judge each according to his acts. / A presente dissertação discorre sobre o Juízo Final que é um tema atual e questionador. Isto se deve ao fato das três grandes religiões monoteístas o abordarem em sua essência religiosa. No judaísmo, está relacionado às obras de piedade presentes no Antigo Testamento; no cristianismo, às obras de misericórdia que envolvem compromisso de amor a Deus e ao próximo e são fundamentais para se obter a salvação; e, no islamismo, o bem ou mal que se pratica com os irmãos são obras importantes para possuir o paraíso ou acabar no inferno. Na primeira parte, é abordada a questão do texto em seu contexto: a realidade social do Império Romano, da comunidade judaico-cristã, na Antioquia, e a necessidade da solidariedade que este texto expressa. Na segunda parte, há uma exegese completa em todos os seus passos sobre o Juízo Final (Mateus 25,31-46), dentre estes, a delimitação, a estrutura, a configuração lingüística, a redação, as características de Deus existentes no texto e muitas outras informações exegéticas. Na terceira parte, é apresentada a atualização da mensagem do Juízo Final que tem, por base, três dimensões: pessoal, eclesial e social, onde, de acordo com os ensinamentos de Jesus, as obras de misericórdia, praticadas em relação aos mais pequeninos, aqui e agora, serão decisivas no dia do Juízo Final, quando o Filho do Homem julgará cada um de acordo com suas obras.

La haute montagne est un terrain particulièrement sensible aux variations climatiques. La hausse de température depuis plusieurs décennies a un fort impact sur les parois du massif du Mont Blanc : la dégradation du permafrost s’y traduit par une activité gravitaire majeure. Une augmentation du nombre d'écroulements (>100 m3) liés à des périodes chaudes a en effet été mis en évidence à plusieurs échelles de temps, lors des étés particulièrement chauds de 2003 et 2015 comme au cours des trois dernières décennies. La fréquence des écroulements dans le massif devrait continuer à s’accroitre avec l’augmentation de la température au 21e siècle.En revanche, la fréquence des écroulements dans le massif antérieurement à la fin du Petit Âge Glaciaire (PAG) est très largement inconnue. Pendant l'Holocène voire le Tardiglaciaire, les écroulements dans le massif du Mont Blanc ont-ils également été favorisés par les hausses de température ? Pour répondre à cette question, cette thèse poursuit quatre objectifs :i. Dater un grand nombre d'écroulements dans la partie centrale du massif pour comprendre leur distribution pendant l'Holocène et le Tardiglaciaire. L'âge des niches d’arrachement est obtenu par datation cosmogénique.ii. Vérifier les possibles corrélations entre périodes à forte occurrence d’écroulements et périodes climatiques post-glaciaires.iii. Quantifier le volume des écroulements par reconstruction 3D de la forme des blocs écroulés, et étudier la relation entre volumes écroulés et périodes climatiques.iv. Etudier la relation entre âge d'exposition et couleur des niches d’arrachement quantifiée avec la spectroscopie de réflectance.Un total de 70 surfaces a été échantillonné dans les parois du massif au cours de trois campagnes de terrain en 2006, 2011, et 2015-2016. Les âges d'exposition de 63 surfaces ont été obtenus, compris entre 30 ± 20 ans et 100.50 ± 8.50 ka. Trois groupes d’âges peuvent être corrélés aux périodes climatiques chaudes que sont : les Périodes Chaudes de l'Holocène moyen (7.50 – 5.70 ka), l'Optimum de l'âge de Bronze (3.35 – 2.80 ka) et le Période Chaude Romaine (2.35 – 1.75 ka) ; un quatrième groupe d'âges est daté entre 4.91 et 4.32 ka. Le groupe d'âges le plus nombreux, entre 1.09 ka et l'Actuel, aux volumes généralement réduits, est interprété comme représentatif de l'activité gravitaire annuelle du massif avec le climat actuel.Les données spectrales des échantillons datés ont permis de développer un index de la couleur du granite (GRIGRI) par combinaison des valeurs de réflectivité de deux longueurs d'onde différentes. Cet index est corrélé avec l'âge d'exposition (R=0.861) ; il a permis de proposer la datation de 10 échantillons d'âge inconnu à partir de leurs caractéristiques spectrales. / High mountain is particularly sensitive to climate variations. The raising temperature that is currently taking place due to climate change has a strong impact on the Mont Blanc massif rock walls: a higher rockfall (>100 m3) occurrence has been noticed, caused by permafrost thawing. The raising in number of rockfalls has been successfully correlated to warm periods at different timescales, e.g., during extreme warm episodes like the 2003 and 2015 heat waves, and during the last 30 years. According to the expected raising temperatures, during the 21st century rockfall occurrence should continue to rise.Rockfall frequency in the Mont Blanc massif before the Little Ice Age is still largely unknown. During Lateglacial and Holocene, high occurrence has been related to warm periods as well? In order to answer this question, this PhD thesis has four aims:i. To date several rockfalls having taken place in the central part of the Mont Blanc massif, in order to understand their frequency during Lateglacial and Holocene. Exposure age of rockfall scars is obtained using Terrestrial Cosmogenic Nuclide dating.ii. To verify possible relationships between high rockfall occurrence periods and post-glacial climate periods.iii. To quantify rockfall volumes by means of 3D reconstruction of the rockfall shapes, to explore the possible relationship between cumulate volumes and climate periods.iv. To study the relationship between exposure ages and colours of rock surfaces. Colours are quantified by reflectance spectroscopy.A total of 70 rock surfaces have been sampled during three field campaigns that took place in 2006, 2011 and 2015-2016. 63 exposure ages were obtained, ranging 30 ± 20 a to 100.50 ± 8.50 ka. Three age clusters can be correlated to warm periods, corresponding to: two Holocene Warm Periods (7.50 – 5.70 ka), the Bronze Age Optimum (3.35 – 2.80 ka) and the Roman Warm Period (2.35 – 1.75 ka). A fourth age cluster has been detected with ages ranging 4.91 – 4.32 ka. The biggest cluster, ranging 1.09 ka – recent, shows rather small volumes. This is interpreted as the normal erosion activity corresponding to the current climate.The samples reflectance spectra allowed to develop a granite colour index (GRIGRI) by combining the values of two different wavelengths. This index is correlated to the samples exposure age (R = 0.861), and has been used to date the exposure age of 10 samples where Terrestrial Cosmogenic Nuclide dating failed

A regiäo de Monte Verde (Camanducaia, MG) está sìtuada a 1500 m de altitude, na porção sul da serra da Mantiqueira. Alvéolos do relevo serrano, como o entroncamento dos córregos do cadete e da Minhoca com o rio Jaguari, junto à sua área urbana, propìciaram o acúmulo de sucessões métricas de sedimentos argilo-arenosos em condiçöes favoráveis à formação de material turfoso e à preservação de palinomorfos. Nesta área, o presente estudo reconstitui, a partir da integração dos registros palinológico, sedimentológico (granulometria e minerais pesados) e geoquímico/isotópico (C e N) de três testemunhos rasos (até 230 cm), a evoluçäo e os possíveis controles sedimentares e paleoclimáticos do cenário paleoflorístico no Quaternário tardio, com especial atençäo para a Floresta de Araucária. O contexto geral registrado nos testemunhos é de planície de inundação fluvial, com cobertura arbórea próxima, e influência varìável de fluxos de encosta. Na parte montante do vale do cadete, obtiveram-se idades compreendidas entre 38695 - 40522 anos cal A.P., em 220 cm de profundidade, e 2060 - 1880 anos cal 4.P., em 5 cm. Na parte inferior da coluna, até cerca de 16000 anos A.P., há indícios de aumento de distalidade para cima. Entre cerca de 16000 e 3500 anos A.P., evidencia-se redução da influência da matéria orgânica de plantas terrestres, em detrimento de algas, possivelmente em momento de abeÍura relativa da cobertura florestal. Os últimos 3500 anos seriam de restabelecimento da cobeÍura florestal, possivelmente já nos moldes da existente hoje, com redução gradual do aporte de areia. Mais a jusante do mesmo vale, as idades ficaram compreendidas entre 26764-26023 anos cal 4.P., em 210 cm de profundidade, e 2350 - 2150 anos cal A.P., em 10 cm, A parte inferior do intervalo, mais antiga que 20830-20370 anos cal A.P., é dominada por influência de áreas fontes locais, graníticas. Em 20000 anos A.P., fontes distais, metamórficas, passam a atuar, com aumento da influência de algas. Nos últimos 5000 a 6000 anos A.P., tem-se o readensamento da Floresta de Araucária, com manutenção de brejos, sob condiçöes climáticas frias e úmidas. Os resultados sugerem que as mudanças climáticas nos últimos 40 mil anos em Monte Verde não foram acentuadas a ponto de exercer grande impacto florístico e que houve predomínio de Araucaria e elementos associados a essa floresta durante todo intervalo estudado, sob condições climáticas frias e úmidas. / he Monte Verde region (Camanducaia, MG) is located in the southern portion of the Mantiqueira Range, with 1500 m of elevation. Relief alveoli, as the junction of cadete and Minhoca creeks with Jaguari River, sited close to the urban area, propitiated the accumulation of metric sucessions of sandy-mud sediments, under cond itions favorable to the formation of peat material and preservation of paìynomorphs. ln this area, the present study integrates palynological, sedimentological (grain size and heavy minerals) and geochemical/isotopic (C and N) records of three shallow cores (up to 230 cm deep) to reconstruct the evolution and possible sedtmentary and paleoclimatic controls of the Laie Quaternary paleofloristic scenario, with special emphasìs in the Araucaria Forest. The general sedimentary context recorded in the cores is a river floodplain close to tree cover areas, and with variable influence of slope flows. On the upstream Cadete valley, were obtained ages of 38695-40522 cal years BP, at the deep of 220 cm, and 2060-1880 cal years BP, at 5 cm. From the bottom of the column until about 16000 BP, there is evidence of increased distality upwards The time interval between about 16000 and 3500 yr BP shows a reduction in the influence of organic matter derived from terrestrial plants, to the detriment of algae, possibly in a moment of relative opening of the forest cover. The last 3500 years would be characterized by the restoration of forest cover, possibly similar to the existing today, with gradual reduction of the sand supply ln the downstream of the same valley, the ages vary from 26,764 fo 26,023 cal years BP, at 210 cm deep, to 2350 to 2150 cal years BP, at 10 cm. The lower part of the sedimentary column, older than 20830-20370 AP\' is dominated by the influence of local granitìc sources areas. ln 20000 years BP, distal metamorphic sources begin to act paralel with a increased influence of algae. over the last 5000-6000 years, a increase of Araucaria Forest is recorded, with maintenance of weflands under cold and wet climatic conditions. This results suggest that climate changes during the last 40 k years in Monte Verde region were not sufficient to exert great floristic impact. Araucaria and associated forest elements predominated during the whole studied interval, under cold and wet weather conditions.

The composition of the atmosphere has changed substantially over Earth's history, with important implications for past climate. A number of case studies will be presented which employ coupled climate model simulations to assess the strength of these chemical feedbacks on the climate. The eruption of Mount Samalas in 1257 led to the largest stratospheric volcanic injection of aerosol precursor gases in the Common Era, however climate model simulations of the last millennium typically overestimate the resulting climatic cooling when compared with tree-ring proxy records. A novel configuration of the Met Office UM-UKCA climate model is presented which couples an atmosphere-ocean general circulation model to a rigorous treatment of the relevant atmospheric chemistry and microphysical aerosol processes. This permits the climate response to a particular stratospheric injection of reactive volatile gases to be quantified and for the first time to date applied to a historical volcanic eruption. This model configuration compares favourably to observational data for simulations of the 1991Mount Pinatubo eruption. Results from an ensemble of model simulations are presented, with different assumptions about the sulfur dioxide and halogen loadings based on a recent geochemical reconstruction. These show a muted climate response, in reasonable agreement with tree ring records. Emissions of halogenated compounds lead to an increase in the sulfur dioxide lifetime, widespread ozone depletion and a prolonged climatic cooling. Strong increases in incident ultraviolet radiation at Earth's surface also occur. Oxygen levels may have varied fromas little as 10% to as high as 35% in the Phanerozoic (541Ma - Present). An increase in atmospheric oxygen increases atmospheric mass which leads to a reduction in incident shortwave radiation at Earth's surface due to Rayleigh scattering. However, this is offset by an increase in the pressure broadening of greenhouse gas absorption lines. Dynamical feedbacks also lead to increased meridional heat transport, warming polar regions and cooling tropical regions. An increase in oxygen content using the HadCM3-BL and HadGEM3-AO climate models leads to a global mean surface air temperature increase for a pre-industrial Holocene base case, in agreement with idealised 1D and 2D modeling studies. Case studies from past climates are investigated using HadCM3-BL which show that in the warmest climates, increasing oxygen may lead to a temperature decrease, as the equilibrium climate sensitivity is lower. For the Maastrichtian (72.1 - 66.0Ma), increasing oxygen content leads to a better agreement with proxy reconstructions of surface temperature at that time irrespective of the carbon dioxide content. There is considerable uncertainty in the timing of the rise in atmospheric oxygen content from values around 1% in the Neoproterozoic (1000 Ma - 541 Ma) to the 10- 35% values inferred in the Phanerozoic with respect to two global glaciation episodes (717-635Ma). Results of simulations with HadCM3-BL which investigate the impact of oxygen content on the Neoproterozoic Snowball Earth glaciations are presented. These demonstrate that a smaller reduction in carbon dioxide content is required to initiate a Snowball Earth at low oxygen content. Geological evidence suggests the presence of a basaltic large igneous province before the Sturtian Snowball Earth episode. This could have caused episodes of paced explosive volcanism, injecting sulfate aerosol precursors into the stratosphere. Results of simulations to investigate the impact of different volcanic aerosol emission scenarios are presented. 500 Tg SO2 is investigated with a range of aerosol sizes. For aerosol size distributions consistent with the aerosol evolution in the aftermath of the Mount Pinatubo eruption, the Earth enters a Snowball Earth in between 30 and 80 years. Using a larger size of aerosols, consistent with a larger eruption, does not lead to a Snowball Earth. These simulations show that changes to the chemical composition of the atmosphere, whether reactive gases or bulk chemical composition may have played an important role in the past climate of Earth.

Typescript (photocopy). / Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

Despite being separated by millions of years of evolution, black bears (Ursus americanus) and brown bears (Ursus arctos) can be difficult to distinguish based on skeletal and dental material alone. Complicating matters, some Late Pleistocene U. americanus are significantly larger in size than their modern relatives, obscuring the identification of the two bears. In the past, fossil bears have been identified based on differences in dental morphology or size. This study used geometric morphometrics to look at overall differences in cranial shape and used step-wise discriminant analysis to identify specific characters that distinguish cranial morphology between black and brown bears. Such differences could prove important in identifying fossil bears when crania are present but teeth are missing. Furthermore, being able to properly identify U. arctos and U. americanus crania is important in understanding evolutionary and ecological distinctions among both fossil and modern bears. Principal components, discriminant, and thin plate spline analyses indicated a clear morphological separation between the crania of U. americanus and U. arctos and highlighted key identifying features including a more convex forehead and a narrower, more elongate rostrum in U. arctos than U. americanus.

This research concerns the history of how the stories—narratives—which people tell about the Port of New Orleans and its related freight transportation have impacted Port-related traffic congestion on the last mile. “Last mile” refers to the last segment of a freight journey. In the context of the Port, it is the distance between the Tchoupitoulas Street exit ramp on US 90 and the entrance/exit of the Clarence Henry Truckway. The Clarence Henry Truckway is a 3.5-mile one way in/one way out dedicated truck route behind the floodwall of the Port on Tchoupitoulas street. Its access is threatened by proposed tourism-related developments. Chapter one is an overview congestion at the Port and developments which will impact access. It gives the context of freight and logistics, economic development, congestion, and the environment. It then turns to an overview of the Port’s history and importance. Chapter two reviews urban studies and anthropology literature relative to freight. Chapter three discusses the primarily archival methodology. Chapter four discusses narrative in nine freight options: the Riverfront Expressway, freight on Decatur Street, Louisiana Avenue and other uptown arterials, extending Leake Avenue behind Audubon Park, a ship lock and channel connecting the Mississippi River with the Mississippi River Gulf Outlet (MRGO), the MRGO itself, replacing the Inner Harbor Navigational Canal (IHNC or “Industrial canal”) lock, New Orleans Public Belt Railroad (NOPB) cars parked along Leake Avenue; and the Port’s proposed shipping container terminal at the Sinclair tract in Meraux, St. Bernard parish. Chapter five discusses the history of the Port freight narrative from organized Port dockworker labor. Chapter six covers the rise of the tourism/convention narrative. Chapter seven is about gentrification and the Port. Chapters eight and nine are a concluding discussion with policy recommendations. This research argues that community narratives are primary in the facilitation of freight transportation infrastructure, rather than economic concerns about its benefit to the Port. The histories of these narratives show that the social and political capital of the potentially affected residents was more powerful than the economic development and job creation narratives of the business community and the Port.

In a multi-stage contest known as a two-player race, players display two fundamental behaviors: (1) The laggard will make a last stand in order to avoid the cost of losing; and (2) the player who is ahead will defend his lead if it is threatened. Last stand behavior, in particular, contrasts with previous research where the underdog simply gives up. The distinctive results are achieved by introducing losing penalties and discounting into the racing environment. This framework permits the momentum effect, typically ascribed to the winner of early stages, to be more thoroughly examined. I study the likelihood that the underdog will catch up. I find that neck-and-neck races are common when the losing penalty is large relative to the winning prize, while landslide victories occur when the prize is relatively large. Closed-form solutions are given for the case where players have a common winning prize and losing penalty. Chapter 2 then experimentally examines the prediction of last stand behavior in a multi-battle contest with a winning prize and losing penalty, as well as the contrasting prediction of surrendering in the corresponding contest with no penalty. We find varied evidence in support of these hypotheses in the aggregated data, but more conclusive evidence when scrutinizing individual player behavior. Players tend to adopt one of several strategies. We develop a taxonomy to classify player types and study how the different strategies interact. The last stand and surrendering behaviors have implications for winning margins and the likelihood of an upset, which we investigate. Behaviorally, players are typically more aggressive when they reach a state in the contest by winning rather than by losing. The third and final chapter is a distinct departure from the study of multi-battle contests. Using comprehensive census data for Cornwall County, England, I create a panel dataset that spans six censuses (1841--1891)—possibly the largest panel dataset for Victorian England at present. I present the methodology for linking individuals and families across these censuses. This methodology incorporates recent advances in census linking (including the use of machine learning) and introduces new methods for tracking migration and changes in household composition. I achieve a forward matching rate of 43%. The additional inclusion of marriage and death records could allow for well over 60% of the population to be accounted for from one census to the next. Using this new panel, I investigate the frequency with which sons pursue the same occupations that they observed their fathers doing while growing up. For sons that did not follow in their father's footsteps, I identify some correlates that may have contributed to the change.