In the years immediately following the Second World War, the main part of Latvian literature was produced by writers living outside Latvia. To this day Latvian literature continues to be written outside Latvia, albeit to a much smaller extent. This study examines those Latvian novels, written outside Latvia after the Second World War, which depict the realities of the early years of exile. The aim of the study is to describe the image of the world of exile as depicted in these novels. Borrowing from Bakhtin's concept of the chronotope, images relating to time and space in these novels are examined in order to discern a mental topography of exile common to all these novels - a chronotope of exile. The novels are read as part of a collective narrative, produced by a particular social group in unordinary historical circumstances. The novels are regarded as this social group’s common perception of its own experience of this historical reality. The early years of exile fall into two distinct periods: first, the period of flight from Latvia and life in and around the Displaced Persons camps of postwar Germany; second, the early years of settling in a new country of residence after emigration from Germany. A model of the perceived world is constructed in order to compare these two periods, as well as their divergence from a standard perception of oneself in the world. This model consists of various time-spaces radiating concentrically out from the individual – ranging from the physically and psychologically near-lying time-spaces of one’s personal and intimate life, through everyday social time-spaces, as well as formal societal time-spaces, to the more distant abstract and conceptual perceptions of one’s place in the universe. Basic human concepts such as home, family, work, intimate relationships, social administration, and most notably the homeland – Latvia – are plotted at various points within these models. Divergences between the models describing the perception of time and space in the two early periods of exile thus become apparent.

Tai pirmasis darbas lietuvių kalbotyroje, kuriame sinchroniniu ir diachroniniu aspektu aprašoma semantinė latvių kalbos vietos prieveiksmių struktūra. Darbą sudaro įvadas ir penkios tiriamosios dalys. Pirmojoje dalyje aprašoma semantinė bendrinės latvių kalbos vietos prieveiksmių semantinė struktūra. Antrojoje – bendrinės latvių kalbos vietos prieveiksmių inventorius lyginamas su dviejų latvių kalbos šnektų (Kalnienos ir Svetciemo) vietos prieveiksmių inventoriais. Remiantis gautais rezultatais įrodoma, kad pasirinktų šnektų vietos prieveiksmių semantinė struktūra nesiskiria nuo bendrinės latvių kalbos. Trečiojoje darbo dalyje aprašoma XVI–XVII a. latvių kalbos tekstų vietos prieveiksmių semantinė struktūra. Ketvirtoje dalyje atkuriami rytų baltų prokalbėje vartoti vietos prieveiksmiai ir semantinė jų struktūra. Remiantis rekonstruota rytų baltų prokalbės vietos prieveiksmių sistema ir XVI–XVII a. semantiniu vietos prieveiksmiu aprašu, paskutinėje, penktojoje, darbo dalyje bandoma nustatyti, kokie sistemos pokyčiai įvyko ikirašytiniu laikotarpiu. / This is the first study in Lithuanian linguistics in which semantic structure of Latvian adverbs of place in the synchronic and diachronic aspect is described. Dissertation consists of introduction and five parts of research. The first part semantically systemizes standard Latvian adverbs of place. In the second, inventory of standard Latvian adverbs of place are compared to inventories of adverbs of place of two Latvian subdialects (Svētciems subdialect and Kalniena subdialect). Due to the results, it is proved that semantic structure of adverbs of place of selected subdialects does not differ from standard Latvian. The third part depicts semantic structure of adverbs of place of XVI–XVII c, confirming present system of the language. The fourth part reconstructs adverbs of place used in Proto-East Baltic language and their semantic structure. On the basis of the reconstructed system of adverbs of place of Proto-East Baltic language and semantic inventory of adverbs of place of XVI–XVII c, the last, the fifth part attempts to define what the alterations were in the system in the pre-written period.

Tai pirmasis darbas lietuvių kalbotyroje, kuriame sinchroniniu ir diachroniniu aspektu aprašoma semantinė latvių kalbos vietos prieveiksmių struktūra. Darbą sudaro įvadas ir penkios tiriamosios dalys. Pirmojoje dalyje aprašoma semantinė bendrinės latvių kalbos vietos prieveiksmių semantinė struktūra. Antrojoje – bendrinės latvių kalbos vietos prieveiksmių inventorius lyginamas su dviejų latvių kalbos šnektų (Kalnienos ir Svetciemo) vietos prieveiksmių inventoriais. Remiantis gautais rezultatais įrodoma, kad pasirinktų šnektų vietos prieveiksmių semantinė struktūra nesiskiria nuo bendrinės latvių kalbos. Trečiojoje darbo dalyje aprašoma XVI–XVII a. latvių kalbos tekstų vietos prieveiksmių semantinė struktūra. Ketvirtoje dalyje atkuriami rytų baltų prokalbėje vartoti vietos prieveiksmiai ir semantinė jų struktūra. Remiantis rekonstruota rytų baltų prokalbės vietos prieveiksmių sistema ir XVI–XVII a. semantiniu vietos prieveiksmiu aprašu, paskutinėje, penktojoje, darbo dalyje bandoma nustatyti, kokie sistemos pokyčiai įvyko ikirašytiniu laikotarpiu. / This is the first study in Lithuanian linguistics in which semantic structure of Latvian adverbs of place in the synchronic and diachronic aspect is described. Dissertation consists of introduction and five parts of research. The first part semantically systemizes standard Latvian adverbs of place. In the second, inventory of standard Latvian adverbs of place are compared to inventories of adverbs of place of two Latvian subdialects (Svētciems subdialect and Kalniena subdialect). Due to the results, it is proved that semantic structure of adverbs of place of selected subdialects does not differ from standard Latvian. The third part depicts semantic structure of adverbs of place of XVI–XVII c, confirming present system of the language. The fourth part reconstructs adverbs of place used in Proto-East Baltic language and their semantic structure. On the basis of the reconstructed system of adverbs of place of Proto-East Baltic language and semantic inventory of adverbs of place of XVI–XVII c, the last, the fifth part attempts to define what the alterations were in the system in the pre-written period.

Šio darbo tyrimo objektas yra lietuvių ir latvių parodomieji įvardžiai, o tikslas – nustatyti jų santykius lietuvių – latvių kalbų vertimuose ir jų keliamas problemas vertėjams. Iškeliama tokia hipotezė: parodomieji įvardžiai vertimuose iš lietuvių kalbos į latvių kalbą dažniausiai, bet ne visada, yra keičiami latvių kalbos parodomaisiais įvardžiais. Darbo medžiaga yra dabar (nuo 2011 metų sausio iki 2012 metų gruodžio) Vytauto Didžiojo universiteto ir Latvijos universiteto bendrai rengiamas lietuvių – latvių lygiagretusis tekstynas. Į šį tekstyną įtraukiami lietuviškų tekstų vertimai į latvių kalbą. Iš šio tekstyno lygiagrečiųjų tekstynų konkordavimo programa ParaConc buvo sudaryti konkordansai pagal lietuvių parodomuosius įvardžius ir tirta, kaip jie verčiami į latvių kalba. Darbas susideda iš penkių dalių. Pirmoji dalis – įvadas, kuriame trumpai aprašytas tyrimo tikslas ir uždaviniai. Antrajame skyriuje nustatoma, kas yra parodomieji įvardžiai ir tarpusavyje lyginami šios grupės lietuviški ir latviški žodžiai. Trečias skyrius skirtas tyrimo metodikai ir panaudojamam tekstynui aprašyti. Ketvirtame skyriuje atliekama iš tekstyno išgautų duomenų analizė. Atskirai apžvelgtas lietuviškų parodomųjų įvardžių vertimas latviškais parodomaisiais įvardžiais; lietuviškų parodomųjų įvardžių vertimas kitais įvardžiais ir kitoms kalbos dalims priskiriamais žodžiais; lietuviškų parodomųjų įvardžių nevertimas. Penktoje dalyje pateikiami darbo rezultatai ir kelios rekomendacijos... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Lithuanian and Latvian demonstrative pronouns are the object of this paper. The aim is to identify their relations in Lithuanian – Latvian translations and the problems they may cause to the translators. The hypothesis is as follows: Lithuanian demonstrative pronouns in Lithuanian – Latvian translations are mostly but not always replaced by Latvian demonstrative pronouns. This research is based on the Lithuanian – Latvian parallel corpus which is now being prepared in two partner universities: Vytautas Magnus University and University of Latvia. In this corpus translations of Lithuanian texts into Latvian are being collected. Concordances of Lithuanian demonstrative pronouns are extracted from this corpus using concordancer ParaConc. It is studied how these pronouns are translated into Latvian. The paper consists of five chapters. The first one is introduction where the aim and tasks are shortly described. The second chapter presents demonstrative pronouns, the definitions of this group and the words that belong to it in Lithuanian and Latvian languages. The third chapter describes methodology and the corpus used in this research. In the fourth chapter analysis of the corpus data is performed. Translation of Lithuanian demonstrative pronouns as Latvian demonstrative pronouns; translation of Lithuanian demonstrative pronouns as other Latvian pronouns or other word classes; and discarding of Lithuanian demonstrative pronouns are discussed. Conclusions and some recommendations... [to full text]

This paper aims to provide a description of two main word-formation categories of Latvian nouns: agent names and action names. It was attempted to divide the collected data (suffix and ending derivatives) into clearly defined word-formation types, to determine the meaning of different word-formation types and productivity of word-formation types, analyse the semantics and structure of derivatives, and to provide a clear systematic description of the formation of the aforementioned Latvian language word formation categories. / Šiame darbe siekiama išsamiai išnagrinėti latvių kalbos veikėjų pavadinimų ir veiksmų pavadinimų darybos kategorijas. Surinktą medžiagą (priesagų, galūnių vedinius) stengiamasi aiškiai suskirstyti į darybos tipus, nustatyti darybos reikšmes ir darybos tipų produktyvumą, išnagrinėti vedinių semantiką ir struktūrą ir pateikti aiškų sisteminį minėtųjų darybos kategorijų darybos latvių kalboje aprašą.

Darbo objektas - dvi pagrindinės veiksmažodinių latvių kalbos daiktavardžių darybos kategorijos - veikėjų pavadinimai (nomina agentis) ir veiksmo pavadinimai (nomina actionis. Disertacijoje siekiama išsamiai išnagrinėti minėtąsias darybos kategorijas - surinktą medžiagą (priesagų, galūnių vedinius) suskirstyti į darybos tipus, nustatyti darybos reikšmes ir darybos tipų produktyvumą, išnagrinėti vedinių semantiką ir struktūrą ir pateikti aiškų sisteminį dabartinės latvių kalbos veikėjų ir veiksmų pavadinimų darybos kategorijų aprašą. / This paper aims to provide a description of two main word-formation categories of Latvian nouns: agent names and action names. It was attempted to divide the collected data (suffix and ending derivatives) into clearly defined word-formation types, to determine the meaning of different word-formation types and productivity of word-formation types, analyse the semantics and structure of derivatives, and to provide a clear systematic description of the formation of the aforementioned Latvian language word-formation categories.

Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka hur lettiska idiomatiska uttryck förstås och används av letter som bor i Sverige. / The aim of this paper is to examine how Latvian idiomatic expressions are understood and how often they are used by Latvians in Sweden. The Swedish Latvians can be grouped as follows: those that arrived in Sweden as a result of the Second World War and have lived here for a greater part of their lives, those that were born in Sweden of Latvian parents, and those that moved here after the reinstatement of Latvian independence in 1991. I shall examine if the Swedish Latvians who have grown up and/or lived in Sweden for many years a) know the meaning of Latvian idiomatic expressions; b) use these idiomatic expressions; and, if used, c) which idiomatic expressions are used most often?

This diploma work is the result of the analytical comparison of mostly written and partly also sourced documents in the meaning of diachronic knowledge and at the same time synchronic even though not really terrain research of Latvian John (Jáni) and Czech St. John the Baptiste (Jan Křtitel) holiday. The way of the processing and the interpretation mostly participates on the ethnological study of verb folklore and changes of ethnocultural traditions of new-age Latvian and Czech nations. Respectively it deals with Central European cultural heritage of both nations, even despite the condition that the generally acknowledged definition of "a nation" is currently non-existent. It was the utmost interest in the folklore that influenced my choice of firstly the bachelor and also the progressive work. The transmission of sociocultural phenomena and manifests of culture of single persons, local society and interest groups are connected with folklore and have their place in the national cultural life. These aims were fulfilled primarily by nationally oriented emancipation of Czech lands, the process connected with social cultural romanticism as from the end of 18th century, so called "national revival". Secondly, they were fulfilled by the outcome of the industry revolution in 19th century in accordance...

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<p>This document is missing page 162. </p> / <p>The prime purpose of the thesis is the assessment of the development of Christian theological education in the context of historico-ideological changes after the disintegration of Marxist hegemony in Eastern Europe with the objective of developing and proposing a model of good theological education for a concrete setting, - a model which may be adaptable in other countries with similar conditions.</p> <p>The thesis delineates with a concise history of Christian theological education and the different methods and models of education have been used and developed. Eleven distinct models of theological education are identified and analyzed.</p> <p>A chapter deals with present status of theological education in Post-Marxist countries. It outlines the historical background of Evangelical Theological Education in Baltic states and the neighboring countries - Russia and Poland. In these countries theological education has been for decades interrupted and hindered by atheistic governments. There follows an analytical survey on the present status of theological education in these countries based on data supplied by twenty three representative institutions of theological education in Eastern Europe. The results are compared with two institutions of Western Europe. The survey includes a variety of pertinent topics, such as the dynamics of founding schools, the general profile of schools, analysis of the student body, economics, governance, faculty, libraries, and course offerings.</p> <p>A substantial chapter is devoted to elaborating the concept of a good theological school in Eastern Europe. The need for a solid philosophical foundation is emphasized. Attention is directed to practical dimensions, such as a balanced course of study; human, financial, and information resources; administration and governance. The section closes with the description of applicable methods for the teaching/learning process, incorporating some innovative approaches.</p> <p>The concluding chapter delineates a proposed model for the Latvian setting, integrating programs for students of specialized streams of study: theological and pastoral, youth and children, evangelism and mission, Christian social ministry, Christian writing and translation.</p> <p>The thesis is written from a Baptist perspective, yet it is Evangelical in its content and, as such, embodies issues pertinent to theological education of related denominations.</p> / Doctor of Ministry (DMin)