Este trabalho apresenta algumas contribuições para uma atualização metodológica e pedagógica do ensino de instrumentos de sopro em aulas coletivas inspirado pelas práticas informais de aprendizagem identificadas por Green (2008), Braga (2005) e Priest (1989) entre outros. As práticas informais são um conjunto de atividades identificadas pela literatura como típicas da música popular ou tradicional que possuem interesse para a educação musical formal. Suas características principais podem ser resumidas como: concessão de espaço e tempo para os alunos improvisarem e experimentarem; livre escolha do repertório e; maior uso de modelos visuais e sonoros dados pelo professor e por gravações trazidas à sala de aula. As práticas informais estão de acordo com a pedagogia de Paulo Freire na medida em que colocam a autonomia como meio de aprendizagem e não apenas como finalidade. A formalização das práticas musicais na direção da escrita e leitura de partituras é um processo antigo correlacionado ao desenvolvimento do racionalismo na história do pensamento ocidental em sua busca pela precisão, segundo Koellreutter (Brito, 2007). O caminho que as práticas musicais tomaram teve seu ápice no século XIX, sendo que o sistema de ensino dos conservatórios constituído nesta época perdura até os dias de hoje na educação musical, em especial no ensino formal e tradicional. É só a partir da segunda metade do século XX que os trabalhos de educação musical procuraram reequilibrar o processo de transmissão da música em busca da oralidade e da subjetividade que quase se perdeu. Este trabalho procura ser mais uma contribuição nesta direção. A pesquisa procurou implementar as práticas informais seguindo em linhas gerais o modelo sugerido por Green (2008) mas também incorporando as contribuições de outros autores como Braga (2005) e Priest (1989) no curso de iniciação aos instrumentos de sopro do Guri. O foco principal foi a análise do comportamento dos alunos perante as atividades, geralmente pouco estruturadas, bem como de seu desenvolvimento musical ao longo das aulas, utilizando o método de pesquisa baseado no estudo de caso instrumental. Apesar de vários percalços ao longo do trabalho, os resultados obtidos foram bastante favoráveis a adoção destas práticas e corroboram com as ideias de Green (2008). Tanto no que diz respeito a tocar a melodia escolhida pelos próprios alunos, como nas improvisações, vários deles demonstraram bastante desembaraço e independência. Também se observou que, por serem uma forma mais direta e musical de se aprender, as práticas informais permitiram aos alunos lidar com materiais musicais muito mais ricos e complexos do que em um curso tradicional. Por outro lado estas práticas pareceram mais adequadas para os alunos mais velhos, uma vez que estes tendem naturalmente a ter mais voz no grupo e a exercer mais plenamente a sua autonomia, inibindo os mais jovens que talvez tivessem sido beneficiados por mais apoio docente. / This work presents some contributions for a methodological and pedagogical update to the teaching of woodwind instruments in group lessons based on informal learning practices identified by Green (2008), Braga (2005) and Priest (1989) among others. Informal learning practices are a set of activities identified in the literature as typical of popular or traditional music which are of interest for formal music education. Their main characteristics can be summarized as: granting time and room for the student\'s experimentations and improvisations; freedom to choose their musical repertoire; enhanced use of visual and sound role models exposed by the teacher and by musical recordings brought to the classroom. Informal practices are in harmony with Paulo Freire\'s pedagogy since they place autonomy as a mean of learning and not only as a goal. Following Koellreutter (BRITO, 2007), the formalization of musical practices towards the writing and reading of musical scores is a very old process related to the development of rationalism in the history of the western thought in its aim for precision. The path taken by musical practices had their pinnacle at the 19th century, when the conservatory learning system developed, which persists until today mainly in formal traditional education. It is only on the second half of the 20th century that the studies in musical education seek to balance the music transmission process towards an almost gone oral tradition and subjectivity. The present work tries to make a contribution in this direction. The research attempts to implement the informal practices according to the general guidelines of the model proposed by Green (2008), incorporating also the contributions of other authors like Braga (2005) and Priest (1989), in the beginner class of woodwind instruments at Guri program. The main focus of the analysis was on the responses of the students along the generally non-structured activities as well as their musical development throughout the course, using the research method based on instrumental case study. Despite several setbacks during the research, the results were highly favorable to the adoption of those practices and corroborate with Green\'s (2008) ideas. In terms of student\'s success in playing the tunes chosen by them, as well as in improvising several of them showed self-sufficiency and were at ease with the instrument. As the Informal Learning Practices are a more musical and nonmediated way of learning, the students were able to deal with a richer and more complex musical content. On the other hand those practices seemed more suitable to older students since they tend to have a more active role in the group and to exercise more fully their autonomy, inhibiting the youngest, that would probably have benefited from more teacher\'s support.

It seems that for many people, spaces on the web are an integral part of their lives. This may include seeking out learning opportunities in online communities. There is plenty of buzz about these cyberspaces whether they are part of new social media configurations or commercialized product-related spaces cultivated by enterprises. It is important to explore how online spaces mayor may notcreate new locations of educational possibilities for workers. The subtle, and sometimes not so subtle, fusion of these technologies into work-learning practices warrants attention. This research project focuses on online communities as sites of learning, with an over-arching question of: How do self-employed workers experience informal work-related learning in an online community? Community can describe a gathering of people online that is organic and driven by a shared interest. These online spaces may also be purposefully nurtured by professional associations, workplaces, or businesses. This research project focuses on these spacesoutside the auspices of formal online courses. I draw on Actor Network Theory (ANT) to explore how work-learning is enacted in online communities and the implications of the intertwining of people and objects in multiple, fluid and distributed actor-networks. I also use the notion of legitimate peripheral participation from Situated Learning theory to explore how different possibilities for learning are shaped by locations and trajectories within a work practice and larger community of practitioners. Data was collected by interviewing 11 self-employed workers and then following the actors as objects of interest surfaced. This dissertation is a collection of five papers as well as introduction and conclusion chapters and a background chapter on ANT. Findings explore notions of online collectives shifting to more networked configurations, the complexity of work-learning practices unfolding in multiple spaces, contradictions between Web2.0 rhetoric and practices as different associations with knowledge and novel ways of knowing are enacted, and questions about the politics of technology that emerge from uncertainties around delegation, invisible practices, and necessary literacies. Given the need to pull objects out of the background and into critical inquiry, I also explored how a researcher interviews technology objects as participants in a study. / Adult Education

The purpose of this research is to analyze business incubators and the relevant factors that take place inside these organizations. The methodology used was a case study approach, which investigates a real environment, in this case: NeoEmpresa, a business incubator located in La Paz, Bolivia. The explanatory approach is also considered in this research since the purpose is to explain the business incubation characteristics as well as understand the importance of knowledge transfer and network creation inside business incubators. The findings propose that the most adequate incubation model strongly depends on the incubator’s main purpose and that the learning practices that take place inside an incubator involve knowledge transfer, more considered experience transfer, and networking as relevant factors.

The purpose of this study was to identify and describe the associations between systemic equity pedagogy (SEP) practices in highly diverse high schools and their students' science achievement and college readiness. This study focuses on science programs in ten highly diverse Texas high schools serving students who exhibit high science achievement and college readiness. According to the Policy Research Group in Science Education, only two percent of all culturally diverse high schools within the state of Texas demonstrate high science achievement and college readiness on state-tracked school-level indicators. Transforming a school context where achievement disparities exist among student groups in science classrooms necessitates that public school officials understand key factors, or “drivers,” and associated indicators contributing to SEP in programs. A model for programs is suggested using a framework for SEP based on data collected from ten highly successful, high diversity high schools. The following research questions address the research gap regarding indicators of SEP associated with high science achievement and college readiness in highly culturally diverse high schools. How do data from ten highly successful, high diversity high schools inform the development of a comprehensive SEP rubric? How do high achieving high schools of culturally diverse student populations score on a comprehensive SEP rubric? How do teachers’ perceptions toward implementing SEP practices vary in different schools? Three research papers detail the research of this dissertation. The purpose for the first paper is to increase understanding of indicators facilitating systemic and equitable teaching and learning practices, otherwise referred to as systemic equity pedagogy (SEP). Results of the study show indicators of a comprehensive SEP rubric. Together, 127 indicators, thirty categories, and eight SEP drivers form a model framing equitable teaching and learning practices associated with high science achievement and college readiness. In conclusion, indicators within the SEP rubric can be described as action-oriented descriptors that science teachers engage formally or informally in order to facilitate quality science education for all students. The purpose for paper two is to score equitable teaching and learning practices in highly successful high school science programs based on the SEP rubric. Findings reveals that implementation of various equitable teaching and learning practices vary across science programs and these practices can be described as both pedagogical and non-pedagogical. In conclusion, varying degrees of implementation exist for indicators in the SEP rubric. In paper three, the purpose is to understand science teachers’ attitude and approach toward implementing systemic teaching and learning practices. Results from this study provide scores that indicate science teachers’ perceptions of their approach to SEP. This study concludes by suggesting high achieving science programs may operate within a continuum for implementing equitable teaching and learning practices.

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Submitted by Marlene Santos (marlene.bc.ufg@gmail.com) on 2016-09-27T18:18:21Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Charles Lourenço de Bastos - 2016.pdf: 12654827 bytes, checksum: 1184483af362b85915e2f86b681aa123 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-09-28T12:27:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Charles Lourenço de Bastos - 2016.pdf: 12654827 bytes, checksum: 1184483af362b85915e2f86b681aa123 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-28T12:27:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Charles Lourenço de Bastos - 2016.pdf: 12654827 bytes, checksum: 1184483af362b85915e2f86b681aa123 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This work observations are made about some ways in which it is possible to teach and learn geometry through the representations. For this, we treat the mathematical language, understanding of the modes of representation and the teaching of geometry combined with other areas of Mathematics in Basic Education. The literature search included a brief study of geometry teaching in the public schools, exploring the presence in textbooks of history of mathematics, problem solving and representations. We note also, some of my teaching practices that relate dierent ways of representing and representations through real objects and computing resources. / Neste trabalho são feitas observações sobre algumas formas em que se é possível ensinar e aprender geometria através das representações. Para isso, tratamos da Linguagem matemática, do entendimento dos modos de representação e do ensino de geometria aliado a outras áreas da Matemática no Ensino Básico. A pesquisa bibliográfica contemplou um breve estudo sobre o ensino de geometria nas escolas públicas, explorando a presença em livros didáticos da história da matemática, da resolução de problemas e das representações. Indicamos também, algumas das minhas práticas de ensino que relacionam diferentes formas de representar e de representações através de objetos reais e de recursos Computacionais.

This thesis focuses on the adaptation of formal education to people’s technology- use patterns, theirtechnology-in-practice, where the ubiquitous use of mobile technologies is central. The research question is: How can language learning practices occuring in informal learning environments be effectively integrated with formal education through the use of mobile technology? The study investigates the technical, pedagogical, social and cultural challenges involved in a design science approach. The thesis consists of four studies. The first study systematises MALL (mobile-assisted language learning) research. The second investigates Swedish and Chinese students’ attitudes towards the use of mobile technology in education. The third examines students’ use of technology in an online language course, with a specific focus on their learning practices in informal learning contexts and their understanding of how this use guides their learning. Based on the findings, a specifically designed MALL application was built and used in two courses. Study four analyses the app use in terms of students’ perceived level of self-regulation and structuration. The studies show that technology itself plays a very important role in reshaping peoples’ attitudes and that new learning methods are coconstructed in a sociotechnical system. Technology’s influence on student practices is equally strong across borders. Students’ established technologies-in-practice guide the ways they approach learning. Hence, designing effective online distance education involves three interrelated elements: technology, information, and social arrangements. This thesis contributes to mobile learning research by offering empirically and theoretically grounded insights that shift the focus from technology design to design of information systems.

Dans cette étude ethnographique menée dans les villages ruraux du bas-Tapajós (commune de Santarém, Amazonie brésilienne), j'examine comment, en l'absence de transmission explicite, sont acquis les savoirs pratiques, l'art du récit, le sens de la hiérarchie et la maîtrise émotionnelle. L'observation fine des interactions entre les personnes plus expérimentées et les novices, quel que soit leur âge, permet d'établir une modalité propre à ces populations dont la pédagogie peut paraître paradoxale. Les plus expérimentés ne font rien pour faciliter la tâche aux novices, ils n'ont aucune attitude pédagogique à proprement parler, si ce n'est précisément de multiplier les obstacles de diverses manières, y compris en leur interdisant souvent de participer aux activités. En somme, le novice n'a le droit d'intégrer une activité que lorsqu'il l'a maîtrise suffisamment, aux yeux des personnes plus expérimentées qui la mènent. L'erreur est très peu tolérée. Les maladresses ou gaucheries sont immédiatement sanctionnées par le sarcasme mordant des plus expérimentés, qui se positionnent comme les « maîtres du savoir », un savoir dont ils gardent jalousement l'accès et qu'ils ne partagent qu'avec parcimonie, lorsque leur intérêt immédiat en dépend. L'hypothèse qui résulte de mon enquête est que cette modalité singulière de transmission doit se comprendre en fonction du contexte culturel du Tapajós dans lequel elle s'insère ; un contexte marqué par la hiérarchie intergénérationnelle et par un style relationnel empreint de dérision et d'antagonisme. La modalité de l'apprentissage que j'ai appelée « malgré les adultes » contribue de manière décisive à ce que le novice acquière des compétences valorisées au sein de ce groupe. Ces compétences sont indispensables à la construction de la personne chez des riverains du Tapajós, même si elles n'apparaissent pas dans les diverses représentations explicites que ces riverains se font de leur propre « culture ». / In this thesis I analyze learning practices that take place in the everyday life (outside of school or other institutional setting) of three villages in the Amazonian region of the Tapajós River basin in Brazil. I examine, particularly, the transmission of practical knowledge (hunting, fishing, agricultural tasks), the art of storytelling, the sense of hierarchy and the acquisition of emotional control. In depth observation of interactions between more experimented persons and novices, whatever their age, reveal a way of learning that can seem paradoxical. While the learners may be keen participant observers, more experimented persons, who serve as role models somewhat despite themselves, display little interest in collaborating with novices or evince much empathy for them. Mistakes are scarcely tolerated. Clumsiness or bungling immediately trigger sarcastic comments from the more experienced, who position themselves as "masters knowledge", a knowledge they share with parsimony, only when their immediate interest is at stake. The hypothesis that stems from my fieldwork is that this unusual learning modality can only be understood if we consider broader aspects of social relationships among peoples of the Tapajós ; relations that are marked by hierarchy between generations and an interactional style tinted with antagonism and mockery. The way of learning I named "despite adults" contribute decisively to the novices' acquisition of valued competences. These competences are directly implied in the construction of personhood among the river-dwellers of the Tapajós, even if they don't appear in any of the divers representations they make of themselves. / Esta tese apresenta uma etnografia de situações de aprendizagem não escolares na região do rio Tapajós (estado do Pará). Da observação das interações entre pessoas mais e menos experientes, quaisquer que sejam suas idades, é possível depreender uma modalidade de aprendizagem própria a essas populações que, à primeira vista, parece sem dúvida paradoxal. Os mais experientes não facilitam em nada o processo de aprendizagem daqueles que são, às vezes muito pouco, menos experientes que eles. Na verdade, qualquer que seja a diferença de idade ou de competência (e mesmo entre pais e filhos), o que se observa é que aqueles que têm mais traquejo e experiência impedem ou dificultam muito a participação de qualquer pessoa que eles consideram ainda "não garantir" uma performance adequada na atividade em questão. Erros são mal tolerados; nada mais distante da modalidade local de aprendizagem que a ideia de que "é errando que se aprende". Nas interações quotidianas o sarcasmo é manifesto e é nesse registro, com provocações ou com deboche, que os deslizes são recebidos. No Tapajós, as pessoas mais experientes se comportam assim como "donos" de um saber que eles partilham parcimoniosamente, sobretudo quando seus interesses imediatos estão em jogo. A hipótese que a análise do material etnográfico me permite formular, é a de que essa modalidade particular de aprendizagem deve ser entendida considerando o contexto cultural do Tapajós no qual ela se insere; um contexto marcado pela hierarquia intergeracional e por relações sociais fortemente antagônicas. A modalidade de aprendizagem que designei pela expressão "apesar dos adultos" (ou "apesar das pessoas mais experientes", e, em português, "apesar de você") contribui de maneira decisiva à apropriação de competências extremamente valorizadas localmente. São competências cuja apropriação é intrinsecamente ligada ao processo de construção da pessoa para os ribeirinhos do Tapajós (mesmo que não seja a essas competências que eles façam referência nos diversos discursos que eles têm sobre sua própria "cultura").

<p>The study&rsquo / s main starting premises is that there is a disjuncture between the rich educational engagements of these students in their environmental space and how their learning practices are framed, informed and positioned in the institutional space. My study is underpinned by an interpretivist paradigm in terms of which I set out to describe and understand the meanings that the student respondents assign to their learning practices when they are involved in discursive practices of speaking, knowing, doing, reading and writing. Qualitative research instruments: field notes, participant and non-participant observations and formal and informal interviews were used in order to answer my research question and achieve the desired research aims of this thesis. The findings are presented in a narrative format after deriving at categories and themes using narrative analysis. Finally, my research shows how these students are positioned in and by their lived spaces (whether environmental or institutional) in specific ways, and they, based on their own resources, networks and interactions, and by exercising their agency, actively construct their own spaces of learning. I describe these active constructions by these students as their &lsquo / conceptual space of learning&rsquo / to highlight the complex ways in which they go about to establish their learning practices in their lived spaces. The study provides an analysis of the basis upon which each of these four students go about constructing their learning practices.</p>

The issue of this dissertation is the relationship between Vocational Education and Training (VET) in general and VET for building and construction in particular, as well as implications of the fact that Swedish VET is carried out both in school and in working life. Vocational construction education includes a three year Construction Programme at upper secondary school followed by two to three years of on-the-job training in the construction industry. In this case study of an upper secondary Construction Programme, the school based daily instruction as well as work based training, is explored and documented. These constitute a base for descriptions and analysis of education as a whole from the perspective of Cultural Historical Activity Theory (CHAT). The aim of the analysis is to identify the main motives for vocational construction education. The case study results are further based on descriptions and CHAT-analyses of the historical development of construction work as well as of Swedish VET in general and of vocational construction area in particular. The case study illustrates that two activities form vocational construction education; the dominating activity being construction production, and school-activity. The terms of construction industry seem to greatly determine the realisation of the school based construction production activity.  E.g. teamwork is emphasised in both activities. The school activity is marked by the implementation of infusion of core subjects by vocational subjects, aimed at preparing the students for continued professional development in the trade. The conclusion drawn here is that the new Swedish apprenticeship seems to contribute to a narrow professional knowledge base, whereas the use of infused core subjects seems to contribute to a broader professional knowledge base.