After a full first term without any Supreme Court nominations, and almost no cooperation from the Court in regards to the New Deal, President Franklin D. Roosevelt decided to introduce a Court-packing plan into the Legislature that would allow him to add six new justices to the Court if necessary. The Bill failed in both the House and Senate but time allowed Roosevelt to have his chance to “pack” the court. Roosevelt nominated some of the best justices the Court has seen, and with their service the Supreme Court was forever changed.

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The purpose of this study was to understand the governance of Olympic Games legacy. Legacy is broadly described as “all planned and unplanned, positive and negative, intangible and tangible structures created by and for a sport event that remain for a longer time than the event itself” (Preuss, 2007a, p. 86). The specific objectives of this study were: a) to map the historical evolution of legacy throughout the modern Olympic Movement (OM) (i.e., 1896-current day) in order to contextualize and conceptualize the major trends (e.g., changes in legacy, network actors/stakeholders, governance structures and processes) over time; b) to understand, explain, and compare/contrast the network governance of Olympic legacy, using Australian and Canadian case settings; and c) to critically analyze the overall structure and process of the governance of legacy within the OM focusing specifically on the aspects of performance, transparency, accountability, and participation to build a framework and provide policy recommendations for the governance of legacy in mega-events. In order to accomplish these objectives, a historical review of legacy within the OM and two descriptive case studies (Sydney 2000 and Vancouver 2010) were built using interviews and archival materials. Findings showed how the growth of the Games has culminated in the increased use and importance of legacy, leading to greater concept complexity. This resulted in the emergence of several trends including: new legacy themes, heightened interconnectedness, and formalization of governance mechanisms. Institutional theory was then applied to further explore the emergence of legacy and its habitualization, objectification, and sedimentation as an accepted norm in the Olympic Field. The examination of the legacy governance networks in the two cases showed four legacy network governance phases: legacy conceptualization, legacy planning and implementation, legacy transfer, and post-Games legacy governance, as well as a number of governance mechanisms (e.g., contracts, policies) that had an impact on the overall governance of the event’s legacy. Finally, a critical analysis of the governance of Olympic Games legacy was completed. The end result of the research project was a theoretical framework detailing the levels and fluidity of legacy governance in the OM.

Prescribed burns are employed in the southern boreal forest of northwest Ontario, Canada, as a method of re-instating fire in this fire-dependent landscape. They are also used to manage fuel loads associated with tree mortality from defoliating insects and from blow-downs, as well as in-site preparation following harvest. The natural fire season in boreal Canada typically runs from April through September and is most often characterized by stand replacing fires. However, prescribed burns in northwestern Ontario are mostly scheduled for October when fire crews and equipment are available and fire hazard is reduced. In this study, three recent fires: a spring prescribed natural fire, a summer wildfire, and a fall prescribed burn were examined to assess the effect of season on post-fire legacies in red-pine mixedwood stands in Quetico Provincial Park, northwestern Ontario. Legacies were assessed by tree, shrub and herb species composition, and by measurements of structure such as litter depth, basal areas of live trees and coarse woody debris. Tree species diversity was nearly identical. Post-fire stand structure varied widely between the different sites. The spring treatment experienced the least mortality of trees (10% of basal area dead); the summer treatment had the highest mortality (100%); and the fall prescribed burn was intermediate with 49% dead. The effect of the fall burn on the forest was probably more intense than that of a comparable natural fall fire because of the way in which it was managed, thus partly compensating for the late season. <br /><br /> This research suggests that all fires are not equal. Different post-fire structure will have lasting ecological implications such as varying edge to interior ratios, and forest habitats. From a policy perspective this is important because maintaining ecological processes including fire is mandated for some provincial parks. In addition, the new Fire Policy for Ontario has established targets to limit wildfires, and permit ecologically renewing fires, without recognition of the variability of the effects of fire or fire legacies.

Prescribed burns are employed in the southern boreal forest of northwest Ontario, Canada, as a method of re-instating fire in this fire-dependent landscape. They are also used to manage fuel loads associated with tree mortality from defoliating insects and from blow-downs, as well as in-site preparation following harvest. The natural fire season in boreal Canada typically runs from April through September and is most often characterized by stand replacing fires. However, prescribed burns in northwestern Ontario are mostly scheduled for October when fire crews and equipment are available and fire hazard is reduced. In this study, three recent fires: a spring prescribed natural fire, a summer wildfire, and a fall prescribed burn were examined to assess the effect of season on post-fire legacies in red-pine mixedwood stands in Quetico Provincial Park, northwestern Ontario. Legacies were assessed by tree, shrub and herb species composition, and by measurements of structure such as litter depth, basal areas of live trees and coarse woody debris. Tree species diversity was nearly identical. Post-fire stand structure varied widely between the different sites. The spring treatment experienced the least mortality of trees (10% of basal area dead); the summer treatment had the highest mortality (100%); and the fall prescribed burn was intermediate with 49% dead. The effect of the fall burn on the forest was probably more intense than that of a comparable natural fall fire because of the way in which it was managed, thus partly compensating for the late season. <br /><br /> This research suggests that all fires are not equal. Different post-fire structure will have lasting ecological implications such as varying edge to interior ratios, and forest habitats. From a policy perspective this is important because maintaining ecological processes including fire is mandated for some provincial parks. In addition, the new Fire Policy for Ontario has established targets to limit wildfires, and permit ecologically renewing fires, without recognition of the variability of the effects of fire or fire legacies.

<p>Ett ökande behov av metadata har identifierats och i många verksamheter finns ett behov att skapa och lagra metadata som beskriver någon typ av data. Detta har drivit på studier av datakataloger som betraktas som lösningen på metadatabehovet. Detta arbete har behandlat att specificera ett dokumenthanteringssystem byggd på en datakatalog för en verksamhet i en utförd fallstudie. Den behandlade dokumentdatakatalogen inkluderar en ontologi för att skapa ändamålsenlig sökning i en legacymiljö.</p><p>I den framtagna specifikationen på arkitekturavgränsningar för en dokumentdatakatalog är det kännetecken såsom integrerad, skalbar, robust, anpassbar och öppen som införlivar en sund arkitektur. I specifikationen ingår även ett antal krav som utöver kännetecknen bör följas för en god arkitektur. Komponenterna checkin/checkout och versionshantering presenteras som nödvändiga i en datakatalog för dokumenthantering. Övriga komponenter i en datakatalog anses ej vara nödvändiga i en begränsad dokumentdatakatalog men däremot användbara, dessa komponenter är följande: konfigurationskontroll, notifikation och kontexthantering.</p><p>Ontologi är ämnet om kunskapsrepresentation och för att erhålla ändamålsenlig sökning för verksamheten i datakatalogen behövs en ontologi som passar verksamhetens behov. Flera existerande ontologier utvärderades, dock fanns ingen ontologi som var tillräckligt specialiserad för området. Därför utvecklades en skräddarsydd ontologi vilken integreras med datakatalogens informationsmodell som anger strukturen på datakatalogens metadata.</p><p>Som sista steg i genomförandet skapades en fysisk realisationsspecifikation på en dokumentdatakatalog för verksamheten i fallstudien. Resultaten från de tidigare stegen i genomförandet användes som grund för arkitekturen. Dessutom utnyttjades egenskaper från legacymiljön vilken begränsar mängden av tillgängliga lösningar.</p><p>Trots att den resulterande dokumentkatalogen är skräddarsydd för verksamheten är stora delar av arbetet tillämpbart på andra verksamheter. De olika delresultaten är även bidrag, den flexibla och utbyggbara ontologin är tillämpbar på andra relaterade verksamheter. Arkitekturspecifikationen och realisationsspecifikationen är generella nog för att fungera på datakataloger oavsett informationsinnehåll. Dessa kan därför användas vid byggande av dokumentkataloger för andra verksamheter</p>

Recent research on teachers’ achievement goals suggests that the teacher with a mastery goal is more likely to retain a high degree of interest in teaching, more willing to seek help with their teaching, and less likely to report professional ‘burnout.’ Section one of this study extends this line of research by testing the hypothesis that teachers with mastery goals toward teaching are more likely to display the traits of the adaptive expert. Achievement goals and adaptive expertise are measured for a sample of secondary school mathematics teachers who have attained National Board Teacher Certification. A multiple regression model is used with score on the adaptive expertise measure as the dependent variable and four independent variables. The second part of this study proposes the development and evaluation of a challenge-based model of professional development. The Legacy Cycle has been used extensively to teach transfer and adaptive expertise to college students. It has not been used, however, in the professional development of teachers. A professional development program using the Legacy Cycle for teaching high school Algebra teachers how to implement a new conceptually-based Algebra 1 curriculum is proposed. Its accompanying evaluation plan will enable further exploration of the role teacher goal orientation and school climate play in a teacher’s willingness and ability to innovate; and if having an adaptive expert in the classroom can improve student learning. / text

This study sought increase student understanding of nutrition with the use of technology. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of using technology, in the form of the legacy cycle, on student understanding of nutrition, with a particular interest in at risk students. Ninth grade students participated in either a legacy cycle lesson or a traditional classroom instruction that taught facts about genetically modified organisms (GMO’s) and the controversy that surrounds GMOs integration into the diet of the world. Analysis of pretest, posttest, and one-week retention test scores showed that there was no significant difference between the two teaching methods, although both were effective at teaching the concepts. This study showed that the legacy cycle could be incorporated in the academic classroom without detriment to student learning. / text

Software engineering is defined as the application of the systemic, disciplined, quantifiable approach to the development, operation, and maintenance of software. It is the application of engineering to software. The classic life-cycle paradigm for software engineering includes: system engineering, analysis, design, code, testing, and maintenance. Maintenance is needed to ensure that the system continues to satisfy user requirements. The system changes due to corrective and non-corrective maintenance. According to Martin and McClure, maintenance must be performed in order to: • Correct errors; • Correct design flaws; • Interface with other systems; • Make enhancements; • Make necessary changes to the system; • Make changes in files or databases; • Improve the design; • Convert programs so that different hardware, software, system features, and telecommunications facilities can be used. Accordingly, software must evolve and be maintained. This paper addresses the maintenance portion of PAT life-cycle. There are several improved architecture models presented witch make maintenance and evolution of PAT easier. Among the presented architecture models there is one model (with five layers) witch was adapted to the system. The new system’s efficiency was compared with the old one’s. This paper also contains a new architecture model witch could be adapted to the new systems. The main purpose of this architecture is to separate graphical user interface from system’s business logics... [to full text]

No description available.