名古屋大学年代測定総合研究センターシンポジウム報告

Ever since the military takeover of 1952, the post-monarchic political system of Egypt has been dependent upon a variety of mechanisms and structures to establish and further consolidate its powerbase. Among those, an intertwined web of what could be described as ‘patronage politics’ emerged as one of the main foundations of these tools and was utilized by the regime to establish the fundamentals of its rule. Throughout the post-1952 era, political patrons and respective clients were existent in Egyptian politics, shaping, to a great extent, the policies implemented by Egypt's rulers at the apex of the political system, as well as the tactics orchestrated by the populace within the middle and lower echelons of the polity. This study aims at analyzing the factors that ensured the durability of patronage networks within the Egyptian polity, primarily focusing on the sort of social structural reconfiguration that has been taking place in the popular communities of Egypt in the beginning of the 21st Century. Dissecting the area of Misr Al Qadima as an exemplar case study of Cairo’s popular quarters, the research mainly focuses on examining the role of the lesser notables, those middle patrons and clients that exist on the lower levels of the Egyptian polity within the ranks of the National Democratic Party and the Muslim Brotherhood. Henceforth, the sociopolitical agency of these lesser notabilities shall constitute the prime concern of the writing and, in doing so; this research also attempts to draw some linkage between the micro-level features of the popular polities of Cairo and the macro-level realities of the Egyptian polity at large, in the contemporary period.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:29:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5249.pdf: 4090294 bytes, checksum: 3e43d0f22c6895a3bc1866edf5eafc88 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-06-29 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / Nesting is a critical step on bird s life cycle, since nest predation is high all over the world. Predation influences the population dynamics, the community structure and the life history of birds. Birds evolved anti-predatory strategies, which include selection of safer places for nesting. Here we intent to: (i) analyze habitat characteristics selected by adults, and (ii) evaluate the influence of these elements on nests success, and fitness consequences to individuals. We studied the Lesser Elaenia (Elaenia chiriquensis), a migratory bird that breeds in Brazilian Savannas. We conducted the study between 2010 e 2011 in a 100 ha area in the Estação Ecológica de Itirapina, a protected area in São Paulo state, were the Lesser Elaenia is abundant along its breeding season (September to December). We analyzed habitat selection comparing characteristics of used and available patches. We made all tests using chi-square tests, analysis of variance, paired t-tests and permutation tests. We used program MARK to evaluate the influence of all of the parameters on nests success. We created a set of models that included temporal and a set of environmental parameters and used Akaike s Information Criterion to evaluate the adjustment of each model to our data. Adults apparently selected anemochoric plants, with larger crowns and more lichen flakes on stalks, but did not show preference for specific plant species. Individuals also preferred patches with high plant density and high density of Aspidosperma tomentosum, the most used plant as nest substrate. Contrary of our expectations, none of these characteristics influenced nests success. However, some parameters not evaluated for selection, influenced the offspring survival. Vegetation density on nest sites was the most important variable, probably because it helps concealing nests and parental activities. Nest age and time along the breeding season were also important elements and both reduced nests success. Nest predation, habitat selection, and their consequences to the fitness are complex and are related to many variables. The present study contributed with the knowledge on this subject in tropical areas. / A nidificação é uma etapa crítica no ciclo de vida das aves, uma vez que a predação de ninhos é alta em todo o globo. Ela exerce influência na dinâmica das populações, estrutura das comunidades e evolução da história de vida do grupo. Diante disso, evoluíram estratégias antipredação, entre elas, a seleção de hábitats seguros para a nidificação pelos adultos. Assim, nesse trabalho tivemos como objetivos principais (i) conhecer os elementos do hábitat de nidificação selecionados pelos adultos e (ii) avaliar a influência desses elementos no sucesso dos ninhos, de forma a conhecer o valor adaptativo das escolhas dos adultos. Trabalhamos com Elaenia chiriquensis, um Passeriforme migratório que nidifica em áreas de Cerrado no Brasil. Conduzimos o estudo entre 2010 e 2011, em uma área de 100 ha na Estação Ecológica de Itirapina, unidade de conservação localizada no interior paulista, em que E. chiriquensis é abundante na estação reprodutiva (setembro a dezembro). Fizemos as análises de seleção do hábitat de nidificação comparando características das manchas de nidificação às manchas nas imediações, disponíveis aos casais. Usamos testes de Qui- Quadrado, análises de variância (ANOVAs), testes de permutação e testes-t pareados para as variáveis amostradas. Para avaliarmos a influência dessas e de outras características, relacionadas aos ninhos, na sobrevivência da prole, usamos o programa MARK. Criamos modelos que incluíam variáveis temporais e nossas variáveis de interesse e avaliamos, usando o critério de informação de Akaike, o ajuste dos modelos ao nosso conjunto de dados. Os adultos aparentemente selecionaram vegetais anemocóricos, com copa de tamanho maior e maior abundância de liquens nos caules como substrato dos ninhos, mas não exibiram preferência pelas espécies usadas como substrato. Elaenia chiriquensis também mostrou preferência por locais com alta densidade de vegetação lenhosa e alta abundância de Aspidosperma tomentosum, a espécie vegetal mais usada como substrato dos ninhos. Contrariando nossas expectativas, nenhuma dessas características teve influência no sucesso dos ninhos. No entanto, características relacionadas aos ninhos, e que não foram avaliadas quanto à seleção, tiveram influência na sobrevivência da prole. A mais importante delas foi a densidade de vegetação nos sítios de nidificação, que provavelmente reduz as chances de encontros com predadores e oculta a atividade dos adultos. A idade dos ninhos e a influência do tempo ao longo das estações também foram variáveis de peso na explicação dos dados e ambos reduziram as chances de sucesso dos ninhos. A predação de ninhos, a seleção do hábitat de nidificação e as consequências para o fitness dos indivíduos são assuntos de grande complexidade biológica e envolvem diversas variáveis. O presente estudo contribui com o conhecimento acerca do assunto em áreas tropicais.

The thesis describes the anatomical study, which has been taken place at Orthopedic Clinic of the 1st Faculty of Medicine, Motol University Hospital and at Institute of Anatomy 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague from 2002 till 2009. The study was focused on the area of the upper part of the humerus in order to measure spatial relationships among anatomical structures, especially attachments of rotator cuff muscles to optimize implantation arthroplasty of shoulder joint. Clinico-anatomical study, which results were published in 2010, was also based at measuring angular relations of structures proximal humerus. The proximal humerus was marked by 29 points on the cortical bone, which defined the position of the medial margin of the greater tubercle, the lateral margin of the lesser tubercle, bicipital groove, the crest of greater tubercle and to define position of the proximal humeral metaphyseal axis and anatomical neck. Measurements were carried out in the transversal planes and the measurement method was developed on the reconstruction and the spatial definition of basic axes (axis of humeral head and axis of proximal humeral shaft) with the optimized number of reference points of anatomical neck and cortical bone of proximal humeral shaft. Angles between the axis of the head...

The purpose of the study is to develop a method that generates areas in the municipality of Karlstad that satisfies the habitat area requirement for the bird species lesser spotted woodpecker (Dendrocopos minor). The purpose is also to compare two different databases (kNN-Sweden and the Vegetation Map). Habitat area requirement for lesser spotted woodpecker is 40 ha of forest dominated by deciduous trees, which may be fragmented over a maximum of 200 ha. The software ArcMap was used to developed method to generate habitat areas, based on input from the kNN-Sweden and the Vegetation Map databases. The habitat areas were reviewed and compared by overlay analysis and compared to reported observations. Generated habitat areas from the kNN-Sweden database and generated habitat areas from the Vegetation Map database differed significantly. The format of the input data and the threshold values are probably contributing reasons of the difference. An important shortage of the kNN-Sweden database is that a buffer zone around the water surfaces at generalization has been masked off and hence the volume of mature deciduous forest generally underestimated. The number of observations of lesser spotted woodpecker within the habitat areas differed between the kNN-Sweden and the Vegetation Map that fulfilled the requirement. The Vegetation Map had 138 observations of lesser spotted woodpecker while the KNN-Sweden only had 38 observations. / Karlstads kommun behöver finna potentiella habitat för fågelarten mindre hackspett, som är en förslagen ansvarsart i kommunen. Mindre hackspett behöver minst 40 ha äldre lövdominerad skog inom ett område på upp till 200 ha för häckning. Behovet kan ses som artens habitatvillkor vid utsökning av potentiella områden för dess habitat. Syftet med studien är att utveckla en metod för att finna områden i Karlstads kommun som uppfyller habitatvillkoret för mindre hackspett. Syftet är även att jämföra två olika databaser, kNN-Sverige och Vegetationskartan, vid dess användning som indata. kNN-Sverige är en rikstäckande databas med information om Sveriges skogar och dess grundformat är digitala kartor i rasterformat med en upplösning på 25 meter. Informationen i kNN-Sverige bygger på en kombination av fältdata från Riksskogstaxeringens stickprovsinventering och heltäckande data från satellitbilder. Vegetationskartan består av polygonskikt innehållande klassning av olika vegetationstyper. Underlaget för vegetationsdata är flygbilder av närainfrarödkänslig färgfilm som har tolkats och karterats utifrån dominansförhållanden hos olika vegetationstyper, med stöd från aktivt fältarbete. Med hjälp av programvaran ArcMap 10.3 utvecklades en metod som genererade habitatområden, baserade på indata från kNN-Sverige respektive Vegetationskartan. Därefter granskades och jämfördes resultaten genom överlagringsanalys och kontroll mot inrapporterade observationer av mindre hackspett. Genererade habitatområden för kNN-Sverige respektive Vegetationskartan skiljde sig åt och det genererades betydligt fler områden med kNN-Sverige. Grundformatet på indata och valet av gränsvärden är troligen en bidragande faktor till skillnaderna.   Resultaten från analysen av Vegetationskartan bedöms rimligare än kNN-Sveriges resultat. För kNN-Sverige saknades även en del områden där det finns mycket lövskog, till exempel vid Klarälvsdeltat. Vegetationskartans resultat påvisade däremot att det fanns områden med mycket lövskog kring Klarälvsdeltat. En stor brist hos kNN-Sverige är att en zon kring vattenytor har maskats bort vid generaliseringen och volymen av äldre lövskog generellt har underskattats, vilket bland annat kan förklara varför inte viktiga områden kring vatten kommit med. Antal observationer som låg inom habitatområden skilde sig betydligt mellan kNN-Sverige och Vegetationskartan, inom habitatområden som uppfyllde villkoret hade Vegetationskartan 138 observationer av mindre hackspett medan kNN-Sverige endast hade 38 observationer.

Le but de cette thèse est de contribuer à l’étude des particularités lexicales du français régional des Antilles à partir d’un corpus de littérature antillaise contemporaine : les romans L’Homme-au-Bâton (1992) et L’Envers du décor (2006) de l’écrivain antillais Ernest Pépin. Après une brève présentation de quelques phénomènes spécifiques à la francophonie de l’aire caraïbe, nous avons dressé un inventaire des sources principales dont on dispose pour l’étude lexicologique des régionalismes antillais. Plusieurs types de régionalismes ont été découverts et commentés: héritages, emprunts et innovations (formelles, sémantiques, lexématiques). Les deux romans d’Ernest Pépin représentent un bon corpus pour illustrer la productivité lexicale du français régional antillais ainsi que ses multiples possibilités d’expression. Les champs sémantiques les mieux représentés sont : l’alimentation, la musique, la flore, la faune et la vie spirituelle. Au niveau formel, la composition est le procédé de formation lexicale le plus productif. Au niveau sémantique, on remarque des phénomènes de restriction, d’extension de sens ainsi que la création de nouveaux sens par métaphore et métonymie, entre autres. L’analyse des antillanismes dans un corpus littéraire pose de nombreux problèmes méthodologiques (faire la distinction entre les régionalismes et les phénomènes idiolectaux, la reconstruction de l’histoire des mots, des problèmes de technique lexicographique et de déontologie, le travail avec des données très dispersées et dégradées). La poursuite des recherches dans ce domaine pourrait se concrétiser dans la parution d’un dictionnaire complet du français régional antillais. / The purpose of this doctoral dissertation is to contribute to the study of the French variation in the Lesser Antilles, analyzing lexical particularities in a contemporary literary corpus: the novels L’Homme-au-Bâton (1992) and L’Envers du décor (2006) written by the Antillean author Ernest Pepin.After a short presentation of several specific phenomena from the francophone Caribbean area, we will make an inventory of the main sources we had at our disposal for the lexicological study of the Antillean regionalisms.Different types of regionalisms were discovered and they will be commented: heritages, bor-rowings, formal and / or semantic innovations. The two novels written by Ernest Pepin repre-sent a good corpus to illustrate the lexical productivity of the variety of French from the Lesser Antilles and its multiple possibilities of expression.The best represented semantic fields are: food, music, flora, fauna and spiritual life. At the formal level, the compounding is the most productive type of word formation. At the seman-tic level, some phenomena of semantic restriction and extension, and the building of new meanings by metaphor and metonymy among others can be observed.The lexical analysis of the regionalisms in a literary corpus raises many methodological problems (making the distinction between regionalisms and idiolectal phenomena, rebuilding the history of the words, ethical problems, difficulties related to lexicographic tools and tech-niques, working with disparate and ambiguous data).Our doctoral thesis could be a step forward towards a complex dictionary of the variety of French in the Lesser Antilles, but a lot of ideas are for the moment still on drawing board and the researches should continue in this direction.

The thesis describes the anatomical study, which has been taken place at Orthopedic Clinic of the 1st Faculty of Medicine, Motol University Hospital and at Institute of Anatomy 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague from 2002 till 2009. The study was focused on the area of the upper part of the humerus in order to measure spatial relationships among anatomical structures, especially attachments of rotator cuff muscles to optimize implantation arthroplasty of shoulder joint. Clinico-anatomical study, which results were published in 2010, was also based at measuring angular relations of structures proximal humerus. The proximal humerus was marked by 29 points on the cortical bone, which defined the position of the medial margin of the greater tubercle, the lateral margin of the lesser tubercle, bicipital groove, the crest of greater tubercle and to define position of the proximal humeral metaphyseal axis and anatomical neck. Measurements were carried out in the transversal planes and the measurement method was developed on the reconstruction and the spatial definition of basic axes (axis of humeral head and axis of proximal humeral shaft) with the optimized number of reference points of anatomical neck and cortical bone of proximal humeral shaft. Angles between the axis of the head...

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This thesis presents a method which reduces the amount of labour required to translate the English question answering dataset SQuAD into Swedish. The purpose of the study is to contribute to shrinking the gap between natural language processing research in English and research in lesser-resourced languages by providing a method for creating datasets in these languages which are counterparts to those used in English. This would allow for the results from English studies to be evaluated in more languages. The method put forward by this thesis uses multilingual sentence embeddings to search for and rank answers to English SQuAD questions in SwedishWikipedia articles associated with the question. The resulting search results are then used to pair SQuAD questions with sentences that contain their answers. We also estimate to what extent SQuAD questions have answers in the Swedish edition of Wikipedia, concluding that this proportion of questions is small but still useful in size. Further, the evaluation of the method shows that it provides a clear reduction in the labour required for translating SQuAD into Swedish, while impacting the amount of datapoints retained in a resulting translation to a degree which is acceptable for many use-cases. Manual labour is still required for translating the SQuAD questions and for locating the answers within the Swedish sentences which contain them. Researching ways to automate these processes would further increase the utility of the approach, but are outside the scope of this thesis. / I detta examensarbete presenteras en metod som syftar till att minska mängden arbete som krävs för att översätta fråga-svarskorpuset SQuAD från engelska till svenska. Syftet med studien är att bidra till att minska glappet mellan språkteknologisk forskning på engelska och forskningen på språk med mindre resurser. Detta åstadkoms genom att beskriva en metod för att skapa korpusar liknande dem som används inom forskning på engelska och som kan användas för att utvärdera i vilken utsträckning resultat från den forskningen generaliserar till andra språk. Metoden använder språkagnostiska meningsvektorer för att söka efter svar på engelska SQuAD-frågor i svenska Wikipedia-artiklar, och sedan ranka dessa. Sökresultaten används sedan för att para samman SQuAD-frågor med de svenska meningar som innehåller deras svar. Även utsträckningen i vilken svar på engelska SQuAD-frågor står att finna i den svenska upplagan av Wikipedia undersöktes. Andelen SQuAD-frågor där ett svar fanns i den svenska Wikipedia-artikel som var associerad med frågan var liten men ändå användbar. Vidare visar utvärderingen av metoden att den innebär en tydlig minskning av mängden arbete som krävs för att översätta SQuAD till svenska. Denna minskning åstadkoms samtidigt som mängden fråga-svarspar som missas som en konsekvens av detta är acceptabel för många användningsområden. Manuellt arbete krävs fortfarande för att översätta SQuAD-frågorna från engelska och för att hitta var i de svenska meningarna som svaren finns. Vidare studier kring dessa frågor skulle bidra till att göra metoden än mer användbar, men ligger utanför avgränsningen för denna uppsats.