Numerical simulations have proven itself as a significant and powerful tool for accurate prediction of turbulent premixed flames in practical engineering devices. The work presented in this thesis concerns the development of simulation techniques for premixed turbulent combustion of three different fuels, namely, CNG, LPG and Hydrogen air mixtures. The numerical results are validated against published experimental data from the newly built Sydney combustion chamber. In this work a newly developed Large Eddy Simulation (LES) CFD model is applied to the new Sydney combustion chamber of size 50 x 50 x 250 mm (0.625 litre volume). Turbulence is generated in the chamber by introducing series of baffle plates and a solid square obstacle at various axial locations. These baffles can be added or removed from the chamber to adapt various experimental configurations for studies. This is essential to understand the flame behaviour and the structure. The LES numerical simulations are conducted using the Smagorinsky eddy viscosity model with standard dynamic procedures for sub-grid scale turbulence. Combustion is modelled by using a newly developed dynamic flame surface density (DFSD) model based on the flamelet assumption. Various numerical tests are carried out to establish the confidence in the LES based combustion modelling technique. A detailed analysis has been carried out to determine the regimes of combustion at different stages of flame propagation inside the chamber. The predictions using the DFSD combustion model are evaluated and validated against experimental measurements for various flow configurations. In addition, the in-house code capability is extended by implementing the Lewis number effects. The LES predictions are identified to be in a very good agreement with the experimental measurements for cases with high turbulence levels. However, some disagreement were observed with the quasi-laminar case. In addition a data analysis for experimental data, regarding the overpressure, flame position and the flame speed is carried out for the high and low turbulence cases. Moreover, an image processing procedure is used to extract the flame rate of stretch from both the experimental and numerical flame images that are used as a further method to validate the numerical results. For the grids under investigation, it is concluded that the employed grid is independent of the filter width and grid resolution. The applicability of the DFSD model using grid-independent results for turbulent premixed propagating flames was examined by validating the generated pressure and other flame characteristics, such as flame position and speed against experimental data. This study concludes that the predictions using DFSD model provide reasonably good results. It is found that LES predictions were slightly improved in predicting overpressure, flame position and speed by incorporating the Lewis number effect in the model. Also, the investigation demonstrates the effects of placing multiple obstacles at various locations in the path of the turbulent propagating premixed flames. It is concluded that the pressure generated in any individual configuration is directly proportional to the number of baffles plates. The flame position and speed are clearly dependent on the number of obstacles used and their blockage ratio. The flame stretch extracted from both the experimental and numerical images shows that hydrogen has the highest stretch values over CNG and LPG. Finally, the regime of combustion identified for the three fuels in the present combustion chamber is found to lie within the thin reaction zone. This finding supports the use of the laminar flamelet modelling concept that has been in use for the modelling of turbulent premixed flames in practical applications.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative disease of the joint that leads to joint instability, degradation of the articular cartilage surface and eventually joint failure. Articular cartilage surfaces exhibit unique mechanical behaviors, bearing and distributing loads across joint surfaces, but have poor regenerative capacities. Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells (hMSCs) present a promising treatment to target OA, relying on their regenerative capacity and structural contributions to tissue repair, along with their immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties. The multipotency of hMSCs allow these cells to differentiate towards osteogenic, chondrogenic and adipogenic lineages and directly incorporate into native tissue. hMSCs also possess the capacity to induce numerous paracrine-mediated processes including the recruitment of stem and progenitor cells, prevention of apoptosis, facilitation of beneficial remodeling and modulation of the immune response. Through encapsulating hMSCs, the effects of their paracrine action were studied directly, as the capsule presents a mechanical barrier for direct physical interaction and integration of these cells within the native tissue. The objective of this study was to utilize encapsulation of hMSCs to determine the paracrine effects of hMSCs on the progression of OA. OA was surgically induced in rats via the medial meniscus transection (MMT) surgery, which presents the phenotypical cartilage degradation associated with OA at 3 weeks. The efficacy of hMSC intervention was assessed using Lewis Rats with MMT (n=5 per group). Intra-articular injections of encapsulated hMSCs were given one day post-op and 3 weeks post-op for the 3-week and 6-week MMT studies, respectively. Animals were euthanized on the final day for both the immediate and delayed treatment studies. Micro-structural changes of the articular cartilage, osteophytes and subchondral bone of the medial tibial plateau were assessed using contrast enhanced microCT. We hypothesized that the intra-articular delivery of encapsulated hMSCs will have a positive effect, via paracrine-mediated action, on the onset and development of OA. The capsules also have the potential to improve retention and cell viability in the knee joint space. Each of these factors could contribute to enhanced therapeutic potential of the hMSC treatment. Utilizing NIR labeled sodium alginate capsules, a retention profile for the capsules yielded a tau value of 11.48 days, whereas previous studies have shown scaffold free hMSCs show complete clearance in 7 days. The 3-week MMT, run to analyze the effects of immediate treatment of encapsulated hMSCs on the onset of OA, showed a trend towards decreased cartilage thickness and a decreased surface roughness for the hMSC group in comparison to the Saline group, specifically. Additionally, the hMSC group showed a trend towards increased mineralized osteophyte volume for the hMSC group in comparison to the Saline group. Analysis of the subchondral bone yielded no differences between the hMSC and Saline groups for bone morphology. The 6 week MMT study was run to analyze the effects of a delayed treatment of encapsulated hMSCs on OA after the disease had developed. This study showed a similar result with the immediate treatment study for surface roughness, with the hMSC group showing a decrease in comparison to the Saline group. However, no differences were noted for cartilage thickness between the two respective groups. To further analyze the cartilage in the later stages of OA, exposed bone was quantified yielding a trend towards decreased exposed bone in the hMSC group in comparison to the Saline group. The mineralized osteophyte volume for the hMSC group, of the delayed treatment study, yielded a significantly higher value than all other groups. Additionally, the subchondral bone of the hMSC group trended towards a decreased porosity in comparison to the Saline group. This is one of the first studies to use sodium alginate encapsulation of hMSCs as an innovative scaffold means for intra-articular injections into the knee space. Encapsulated hMSCs permitted not only enhanced cellular retention in the knee space but showed a potential chondroprotective role of the paracrine signaling properties of hMSCs in the early stages of OA. These advantages of encapsulated hMSCs were countered by enhancements of secondary OA phenotypic changes, mainly increased mineralized osteophyte volume and a trend towards increased subchondral bone sclerosis in the later stages of OA. hMSCs have shown great potential as disease modifying drugs and through this study we have further explored the efficacy of these drugs for future treatments of OA. This study has high clinical relevance and with clinical practice running well ahead of current scientific evidence, it is imperative that these findings be considered not only in pre-clinical work but in current and future clinical trials. / 2018-07-11T00:00:00Z

楊曉頤. / 論文(哲學碩士) -- 香港中文大學硏究院翻譯學部, 1998. / 參考文獻: leaves 132-141. / 中英文摘要. / Yang Xiaoyi. / 引言 --- p.1-2 / Chapter 第一章 --- 《阿麗思漫游奇境記》原著及譯作背景 --- p.3-13 / Chapter 第一節 --- 原著背景 / 英國維多利亞時代的文壇情況 --- p.3 / 《阿麗思漫游奇境記》的創作過程 --- p.5 / Chapter 第二節 --- 譯作背景 --- p.10 / Chapter 第二章 --- 角色名字的翻譯 --- p.14-29 / Chapter 第一節 --- 與真實人物有關的名字 --- p.14 / Chapter 第二節 --- 與神話故事有關的名字 --- p.19 / Chapter 第三節 --- 與社會習俗有關的名字 --- p.21 / Chapter 第四節 --- 與流行諺語有關的名字 --- p.24 / Chapter 第三章 --- 角色形象的翻譯 --- p.30-66 / Chapter 第一節 --- 小女孩形象 --- p.31 / Chapter 第二節 --- 成年人形象 --- p.49 / Chapter 第三節 --- 主僕形象 --- p.56 / Chapter 第四節 --- 貴族形象 --- p.62 / Chapter 第四章 --- 遊戲文字的翻譯 --- p.67-115 / Chapter 第一節 --- 語音層面 --- p.67 / Chapter 第二節 --- 詞彙層面 --- p.73 / Chapter 第三節 --- 句法層面 --- p.100 / Chapter 第四節 --- 表現手法 --- p.103 / 結論 --- p.116-121 / 注釋 --- p.122-126 / 附錄一 《阿麗思漫游奇境記》中譯本概覽 --- p.127-129 / 附錄二 《阿麗思漫游奇境記》插圖 --- p.130-131 / 參考文本 --- p.132 / 參考書目 --- p.133-141

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Letras, Departamento de Línguas Estrangeiras e Tradução, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Estudos da Tradução, 2018. / Este trabalho apresenta uma proposta de tradução dos trocadilhos da obra Alice no País das Maravilhas de Lewis Carroll, a partir da tradução de Leite (1980) para o português e de Ramos (2000) para a libras. O percurso metodológico se deu desde uma primeira busca por ocorrências do fenômeno de trocadilhos na libras, passando pela eliciação e por fim, a realização de oficinas de tradução em conjunto, com a participação de surdos e ouvintes usuários da libras. Tendo em vista a escassez bibliográfica sobre a tradução intermodal de trocadilhos entre uma língua oral e uma língua de sinais, os resultados deste estudo compõem-se de um quadro novo acerca das possibilidades de tradução de uma língua falada na sua modalidade escrita para uma língua sinalizada na modalidade oral, nos termos de Segala (2010), enfatizando a particularidade dos Estudos da Tradução e Interpretação de Língua de Sinais-ETILS (RODRIGUES, 2015). São apresentadas e comentadas as traduções propostas por surdos e ouvintes tradutores e intérpretes de língua de sinais para os trocadilhos selecionados da história da Falsa Tartaruga, do capítulo IX da referida obra literária (LEITE, 1980). Os sinadilhos, entendidos aqui como trocadilhos próprios da língua de sinais, refletem os desejos dos surdos e suas insatisfações com o modelo de escola inclusiva pela qual eles passam. O humor surdo é expresso na forma irônica e satírica com que os surdos propuseram os sinadilhos, realocando uma Alice (surda) para um País dos Sinais no qual sua cultura surda é respeitada. Por fim, é ainda vislumbrado um direcionamento de continuidade do trabalho tradutório de modo que os trocadilhos carrollianos da obra em questão sejam traduzidos, tendo a cultura surda e o humor surdo refletidos em uma possível futura versão em libras de Alice. / This work offers a suggested translation of the work Alice in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll, starting from the translation of Leite (1980) into Portuguese and Ramos (2000) into Brazilian Sign Language (libras). The methodological steps were given in a first moment by searching occurrences of the phenomenon of punning in libras, using elicitation methods and, finally, offering joint translation workshops, with the participation of deaf and hearing people, users of libras. Considering that there are few works on the subject of intermodal translation of puns from a spoken language into a signed one, the results of this study are composed by a new frame o possibilities for translating from spoke writing into signed ‘oral’ languages in Segala’s (2010) terms, focusing on the particularities of the Interpretation and Translation Studies of Sign Languages (ETILS) (RODRIGUES, 2015). Selected puns from the history of the False Turtle, in the Chapter IX of the mentioned literary work (LEITE, 1980) were translated by deaf and hearing translator and interpreters being also presented and commented. Signpuns, understood here as puns in sign language in its own terms, reflect upon the desires of the deaf people and their dissatisfaction with the inclusive school model through which they pass. Deaf humor is expressed in the ironic and satirical way in which the deaf proposed the sinpuns by relocating a deaf Alice to a SignLand where the deaf culture is respected. Finally, it is still glimpsed a direction of the continuity of the translation work so that the Carrollian puns of the work in question may be translated, having the deaf culture and the deaf humor reflected in a future attempt of an Alice with the puns translated.

Contemporary work in the metaphysics of realization has produced two central theories as to what it is for an individual to realize a kind. According to the 'flat theory' of Lawrence Shapiro, an individual realizes some kind by exemplifying or instantiating the properties that define realizations of that kind. With Carl Gillett's, 'dimensioned theory', on the other hand, an individual takes part in the realization of some kind merely by contributing causally towards the properties that define realizations of that kind. Both views are vulnerable to objections. Flat realization is focused on the realization of functional kinds, and, therefore, is poorly suited to describe the realization of scientific or compositional kinds. The dimensioned view handles compositional kinds very well, but has difficulty delineating limits as to what may count as a causal component for sake of realization. If everything qualifies as a causal component of realization, every individual with different causal components begins to resemble a unique realization. If every individual qualifies as a unique realization, every kind constituted by more than one individual will be constituted by more than one realization. This threatens to trivialize the realization thesis, as every kind becomes multiply realizable. In order to resolve these problems, I develop a two-level theory of realization inspired by Lewis' 'Mad Pain and Martian Pain'. According to Lewis, pain should be identified only contingently with the physical properties of typical pain. It is also the case, according to Lewis, that pain should be identified only contingently with the functional properties of typical pain. Accounting for this dual contingency suggests two different ways in which a causal role may be fulfilled. On the one hand, a causal role can be fulfilled in the sense in which an individual's internal systems and structures are understood to produce certain aggregate, object-level capacities. On the other hand, a causal role can also be fulfilled in the sense in which certain object-level capacities are understood as the instantiation of psychological or conceptual abilities. If these different senses of role fulfilment qualify as different ways of realizing a causal role, there will be different, but compatible, ways in which an individual may be understood to realize a particular kind.

abstract: The study of genre literature in general, and fantasy or fairy tale literature in particular, by its very nature, falls outside the normal course of literary theory. This paper evaluates various approaches taken to create a framework within which scholarly research and evaluation of these types of genre literature might occur. This is done applying Secondary World theory to better-established literary foci, such as psychological analysis and monster theory while still respecting the premises posited in traditional literary inquiry. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis English 2019

This analysis of faunal bones from Wolf Village focuses on large game and its utility, as evidenced by what is known as the modified general utility index (MGUI). The MGUI proposes that bones at sites reflect transportation and butchering choices made by hunters at kill-butchering sites. According to the assumptions associated with the MGUI, hunters should select animal portions with high food value. The MGUI has been used in Fremont archaeology to provide a rough measure of site function. The expectation is that faunal bones would accompany the prized cuts of large game meat at habitation sites – and the animal parts with little food value would remain at kill-butchering sites because they are not worth the cost to carry them to the village. My analysis of large game animal bones found in excavations at Wolf Village counter these expectations. Fremont hunters at Wolf Village were returning to the site with low-caloric portions of large game, at least part of the time. Results from strontium isotope analysis suggest that many of the large game individuals hunted by the Fremont were not local to the immediate area. This suggests that hunters saw utility in low-caloric elements not related only to food value. Some low-caloric skeletal elements were used by the Fremont to construct bone tools and other objects, and as possible symbolic objects used in abandonment rituals. The results of this research suggests that the MGUI is not appropriate for measuring the utility of animal portions to the Fremont. Only when considering the social and non-caloric economic reasons for transporting low caloric elements, can archaeologists discover the true utility of large game animal parts to Fremont hunters.

Many commercialized medicinal compounds are analogs of chemicals isolated from sources found in nature (also called natural products). However, the natural sources of these chemicals, such as plants, fungi, or insects, only offer small quantities of these bioactive agents. Thus, it is typically desirable to find ways to synthesize these products and their analogs in large quantities using cost-effective methods that also minimize the impact on the environment. It is also important to develop strategies that expedite the process of modifying the natural products, which allows medicinal chemists to determine which functional groups are enhancing or deleterious to the bioactivity. In the Brewer lab, I have investigated organic reactions and methodologies with this aim - to find ways to efficiently break and form carbon-carbon bonds, and to utilize these reactions in the total synthesis of structurally related natural products. The total synthesis of natural products is often used to showcase a methodology's utility by applying it in a more complex structure. The Lewis acid-promoted fragmentation of γ-silyloxy-β-hydroxy-α-diazo esters to provide tethered aldehyde ynoates was discovered and developed in the Brewer lab. This methodology was extended to bicyclic systems, in which the ring-fusion bond fragmented as a way to afford 10-membered ring ynones and ynolides, which are traditionally challenging to synthesize. This work will exhibit how the fragmentation reaction that provided 10-membered ynolides has the potential to lend itself to the synthesis of several structurally related, bioactive natural products via a divergent total synthesis strategy. In addition, this dissertation will describe our discovery that modifying the diazo carbonyl precursor to a β-hydroxy-α-diazo ketone changes the course of the Lewis acid-promoted reaction. Rather than a fragmentation sequence, the compound is converted to a vinyl cation, which undergoes a rearrangement then a C-H insertion of a second vinyl cation intermediate. This transition metal-free rearrangement/C-H insertion reaction provided cyclopentenone products. The migratory aptitudes of non-equivalent substituents in the cationic rearrangement step will also be discussed. Finally, the disparate reactivities of vinyl cations derived from diazo ketone, diazo ester, and diazo amide precursors will be detailed from an experimental and computational perspective. The results underscore the fact that this rearrangement and C-H insertion reaction may eventually be an effective way to prepare complex cyclopentyl-containing structures, which are common motifs in biologically active natural products.

Children in modernist literature have been largely ignored in critical study; an odd oversight, since children in Victorian and contemporary literature have been sources of rich material for literary critics. In novels published from 1930 until 1934, Wyndham Lewis, Virginia Woolf, and Evelyn Waugh address the relationships between children/childhood and nostalgia in The Apes of God (Lewis), The Waves (Woolf), and A Handful of Dust (Waugh). Their complicated and often conflicting depictions of childhood and desire for the past reveal children's overlooked importance in British modernism, as well as a lack of singularity in the manifestations of children and nostalgia that is crucial to contemporary understandings of both terms.

Thesis (M.A.)--Trinity Evangelical Divinity School, 1995. / Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 90-93).