No presente trabalho foram realizados estudos de regiosseletividade das reações de abertura de 2,3-epoxipropanoato de etila (1) utilizando diferentes nucleófilos de selênio e algumas dessas reações foram desenvolvidas com a adição do ácido de Lewis trifluoreto de boro dietil éter (BF3·Et2O). A abertura desse oxirano ao utilizar os nucleófilos MeSeMgCl e MeSeLi-BF3·Et2O ocorreu seletivamente no Carbono C-3 formando o composto de interesse (3-metilseleno 2-hidroxipropanoato de etila), já ao utilizar MeSeLi (em ausência ácido de Lewis) a abertura procedeu-se seletivamente no carbono C-2 formando 2-metilseleno-3-hidroxipropanoato de etila. A reação com o nucleófilo (Na[PhSeB(OEt)3]) levou à mistura desses regioisômeros. O ácido de Lewis BF3·Et2O em presença do selenolato levou a inversão de regiosseletividade da reação de abertura do epóxido 1 e a razão estequiométrica de BF3·Et2O adicionada ao meio reacional correspondeu, proporcionalmente, a porcentagem de obtenção do produto de abertura em C-3 (Tabela 1). Os resultados obtidos sugeriram que BF3·Et2O altera a nucleofilicidade do selenolato (RMN de 77Se) a partir de uma interação selênio-boro. A formação da ligação Se-B pode ocorrer com ou sem a liberação de fluoreto e esse mecanismo foi investigado por meio do emprego de uma sonda fluorescente seletiva desse haleto. O mecanismo dessas reações também foram investigados por cálculos teóricos, os quais mostram-se totalmente coerentes com os resultados experimentais. / In the present work was studied reactions of regioselective opening of 2,3-epoxyester using different selenolatos and some of this reactions were developed by adding Lewis acid BF3·Et2O. The opening reaction of this oxirane using the nucleofilms MeSeMgCl and MeSeLi-BF3·Et2O occurred selectively in carbon C-3 forming the compound of interest (ethyl 3-methylselene 2-hydroxypropanoato of ethyl), already using MeSeLi (in Lewis acid absence) the reaction was selectively on C-2 carbon to form ethyl 2-methylselene-3-hydroxypropanoate. The reaction with the nucleophile (Na[PhSeB(OEt)3]) formed a mixing of these regioisomers. The Lewis acid BF3·Et2O in presence of selenolate reverses the regioselectivity of opening epoxide (1) reaction and the stoichiometric value of BF3·Et2O added in the reaction corresponded proportionally with the percentage of C-3 product (Table 1). The results suggested that BF3·Et2O alters the nucleophilicity of selenolate (77Se NMR) from a selenium-boron interaction. Se-B bond formation may occur with or without fluoride release and this mechanism has been investigated by the use of a selective fluorescent probe of that halide. The mechanism of these reactions was also investigated by theoretical calculations, which are fully consistent with the experimental results.

Le stockage et le relargage contrôlé du dihydrogène est devenu un domaine important de recherche visant à répondre à une demande énergétique grandissante. Bien que le borazane (NH3-BH3) ait été identifié comme un candidat de choix dû à sa grande capacité de stockage (16.9 wt.% H2), les chercheurs ont mis en évidence certaines limitations telles que des difficultés de mise en forme et des difficultés de régénération du matériau.Nous avons tenté de répondre à ces problématiques en concevant de nouveaux polymères contenant des fonctions de type amine-borane dans leur chaîne principale (polyboramines) et sur les chaînes latérales, afin d’étudier l’influence du squelette polymère sur les propriétés du matériau et sa réactivité associée. Nos objectifs ont visé une facilité de synthèse et de mise en forme mais aussi l'éventualité d'une régénération simple et directe du réservoir après relargage du dihydrogène. Nous avons synthétisé ces polymères en une étape quantitativement et sélectivement à partir de fragments commerciaux ou facilement accessibles. Nous avons observé une influence conséquente de la matrice polymère sur les paramètres cinétiques et thermodynamiques de la déshydrogénation, à la suite de quoi nous avons étudié les paramètres structuraux influençant la réactivité. De plus les polymères obtenus après déshydrogénation ont montré d’intéressantes propriétés mécaniques et chimiques. Ces résultats nous ont encouragés à nous pencher vers le recyclage de ces réservoirs à hydrogène / Dihydrogen storage and controlled release has become an essential area of research aspiring to answer the ever-growing energetic demand. If ammonia-borane (NH3-BH3) was early on identified as a premium candidate to constitute a H2 reservoir, due to its maximum storage capacity (16.9 wt.% H2), researchers have then identified its shortcomings such as poor processability and troublesome material recycling.We have proposed to address these issues through the synthesis of new polymers containing the amine-borane motif in the main-chain (polyboramine) or as pendant moieties, harnessing improvements brought by the polymer backbone on the reactivity and material properties. We aimed at an ease of preparation, an enhanced processability but also an access to recyclable materials via simple re-hydrogenation techniques. We have synthesized these polymers from available organic building blocks by simple treatment of diammonium and bisboronic acids with LiAlH4. We showed that the polymer matrix has a drastic effect on kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of the dehydrogenation process. We investigated the role of structural parameters on the reactivity. Moreover, polymers obtained after dehydrogenation (H2 release) still feature interesting mechanical and chemical properties. These results give us hope regarding the recycling of these hydrogen reservoirs

Coordination chemistry usually applies to transition metals, but has recently been extended to the p-block elements. For the pnictogen atoms (group 15), this type of coordination chemistry has already been applied to antimony and bismuth, where they behave as Lewis acceptor centres. However, complexes with nitrogen and phosphorus as Lewis acidic centres are rare, due to their relatively small atomic radii and inherent basic nature. Instead, these elements (Pn(III)) are typically observed as donor centres because they are better at donating their electron pair, than they are at accepting them. To enhance the Lewis acidity at the phosphorus and nitrogen centres, a cationic charge can be introduced by heterolytically abstracting a halide and replacing it with a weakly coordinating anion, providing more opportunities for new reactivity. The presence of a stereochemically active lone pair at the acceptor site also introduces new reactivity patterns to be explored. The formation of these main group coordination complexes opens doors to potential applications in catalysis, small molecule activation, or as material precursors. 2,2’-bipyridine (bipy) has been a prototypical ligand used in transition metal coordination chemistry due to its high basicity and oxidative resistance. This property has been exploited to enable a comprehensive study of a series of Pn(III) tricationic and dicationic complexes using 2,2’-bipyridine (bipy); 4,4’-di-tert-butyl-2,2’-bipyridine (tBu2bipy); 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP); and other main group containing ligands. / Graduate

La cachexie est un syndrome clinique et métabolique caractérisé par une perte de tissu adipeux et de tissu musculaire, fréquemment observé chez les patients atteints de cancer. La myostatine (Mstn) régule négativement la masse musculaire. Bien que la régulation des mécanismes moléculaires impliqués dans le contrôle de la masse musculaire joue un rôle central dans la cachexie associée au cancer, les relations existant entre la Mstn et les mécanismes physiopathologiques restent largement inconnues. Suite à l’inoculation de cellules Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) à des souris, nous avons montré que l’invalidation du gène de la Mstn (souris Mstn-/-) confère une résistance au développement de la cachexie associée au cancer par rapport à des souris sauvages. La déficience en Mstn prévient la perte de masse musculaire et réduit la croissance tumorale, 35 jours après l’injection des cellules LLC, et est associée à un allongement de la durée de vie des souris. L’invalidation du gène de la Mstn provoque aussi une augmentation de l’apoptose des cellules LLC et une diminution de l'expression de gènes impliqués dans la prolifération et le métabolisme tumoraux. L’activation des systèmes protéolytiques ubiquitine-protéasome et autophagie-lysosome, due au développement tumoral, est réduite voire supprimée dans le muscle des souris Mstn-/-. L’accumulation de céramides intramusculaires, un sphingolipide formé suite à une lipolyse exacerbée, est corrélée à la perte de masse musculaire, suggérant que les céramides pourraient être un médiateur cellulaire impliqué dans la cachexie associée au cancer. Ces résultats montrent que la Mstn joue un rôle essentiel dans la cachexie associée au cancer / Cachexia is a complex clinical and metabolic syndrome, whose definition is imprecise, characterized by an uncontrolled loss of adipose tissue and skeletal muscle mass, frequently observed in cancer patients, and leading to death in 25% of cancer patients. Myostatin (Mstn) is a negative regulator of skeletal muscle mass and a critical determinant of skeletal muscle homeostasis. Although the regulation of the molecular mechanisms involved in the control of skeletal muscle mass plays a central role in the pathogenesis of cancer cachexia, the relationships between Mstn and the pathophysiological mechanisms remain largely unknown. Following subcutaneous inoculation of Lewis lung carcinoma cells (LLC) in mice, we showed that the Mstn gene inactivation (Mstn-/- mice) confers resistance to the development of cancer cachexia, compared to wild type mice. Mstn deficiency prevents the loss of skeletal muscle mass and reduces tumor growth, 35 days after the inoculation of LLC cells, and this is associated with a longer life of mice. Mstn gene inactivation also causes an increased apoptosis of LLC cells and decreases expression of genes involved in tumor proliferation and metabolism. Activation of ubiquitin-proteasome and autophagy-lysosome proteolytic systems, triggered by tumor growth is significantly reduced or suppressed in skeletal muscle of Mstn-/- mice. Accumulation of intramuscular ceramides, a sphingolipid synthesized due to excessive lipolysis, is correlated with the loss of muscle mass, suggesting that ceramides may be a cellular mediator involved in the pathogenesis of cancer cachexia. These results show that Mstn plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of cancer cachexia

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-01-11T09:45:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 lucianafreesz.pdf: 7787942 bytes, checksum: 7780bae5591001ec08183042e5631936 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-01-25T16:57:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 lucianafreesz.pdf: 7787942 bytes, checksum: 7780bae5591001ec08183042e5631936 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-25T16:57:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 lucianafreesz.pdf: 7787942 bytes, checksum: 7780bae5591001ec08183042e5631936 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-04-08 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Esta dissertação investiga a trajetória de criação das imagens realizada entre o autor e o ilustrador nas duas narrativas escritas por Lewis Carroll, Alice no País das Maravilhas e Alice no País do Espelho. Publicadas no século XIX, ambas as obras foram ilustradas pelo ilustrador e cartunista inglês John Tenniel. Temos como objetivo reunir informações que esclareçam e facilitem a compreensão do processo de tradução do texto literário para a criação de imagens gráficas. O título “Texto e Imagem” é uma tentativa de agregar estas duas linguagens, observando, por meio do conceito de suplemento de Jacques Derrida, como ambas trabalham intrinsecamente dentro do livro ilustrado. Nas narrativas de Alice, essas linguagens seriam dependentes? Existe uma dominação ou uma exclusividade do texto verbal diante do texto visual? Seriam as imagens fundamentais para o entendimento da narrativa e, assim, o ilustrador seria também autor da obra? Para percorrer estes meandros, em primeiro lugar abordamos as narrativas de Alice em seu texto escrito e constatamos a tendência imagética de sua linguagem verbal. Em segundo lugar conceituamos e levamos em conta o que constitui uma imagem, explorando o livro ilustrado como um meio literário repleto de especificidades. Em terceiro lugar buscamos, por meio das correspondências trocadas entre autor e ilustrador, da análise das imagens e de comentários a respeito das ilustrações, explicar a construção visual do texto e mostrando a sua repercussão. Ao final, pensamos sobre o que se considera “imagem”, refletindo sobre as palavras, seu sentido e sua representação gráfica, a disposição do texto e os pequenos detalhes de formatação que costumam passar despercebidos aos olhares interpretativos dos leitores. Para desenvolver esta pesquisa utilizamos como corpus teórico autores que dialogam a respeito das particularidades entre o texto e a imagem; o livro ilustrado, as histórias em quadrinhos, a palavra-imagem, a poesia concreta e os escritos de artistas. O referencial bibliográfico expõe as teorias de Sophie Van der Linden, Maria Nikolajeva, Maria Scott, Martine Joly, Julio Plaza, Décio Pignatari, Haroldo e Augusto de Campos, Will Eisner, Scott McCloud, Umberto Eco, entre outros. Os autores Morton N. Cohen e Martin Gardner forneceram informações curiosas e dados biográficos sobre Lewis Carroll e John Tenniel. / This dissertation investigates the process of creation of images performed between the author and the illustrator in the two narratives written by Lewis Carroll, Alice in Wonderland and Though the Looking-Glass. Published in the nineteenth century, both works were illustrated by British illustrator and cartoonist John Tenniel. We intend to gather information that would clarify and facilitate the understanding the translation process of literary text into the creation of graphic images. The title "Text and Image" is an attempt to add these two languages, watching through the concept of supplement by Jacques Derrida, as both work intrinsically within the picture book. In Alice's narratives, these languages would be dependent? There is a domination or exclusivity to the verbal text on the visual text? Would be the images the key for understanding the narrative and, therefore, the illustrator is also author of the work? To go through among that complexity, first, it was necessary to approach Alice's narratives in his written text and and verify the tendency to imagery for his verbal language. Second, we conceptualize and take into account what constitutes an image, exploring the illustrated book as a literary media full of peculiarities. Third, we explore through correspondence sent between author-illustrator, the image analysis, comments about the illustrations that explain the visual construction of the text and we concluded showing its repercussions. Finally, we think about what is considered "image", reflecting on the words, their meaning and their graphical representation, text layout and development of the small details that often get overlooked by the readers. To develop this research we use authors that analyze the singularities between text and image; the book illustrated, comics, the word-image, concrete poetry and writings of artists. The theoretical framework involves the theories of Sophie Van der Linden, Maria Nikolajeva, Mary Scott, Martine Joly, Julio Plaza, Decius Pignatari, Haroldo and Augusto de Campos, Will Eisner, Scott McCloud, Umberto Eco, among others. The authors Morton N. Cohen and Martin Gardner contributed interesting information and biographical data about Lewis Carroll and John Tenniel.

No description available.

In the first part of this work, a convenient and high yielding synthetic strategy was developed to approach highly electrophilic fluorophosphonium cations as triflate salts. Through in situ electrophilic fluorination of phosphanes with commercially available bench-stable N-fluorobenzenesulfonimide (NFSI), followed by subsequent methylation of the [N(PhSO2)2]- anion with MeOTf, a library of mono-, di- and tri- cationic fluorophosphonium triflates were obtained in excellent yields. The Lewis acidities of all synthesized fluorophosphonium triflates salts were evaluated by both theoretical and experimental methods. These fluorophosphonium triflates have been develop as catalysts for the conversation of formamides into N-sulfonyl formamidines. CHAPTER II of this work focus on developing electrophilic fluorophosphonium cation as Lewis acid pedant in both inter- and intra- molecular FLP systems, as well as exploring their application in small molecular activation and functionalization, such as reversible CO2 sequestration and binding of carbonyls, nitriles and acetylenes. CHAPTER III of this thesis reports on the reaction of electrophilic fluorophosphonium triflates with trimethylsilyl nucleophiles (Me3SiX, X = CN, N3), which selectively yields either pseudohalo-substituted flurophosphoranes or pseudohalo-substituted phosphonium cations.:1. Introduction 1 1.1. Frustrated Lewis Pair chemistry 2 1.2. Phosphorus derivatives as strong Lewis acids 6 2. Objective 11 3. CHAPTER I: Synthesis of fluorophosphonium triflate salts and application as catalyst 15 3.1. Electrophilic fluorination of phosphanes: a convenient approach to electrophilic fluorophosphonium cations 15 3.2. Fluorophilicities and Lewis acidities of the obtained fluorophosphonium derivatives 23 3.2.1. Evaluation of fluorophilicities and Lewis acidities of the obtained fluorophosphonium cations 24 3.2.2. Reactions of fluorophosphonium salts with selected formamides. 27 3.2.3. Reactions of fluorophosphonium salts with selected urea derivatives 31 3.3. Transformation of formamides to N-sulfonyl formamidines using fluorophosphonium triflates as active catalysts 34 4. CHAPTER II: Bifunctional electrophilic fluorophosphonium triflates as intramolecular Frustrated Lewis Pairs 45 5. CHAPTER III: Reaction of fluorophosphonium triflate salts with trimethylsilyl nucleophiles 63 6. Summary 73 7. Perspective 77 8. Experimental section 80 8.1. Materials and methods 80 8.2. Experimental details for CHAPTER I 82 8.2.1. Preparation of imidazoliumyl-substituted phosphanes. 82 8.2.1.1. Preparation of [Ph2LcMeP][OTf] 82 8.2.1.2. Preparation of [Ph2LciPrP][OTf] 83 8.2.1.3. Preparation of [(C6F5)2LcMeP][OTf] 83 8.2.1.4. Preparation of [(C6F5)2LciPrP][OTf] 84 8.2.1.5. Preparation of [PhLcMe2P][OTf]2 85 8.2.1.6. Preparation of [PhLciPr2P][OTf]2 85 8.2.2. Preparation of fluorophosphonium bis(phenylsulfonyl)amide salts 86 8.2.2.1. Preparation of [36(NSI)]. 86 8.2.2.2. Preparation of 58a[NSI] 87 8.2.2.3. Preparation of 58b[N(SO2Ph)2] 88 8.2.3. Preparation of fluorophosphonium triflate salts 88 8.2.3.1. Preparation of 36[OTf] 89 8.2.3.2. Preparation of 36[H(OTf)2] 89 8.2.3.3. Preparation of 58a[OTf] 90 8.2.3.4. Preparation of 58b[OTf] 91 8.2.3.5. Preparation of 58c[OTf] 91 8.2.3.6. Preparation of 59a[OTf] 92 8.2.3.7. Preparation of 59b[OTf] 93 8.2.3.8. Preparation of 60Mea[OTf]2 94 8.2.3.9. Preparation of 60iPra[OTf]2 94 8.2.2.10. Preparation of 60Meb[OTf]2 95 8.2.3.11. Preparation of 60iPrb[OTf]2 96 8.2.3.12. Preparation of 61Me[OTf]3 97 8.2.3.13. Preparation of 61iPr[OTf]3 97 8.2.4. Reaction of fluorophosphonium triflate salts with nucleophiles 98 8.2.4.1. Preparation of 62a[OTf] 98 8.2.4.2. Preparation of 62b[OTf] 99 8.2.4.3. Preparation of 62c[OTf] 100 8.2.4.4. Preparation of 63 100 8.2.4.5. Preparation of 65 101 8.2.4.6. Preparation of 69a[OTf] 102 8.2.4.7. Preparation of 69b[OTf] 103 8.2.5. Synthesis of H[N(SO2R)(SO2Ph)] and corresponding sodium salt 103 8.2.5.1. General procedure for the formation of N-sulfonyl-sulfonamides 103 8.2.5.2. General procedure for the formation of sodium bis(sulfonyl)amides 104 8.2.5.3. Preparation of HN(SO2Ph)2, Na[N(SO2Ph)2] and [nBu4N][N(SO2Ph)2] 104 8.2.5.4. Preparation of 81a and 82a 105 8.2.5.5. Preparation of 81b and 82b 106 8.2.5.6. Preparation of 81c and 82c 106 8.2.5.7. Preparation of 81d and 82d 107 8.2.5.8. Preparation of 81e and 82e 108 8.2.5.9. Preparation of 81f and 82f 108 8.2.5.10. Preparation of 81g and 82g 109 8.2.5.11. Preparation of 81h and 82h 109 8.2.6. Synthesis of N-sulfonyl amidines 110 8.2.6.1. General procedure for the catalytic formation of N-sulfonyl amidines 110 8.2.6.2. Preparation of 64 110 8.2.6.3. Preparation of 72 111 8.2.6.4. Preparation of 73 112 8.2.6.5. Preparation of 74 112 8.2.6.6. Preparation of 75 113 8.2.6.7. Preparation of 76 114 8.2.6.8. Preparation of 77 114 8.2.6.9. Preparation of 78 115 8.2.6.10. Preparation of 79 116 8.2.6.11. Preparation of 80a,b 116 8.2.6.12. Preparation of 83b 117 8.2.6.13. Preparation of 83c 118 8.2.6.14. Preparation of 83d 119 8.2.6.15. Preparation of 83e 119 8.2.6.16. Preparation of 83f 120 8.2.6.17. Preparation of 83g 121 8.2.6.18. Preparation of 83h 122 8.3. Experimental details for CHAPTER II 123 8.3.1. Preparation of N-containing phosphanes 123 8.3.1.1. Preparation of 2-(bis(perfluorophenyl)phosphaneyl)pyridine 123 8.3.1.2. Preparation of 2-(bis(perfluorophenyl)phosphaneyl)-1-methylimidazole 124 8.3.1.3. Preparation of 2-(bis(perfluorophenyl)phosphaneyl)-N,N-dimethylaniline 124 8.3.2. Preparation of N/P Frustrated Lewis Pairs 125 8.3.2.1. General procedure for the synthesis of N/P-Frustrated Lewis pairs 125 8.3.2.2. Preparation of 85[OTf] 126 8.3.2.3. Preparation of 86[OTf] 126 8.3.2.4. Preparation of 87[OTf] 127 8.3.2.5. Preparation of 88[OTf] 128 8.3.2.6. Preparation of 89[OTf] 129 8.3.3. Synthesis of compound 84[OTf] 130 8.3.4. Reaction of N/P FLP with carbonyls, nitriles or acetylenes 131 8.3.4.1. General reaction conditions for the reaction of N/P FLP with carbonyls and nitriles 131 8.3.4.2. Preparation of 90[OTf] 131 8.3.4.3. Preparation of 91[OTf] 132 8.3.4.4. Preparation of 92[OTf] 133 8.3.4.5. Preparation of 93a[OTf] 134 8.3.4.6. Preparation of 93b[OTf] 134 8.3.4.7. Preparation of 94[OTf] 135 8.3.4.8. Preparation of 95[OTf] 136 8.3.4.9. Preparation of 96[OTf] 137 8.3.4.10. Preparation of 97a[OTf] 138 8.3.4.11. Preparation of 97b[OTf] 139 8.3.4.12. Preparation of 99a[OTf]2 140 8.3.4.13 Preparation of 100b[OTf] 141 8.3.5. Reaction of N/P FLPs with CO2 142 8.3.5.1 Reaction of 85[OTf] with CO2 142 8.3.5.2 Reaction of 86[OTf] with CO2 142 8.4. Experimental details for CHAPTER III 144 8.4.1 Synthesis of 105a,b[OTf] and 106c 144 8.4.1.1. General procedure for the reaction of fluorophosphonium triflate with Me3SiCN 144 8.4.1.2. Preparation of 105a[OTf] 144 8.4.1.3. Preparation of 105b[OTf] 145 8.4.1.4. Preparation of 106c 145 8.4.2. Reaction of fluorophosphonium triflate salt with Me3SiN3 146 8.4.2.1. General procedure for preparation of azidofluorophosphorane 146 8.4.2.2. General procedure for preparation of azidofluorophosphonium triflate salts 146 8.4.2.3. Preparation of 107a[OTf] 146 8.4.2.4. Preparation of 107b[OTf] 147 8.4.2.5. Preparation of 107c[OTf] 147 8.4.2.6. Preparation of 108c 148 8.4.2.7. Preparation of 109[OTf] 149 8.4.2.8. Preparation of 110[OTf]2 149 8.4.2.9. Preparation of 113[OTf]3 150 8.4.2.10. Preparation of 114[OTf] 151 8.4.2.11. Preparation of 115[OTf] 151 8.4.2.12. Preparation of 116[OTf] 152 8.4.3 Transformation of azido-fluorophosphorane under heating conditions 153 8.4.3.1 Preparation of 118 153 8.4.3.2 Preparation of 120a,b[OTf] 154 9. Crystallographic details 156 9.1. X-ray Diffraction refinements 156 9.2. Crystallographic details for CHAPTER I 157 9.3. Crystallographic details for CHAPTER II 169 9.4. Crystallographic details for CHAPTER III 176 10. Computational methods 179 11. Abbreviations 181 12. Nomenclature of compounds according to IUPAC recommendations 183 13. References 187 14. Acknowledgment 205 15. Publications and conference contributions 207 15.1. Peer-reviewed publication 207 15.2. Poster presentations 207 Versicherung 209 Erklärung 209

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die Anwendung der Lewis-Säure vermittelten Cycloadditionen von Allylsilanen an alpha,beta-ungesättigte Carbonylverbindungen beschrieben. Das Sesquiterpen Isocomen wurde unter Anwendung der [3+2]-Cycloaddition an Enone synthetisch hergestellt. Die [2+2]-Cycloaddition an Acrylsäurederivate wurde angewandt für einen Einstieg zur Totalsynthese des Oleander Scale Pheromons. Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit wird die Synthese hormonell aktiver Cholesterinderivate dargestellt. Ausgehend von kommerziell erhältlichen Substanzen wurden verschiedene Substituenten in das Steroidgerüst eingeführt.

Cette thèse est consacrée à l’étude de mécanismes de réactions catalysées par des métaux ainsi qu’au développement de nouveaux outils pour la rationalisation et la prévision du comportement catalytique. L’étape de transmétallation entre le bore et le nickel a été étudiée en détail à l’aide de méthodes expérimentales variées (electrochimie, RMN, cinétiques) et par DFT, permettant d’expliquer certaines limitations rencontrées par les experimentateurs. La seconde partie de cette thèse est dédiée à la rationalisation du comportement d’une famille d’acides de Lewis : les sels de triflate et de triflimidate. Leur comportement a été étudié sur des réactions modèles d’amination et d’oxidation et une nouvelle échelle théorique d’acidité de Lewis basée sur l’estimation du transfert de charge vers l’acide à permis de reproduire et prévoir l’activité catalytique. / In this thesis mechanistic studies of metal-catalyzed reactions as well as development of new tools to predict and rationalize the catalytic properties are presented. The boron-tonickel transmetalation step was thoroughly studied by experimental technics (electrochemistry, NMR, kinetics) and DFT calculations, allowing us to solve some of the limitation encountered by the synthetic chemists. In the second part of this thesis the behavior of a family of Lewis acids (triflates and triflimides) is rationalize. Two model reactions (SN and redox) were studied and a new theoretical scale of Lewis acidity was developed based on the charge transferred to the acid allowing us to reproduce and predict the catalytic activity of these salts.

[pt] Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar, por um viés específico, The Pilgrim s Regress (1933), primeiro livro de ficção do escritor irlandês, C. S. Lewis (1898-1963). A obra é frequentemente relacionada à experiência de conversão do autor ao cristianismo, mas nessa pesquisa buscam-se por outras interpretações, para além da mera autobiografia alegórica. Pretende-se, portanto, demonstrar que Lewis escreve uma alegoria obscura inserido num importante debate, posterior à Primeira Guerra Mundial (1914-18), sobre a natureza da linguagem. Neste caso, o autor apresenta, dentro da narrativa, ideias que circulavam nos meios acadêmicos de Oxford e Cambridge e que dificilmente são notadas pelo leitor desavisado. Um dos aspectos marcantes do pós-guerra foi exatamente a mudança que se operou na forma como as pessoas passaram a olhar para a linguagem. Apesar de não haver ainda uma mídia tão sofisticada quanto a existente na Segunda Guerra Mundial (1939-45) – como o rádio ou a televisão – ainda assim, jornais, livros, panfletos, imagens e canções serviram aos propósitos propagandísticos durante a Primeira Guerra. Portanto, a ideia de um combate travado não apenas com armas, mas também por meio da linguagem, se tornou assente tanto para os que viveram naquele período quanto para os que se dedicaram a estudá-lo. Obviamente, ao perceberem-se os perigos da propaganda e do uso da linguagem como veículo do ideário de guerra, abre-se espaço para uma série de questionamentos quanto a objetividade da língua no contexto da informação e de obras literárias. / [en] The present study aims to analyze, from a specific standpoint, The Pilgrim s Regress (1933), first fiction book by the Irish writer C. S. Lewis (1898-1963). This work is often related to the author s conversion experience to Christianity, and this study aims further interpretations beyond mere allegorical autobiography. One of its objectives is to show how Lewis writes his obscure allegory within an important debate about the nature of language, after the World War I (1914-18). Then, the author presents, in his narrative, ideas which are commonly expressed inside scholarly discussions in Oxford and Cambridge and scarcely noted by the unwary reader. One of the most important post-war aspects was exactly the shift on how to understand language. Although there was no sophisticated media as the World War II s – television, or radio for instance – newspapers, books, pamphlets, images and songs were used to convey war propaganda, in the WWI. Therefore, the idea behind a combat fought not only with arms but also trough language took place among those who lived that period in time and who decided to study it. Certainly, many questions could be raised about language objectivity as source of reliable information and its use in the context of literature, when the underlying dangers of such way to handle language is exposed. In The Pilgrim’s Regress one could see the author positioning himself before this controversy about the nature of language, situated between WWI and WWII.