Thèse d'exercice : Pharmacie : Nancy 1 : 2008. / Titre provenant de l'écran-titre.

The objective was to determine the effects of immunocastration (Improvest) on reproductive characteristics in boars. Seventy-two boars were used in a randomized design with three treatments: single injection (SI) or double injection (DI) of Improvest, and intact controls (no Improvest; CNT) (n = 24/group). At wk 10, 15, 20, 25, and 40, blood was collected and serum harvested to evaluate testosterone concentrations via RIA. At wk 25, 18 pigs (n = 6/ group) were sacrificed and testes were removed, weighed, and measured. Libido was assessed at 32, 36, 47, 60, and 63+ wk of age (1 to 5; 1 = no libido; 5 = high libido) and semen collected beyond 60 wk of age. Testosterone concentrations were less for DI boars compared to CNT boars and SI boars at 20 and 25 wk of age (P < 0.001), but not different at 40 wk of age. All testicular measurements and weight were less for DI boars compared to SI and CNT boars (P < 0.001). There was no treatment effect on libido between 32 to 63+ wk of age. Semen volume, gel weight and total number of sperm cells were not different among treatments. Sperm concentration was greater for DI than SI (P = 0.011), and tended to be greater for DI compared to CNT (P = 0.102). Sperm motility tended to be greater for DI boars compared to CNT boars (P = 0.066). The results show that there are no permanent effects of immunocastration on reproductive characteristics in boars. / Master of Science

La demande en produits animaux pousse les éleveurs à réduire les intrants et supprimer les traitements hormonaux pour la maîtrise de la reproduction des ovins. Ces exigences ont relancé les études sur des méthodes qui s’appuient davantage sur les comportements spontanés des mâles et des femelles. Le détecteur électronique des chaleurs, développé par l’UMR Selmet, semblait prometteur et il fallait l’accompagner de validations expérimentales. Ces études ont été réalisées en race Mérinos d’Arles du Domaine du Merle qui sont élevées en système d’élevage extensif et se reproduisent à contre saison. Nous avons tout d’abord validé ce détecteur sur des brebis suivies par vidéo. Nous montrons que 93% des chevauchements sont effectivement enregistrés et comme les brebis en œstrus acceptent plusieurs chevauchements : toutes les brebis sont détectées. Dans une deuxième étape nous avons utilisés plusieurs béliers avec des effectifs plus importants (n=60). Ceci nous a confirmé, pour la brebis des fortes variabilités 1) de la réponse aux traitements hormonaux, 2) de la durée des chaleurs et 3) du nombre de chevauchements par brebis. Pour les béliers, nous avons mis en évidence une forte dispersion du nombre de chevauchements qui s’est répétée, avec les mêmes brebis, sur les cycles suivants. Nous avons ensuite étudié plus précisément le comportement sexuel des béliers en les plaçant en test visuel (méthode de référence) avec quelques brebis en chaleur. Pour cela nous avons évalué 6 béliers entiers Mérinos et 6 béliers vasectomisés Mourérous, à un an d’intervalle lors de la lutte de printemps et aussi à celle d’automne. Nous avons retrouvé les amplitudes classiques des variations saisonnières sur les activités des béliers aux trois saisons.Nous avons montré que la libido des mâles définie par la somme de leurs activités pré-copulatoires ou copulatoires était bien corrélée (r=+0,80, n=18) aux chevauchements mesurés avec le détecteur sur plusieurs centaines de brebis la libido peut être assimilée aux activités copulatoires que nous mesurons avec les chevauchements. De plus, nous obtenons une corrélation claire entre les activités copulatoires observées et collectées automatiquement en troupeaux. Le classement des béliers selon leur libido sont était très répétable intra-saison (de cycle a l’autre) et enter-saison (d’une saison à l’autre). A un an d’intervalle la répétabilité a été meilleur (94%) avec les chevauchements qu’avec les mesures des tests (80%). Sachant que la fertilité des brebis sous-alimentées est plus faible, nous avons étudié les comportements de brebis ayant subi 3 régimes alimentaires contrastés appliqués pendant 3 mois. Nous montrons que la réceptivité et la proceptivité de brebis ne changent pas selon leur état nutritionnel, par contre leur capacité à attirer les béliers (attractivité) est d’autant plus forte qu’elles sont plus lourdes et/ou qu’elles avaient des profils métaboliques favorables (métabolites et hormones). Ces données, obtenues en lot expérimental par des méthodes de référence, ont été validées en troupeau avec le détecteur électronique. Dans la discussion générale, nous reprenons nos résultats pour montrer qu’en système d’élevage extensif les brebis jouent un rôle central dans l’attraction, ou pas, des béliers. Ces béliers, bien que choisis pour la reproduction, ont des libidos très variables mais répétables. Le détecteur de chaleur, inclus dans un système d’élevage de précision, pourrait servir en élevage pour améliorer la reproduction des ovins en s’appuyant sur ces connaissances. / Automatically recorded mountings of rams provide information on their libido and breeding value of ewes.Abstract:The demand for livestock products pushes farmers to reduce inputs and remove hormonal treatments used to control ewe’s reproduction. These trends put forward research lines that are aimed to study sexual behaviours of both rams and ewes. The electronic oestrus detector, developed by UMR Selmet, looked promising but still had to be accompanied by further experimental validation. Our studies were conducted on Merino’s d’Arles sheep of Domaine de Merle, which are bred in an extensive farming system with a mating period occurring in spring as many other Mediterranean breeds. Our first step was to validate the electronic detector on sheep by comparison to video observation. We showed that 93% of mounts are registered, and as ewes in oestrus accept multiple mounts: all the ewes are detected with this device. In a second step we used several rams (n=6) with a larger number of ewes (n = 60). This confirmed that ewes express a strong variability 1) of the timed response to hormonal treatments, 2) of the oestrus duration and 3) the total number of mounts per ewe. We also demonstrated that the wide dispersion of the number of mounts done by rams was however repeated, with the same flock, in subsequent cycles.Then, we focussed on ram sexual behaviour by placing them with few oestrus ewes under visual test (the reference method). We evaluated 6 intact Merino rams and 6 vasectomized rams of the Mourerous breed, this test was done thrice: at spring one year apart and also at the autumn. We found conventional amplitude of seasonal variations on the activities of rams during the three seasons. We demonstrated that male libido, defined by the sum of their pre-copulatory and copulatory activity, was well correlated (r = + 0.80, n = 18) with the counted mounts by the detector of the same rams but with several hundreds of ewes. Therefore, the libido can be estimated by number of mounts. In addition, we get a clear correlation between the observed copulatory activities and automatically collected mounts within a flock of ewes. We found that ranked rams’ libido scores are repeated. This is very stable within-season (one cycle) and between-seasons (from one season to the next). A one year apart repeatability of mounts was better (94%) within the flock than when measured by mounts number during tests (80%). Given that fertility of undernourished ewes is lower, we studied the behavior of ewes that underwent three contrasting diets applied for 3 months. We observed that receptivity and proceptivity of ewes do not change according to their nutritional status, through against their ability to attract the rams (attractiveness) is much stronger if they are heavier and/or had favorable metabolic profiles (metabolites and hormones). These results were further confirmed within rams’ mating flock (when bodyweight are widespread). In the discussion, we resume our results that show that within extensive livestock system, ewe plays a central role in attracting or not the rams. These rams, although chosen for breeding, have very variable but repeated libido score. The electronic oestrus detector, included in a precision farming system, could be used to improve the breeding of sheep, based on this knowledge.Keywords: sexual behaviour, preferential mating, libido, attractiveness, receptiveness, proceptivity and precision farming.

In this paper I will be mapping an inner world of thought and experience lived by individuals suffering from depression. Based on differently experienced narratives I will try to reveal common features, which could help with better understanding "depressive mode of life experience". Research took place in Prague Psychiatric Centre. It consisted of narrative analysis of four 90 minute long autobiogaphic interviews. Four respondents were of both sexes and 17 - 59 years old. In these interviews was emphasized formation of structure in their life narrative. The result of this analysis was formlation of theory of Depressive mode of organizing the experience. This theory is expanded with mode of escape mechanism describing tightening of depletion of external purpose loop and causal mechanism of reluctance to pursue introspection, which leads to deficit of authorship and need for understanding and acting other, who would compensate described deficit. These models have been compared with other theories and research of C. G. Jung and Erich Fromm. Ideas of both authors complete each other and expand findings of this research.

Akademisk avhandling--Filosofie doktorsexamen--Stockholm, 1990. / Résumé en anglais.

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2016-10-18T13:27:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Luis Rennan Sampaio OLiveira.pdf: 402897 bytes, checksum: 1c1e09e4a95a6e757712640af015aadd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-18T13:27:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luis Rennan Sampaio OLiveira.pdf: 402897 bytes, checksum: 1c1e09e4a95a6e757712640af015aadd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-02-19 / The reproductive capacity of the bull is one of the most excellent characteristics of the cut flock and the use of reproducers with low fertility can result in great economic losses, being thus, in this the objective of this study, was to select animal of the Nelore race, with age between 20 and 24 months, to analyze the taxes of fertility in different relations bull: cow. 98 young bulls of the Nelore race had been used, that had passed for zootécnica evaluation, being the chosen teams (N = 85/ 86,73 %), submitted to the breeding soundness examination. After this procedure, the apt ones to the reproduction (N = 70/82,35 %), had been one week evaluated how much to the sexual behavior, by 10, 15 and 20 minutes, the bulls of good and very excellent libido, had been distributed to perhaps in four groups, as it is followed: 1:25,1:40, 1:60 and 1:80 to evaluate the tax of gestation in the different relations bull/cow. The evaluation of the libido had satisfactory reply, a time that 31.12% had been classified with the excellent libido. The increase in the time of evaluation of the test of the libido of 10 for 15minutes reduced the percentage of classified bulls as questionable and good, and raised the percentage of bulls with good and very excellent libido. The frequency of moderate long forms (0,51 ≥ reason ≤ 0,625), (60,0%) and long (reason ≤ 0,5), (28,5%), had been observed with bigger constancy and minors of oval long form (0,626 ≥ reason ≤ 0,750), (11,4%), not being found animal with testicules with oval/spherical form (0,751 ≥ reason ≤ 0,875), (0,0%) and spherical (reason > 0,875), (0,0%). The correlation between the forms testicular, the scrotal perimeter, characteristic morphologic physics and of the semen and libido in this study had been next to zero and it did not have significant correlation (P > 0,05). The reproductiveefficiency of each experimental group, 1:25, 1:40, 1:60, 1:80, was evaluated by the taxes of gestation to the end of the station of sum of 90 days (86,4; 84,0; 85,3; 84,1 %), respectively, showed not to have association between treatments (P = 0,50), independently of the adopted treatment, the prenhez taxes had been to the same ones to the 30, 60 and 90 days. / A capacidade reprodutiva do touro é uma das mais relevantes características do rebanho de corte e a utilização de reprodutores com baixa fertilidade pode resultar em grandes perdas econômicas, sendo assim, o objetivo deste estudo, foi selecionar animais da raça Nelore, com idade entre 20 e 24 meses, para analisar as taxas de fertilidade em diferentes relações touro:vaca. Foram utilizados 98 tourinhos, que passaram por avaliação zootécnica, sendo os selecionados (N = 85 / 86,73 %), submetidos ao exame andrológico. Uma semana após este procedimento, os aptos à reprodução (N = 70 / 82,35 %), foram avaliados quanto ao comportamento sexual, por 10, 15 e 20 minutos, os touros de libido muito boa e excelente,foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em quatro grupos, como se segue: 1:25, 1:40, 1:60 e 1:80 para avaliar a taxa de gestação nas diferentes relações touro:vaca. Houve resposta satisfatória a avaliação da libido, uma vez que 31,12% foram classificados com a libido excelente. O aumento no tempo de avaliação do teste da libido de 10 para 15 minutos reduziu o percentual de touros classificados como questionáveis e bons, e elevou o percentual de touros com libido muito boa e excelente. A freqüência das formas longos moderados (0,51 ≥ razão ≤ 0,625), (60,0%) e longos (razão ≤ 0,5), (28,5%), foram observadas com maior constância e menores da forma longo oval (0,626 ≥ razão ≤ 0,750), (11,4%), não sendo encontrados animais com testículos com forma oval/esférica (0,751 ≥ razão ≤ 0,875), (0,0%) e esféricos (razão > 0,875), (0,0%). A correlação entre as formas testiculares, o perímetro escrotal, características físicas e morfológicas do sêmen e libido as neste estudo, foram próximas de zero e não houve correlação significativa(P > 0,05). A eficiência reprodutiva de cada grupo experimental, 1:25,1:40, 1:60, 1:80, foi avaliada pelas taxas de gestação ao final da estação de monta de 90 dias, sendo (86,4; 84,0; 85,3; 84,1 %), respectivamente, mostrou não haver associação entre tratamentos (P=0,50), independentemente do tratamento adotado, as taxas de prenhez foram às mesmas aos 30, 60 e 90 dias.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The objective of the present work is to emphasize the theatrical importance of the concepts of libido and transference and their developments in the clinical, scientific and political fields. Such attempt is justified by the fact that, when using these concepts, Freud operates a transformation which had already begun with Charcot in the forms of understanding and dealing with psychic derangement, which was circumscribed to the limits of fantasy and simulation. Beyond that factor, the father of psychoanalysis also enlarges the range of these concepts, since the libido will have a preponderant role in the new knowledge that is designed when he affirms it as |something fundamental| which allows the clinical practice by means of transference as well as the formation of the social tie. In order to achieve our objective, we will develop our reasoning by reviewing the predecessors of Freudian clinical practice animal magnetism, suggestion and hypnosis and from that point derive the postulation of the concept of transference, which will not represent only an evolution of the technique that will have effects in the clinical records; but, at the same time, will also promote a transformation in the epistemic field, as it proposes another notion of reality, a psychic one, whose ordering principle will be the same which figures as a condition for the possibility of the transfer, that is, the libido, which is an issue of impact in the scientific field; finally, we will address the ethical reach of the concepts of libido and transference, which will allow regarding the regulation of the social space from the point of view of the relations established among the different subjects, a preeminently political proposition. / O presente trabalho tem como objetivo resgatar a importância teórica dos conceitos de libido e transferência e seus devidos desdobramentos nos campos da clínica, da ciência e da política. Este intento se justifica na medida em que, ao lançar mão de tais conceitos, Freud opera uma transformação que já havia sido iniciada com Charcot nas formas de entender e lidar com o adoecimento psíquico, circunscrito que estava aos limites da fantasia e da simulação. Para além desse fator, o pai da psicanálise alarga também o campo de alcance destes conceitos, visto que a libido terá papel preponderante no novo saber que se esboça ao afirmá-la como o algo fundamental que possibilita tanto a prática clínica por via da transferência quanto a formação do laço social. Para tanto construiremos nossa argumentação com o resgate dos antecessores da prática clínica freudiana - magnetismo animal, sugestão e hipnose - para daí fazer derivar a postulação do conceito de transferência, que não representará apenas uma evolução na técnica a qual repercutirá nos registros da clínica; mas, a um só golpe, promove também uma transformação no campo epistêmico, ao propor uma outra noção de realidade, agora psíquica, cujo princípio ordenador será aquele mesmo que figura como condição de possibilidade da transferência, a saber, a libido, questão essa de interesse no meio científico; e, por fim, chegaremos ao alcance ético dos conceitos de libido e da transferência, os quais permitirão pensar a regulação do espaço social a partir das relações estabelecidas entre os diferentes sujeitos, propositura política por excelência.

Nesta pesquisa, propomos um exame do discurso pedagógico e de seus recursos linguísticos constituintes (sloganse jargões), desde sua formulaçãopela Secretaria de Estado da Educação de São Paulo, até a atribuição de sentido prático numa unidade da rede estadual, feita por seus agentes educativos (professores, coordenadores, diretores). Nosso intuito é compreender os modos de adesão desses agentes ao discurso oficial, em seus aspectos de conformidade e de resistência. No que diz respeito à autoridade pública,interessam-nos os documentos referentes àproposta curricular de São Paulo(vigentesdesde 2008), entendidos como representantes concretos da política públicaeducacional do Estado. Em sua configuração particular, importa-nos a construção de propostas de ação, apreendidas a partir do discurso dos agentes de uma escola, em reuniões de equipe (Horas de Trabalho Pedagógico Coletivo HTPC).Para tanto, propomos analisar o material divulgado pelo órgão do Estado e os dados da pesquisa de campo à luz dos escritos freudianos acerca dos mecanismos psíquicos de funcionamento de grupos e das contribuições lacanianassobre ateoria dos discursos, procurando evidenciar as características da circulação e da reprodução dos discursos pedagógicos e de seus recursos linguísticos.A partir de sua teoria da libido, Freud (1921)propôsque um grupo é constituído por dois tipos de laços libidinais: os estabelecidos com um líder e osestabelecidos entre os membros. Nessa perspectiva, profissionais da educação, em seus contextos locais, podem ser estudados como grupos cujos membros fundam laços libidinais entre si e em relação a ideais educacionais comuns. A hipótese deste trabalho é ade que a possibilidade desses ideais serem comuns a todo o grupo é facilitada pelo uso dos recursos linguísticos, de maneira que eles cumprem tanto um papel unificador na dinâmica das relações cotidianas quanto uma função ideológica. / With this research, we propose an examination of the pedagogical discourse and linguistic features of their constituents (slogans and jargon), since its formulation by the Department of Education of São Paulo, to the attribution of practical sense in a public school, as made by their educational staff(teachers, coordinators, directors). Our aim is to understand the ways of the adherence of these agents to the discourse in terms of compliance and resistance. Regarding the public authority, we are interested in documents relating to the curriculum of São Paulo(operativefrom2008), defined as concrete representatives of public education policies of State. The construction of its proposed action is important here, as identified in the discourse of a school staff in team meetings (HTPC). We analyze the material released by the State agency and the data from field research in the light of Freuds writings on the mechanisms of psychic functioning of groups, and of the contributions of the Lacanian theory of discourse, seeking to high light the characteristics of movement and reproduction of pedagogical discourses and their language resources. Freuds theory of libido proposes that a group consists of two kinds of libidinal ties: established by a leader, and established among the members. From this perspective, education professionals in their local contexts can be studied as groups whose members found libidinal ties among them selves and in relation to common educational ideals. Our working hypothesis is that the possibility of the ideals are common to the whole group is facilitated by the use of linguistic resources, so that they meet a unifying role in the dynamics of everyday relationships as an ideological function.

Nesta pesquisa, propomos um exame do discurso pedagógico e de seus recursos linguísticos constituintes (sloganse jargões), desde sua formulaçãopela Secretaria de Estado da Educação de São Paulo, até a atribuição de sentido prático numa unidade da rede estadual, feita por seus agentes educativos (professores, coordenadores, diretores). Nosso intuito é compreender os modos de adesão desses agentes ao discurso oficial, em seus aspectos de conformidade e de resistência. No que diz respeito à autoridade pública,interessam-nos os documentos referentes àproposta curricular de São Paulo(vigentesdesde 2008), entendidos como representantes concretos da política públicaeducacional do Estado. Em sua configuração particular, importa-nos a construção de propostas de ação, apreendidas a partir do discurso dos agentes de uma escola, em reuniões de equipe (Horas de Trabalho Pedagógico Coletivo HTPC).Para tanto, propomos analisar o material divulgado pelo órgão do Estado e os dados da pesquisa de campo à luz dos escritos freudianos acerca dos mecanismos psíquicos de funcionamento de grupos e das contribuições lacanianassobre ateoria dos discursos, procurando evidenciar as características da circulação e da reprodução dos discursos pedagógicos e de seus recursos linguísticos.A partir de sua teoria da libido, Freud (1921)propôsque um grupo é constituído por dois tipos de laços libidinais: os estabelecidos com um líder e osestabelecidos entre os membros. Nessa perspectiva, profissionais da educação, em seus contextos locais, podem ser estudados como grupos cujos membros fundam laços libidinais entre si e em relação a ideais educacionais comuns. A hipótese deste trabalho é ade que a possibilidade desses ideais serem comuns a todo o grupo é facilitada pelo uso dos recursos linguísticos, de maneira que eles cumprem tanto um papel unificador na dinâmica das relações cotidianas quanto uma função ideológica. / With this research, we propose an examination of the pedagogical discourse and linguistic features of their constituents (slogans and jargon), since its formulation by the Department of Education of São Paulo, to the attribution of practical sense in a public school, as made by their educational staff(teachers, coordinators, directors). Our aim is to understand the ways of the adherence of these agents to the discourse in terms of compliance and resistance. Regarding the public authority, we are interested in documents relating to the curriculum of São Paulo(operativefrom2008), defined as concrete representatives of public education policies of State. The construction of its proposed action is important here, as identified in the discourse of a school staff in team meetings (HTPC). We analyze the material released by the State agency and the data from field research in the light of Freuds writings on the mechanisms of psychic functioning of groups, and of the contributions of the Lacanian theory of discourse, seeking to high light the characteristics of movement and reproduction of pedagogical discourses and their language resources. Freuds theory of libido proposes that a group consists of two kinds of libidinal ties: established by a leader, and established among the members. From this perspective, education professionals in their local contexts can be studied as groups whose members found libidinal ties among them selves and in relation to common educational ideals. Our working hypothesis is that the possibility of the ideals are common to the whole group is facilitated by the use of linguistic resources, so that they meet a unifying role in the dynamics of everyday relationships as an ideological function.

A presente dissertaÃÃo A teoria das pulsÃes em Freud e Lacan: pontos de convergÃncia e de divergÃncia tem como objetivo geral estudar a teoria das pulsÃes em Freud e Lacan, identificando o que à comum e o que diverge entre os dois. Os objetivos especÃficos sÃo, quanto a Freud: a) investigar a construÃÃo do conceito de pulsÃo; b) pesquisar a constituiÃÃo da primeira teoria pulsional: pulsÃes sexuais e pulsÃes do eu; c) estudar a formulaÃÃo da segunda teoria pulsional: pulsÃes de vida e pulsÃes de morte. Quanto ao que Lacan concebeu sobre as pulsÃes, visa-se investigar: a) a Ãnfase dada ao imaginÃrio e b) a Ãnfase dada ao simbÃlico. Para a escolha dos textos de Freud, foram consideradas a construÃÃo do conceito de pulsÃo e as primeira e segunda teorias a este respeito. Na seleÃÃo dos textos de Lacan, utilizou-se o critÃrio de periodizaÃÃo de seu ensino sugerido por Miller (1982, 2005). Dentre outros comentadores consultados, citam-se Brousse (1997) e Leite (1996). A pesquisa realizada aponta as seguintes conclusÃes: A grande convergÃncia da teoria pulsional entre os autores deve-se à afirmaÃÃo de nÃo haver uma base comum entre instinto e pulsÃo e por contemplar em suas teorias a dimensÃo do mais alÃm do princÃpio de prazer. A diferenÃa entre os dois psicanalistas procede de uma distinÃÃo epistemolÃgica acerca da pulsÃo: Para Freud, observa-se que âno princÃpio foi atoâ, ou seja, a pulsÃo representa a exigÃncia de trabalho â ato â feita ao psiquismo inconsciente, em decorrÃncia da ligaÃÃo deste com o corpo. Para Lacan, no princÃpio està o verbo. A pulsÃo ($<>D), neste autor, à verbo, linguagem â constituÃda apenas por dois elementos simbÃlicos, o sujeito ($) e a demanda do Outro â e à concebida como o que advÃm da demanda do Outro quando o sujeito aà desvanece. O conceito de fronteira na pulsÃo à abordado a partir de perspectivas diversas nos autores: em Freud, ocorre entre o somÃtico e o mental, e em Lacan, entre a necessidade e a demanda. Nos Ãltimos textos de Lacan, a pulsÃo à um conceito que està na fronteira entre o imaginÃrio, o simbÃlico e o real. Freud trabalha, desde o inÃcio, com um modelo dualista da pulsÃo, e Lacan enfatiza a pulsÃo, fundamentalmente, como pulsÃo de morte. Consequentemente, a libido, para Lacan, està associada à pulsÃo de morte, enquanto que para Freud a libido à a energia de Eros, ou seja, vinculada à pulsÃo de vida. Percebe-se, em Freud, um destaque do aspecto econÃmico da pulsÃo, e sobre este aspecto em Lacan, os autores divergem: alguns dizem que o aspecto econÃmico està presente; outros, que ele foi suprimido. O investigador, no entanto, considera este aspecto apenas mitigado, porquanto presente em alguns textos lacanianos. / The title of the present dissertationry of the drives in Freud and Lacan: points of convergence and divergenceâ. The main objective was to analyze the theory of the drives in Freud and Lacan, identifying the points in which they differ and the points in which they converge. The specific objectives with regard to Freud were to investigate a) the development of the concept of drives, b) the constitution of the first theory of the drives (sex drive and ego drive) and c) the constitution of the second theory of the drives (life drive and death drive). With regard to Lacan, the specific objectives were to study the emphasis given to a) the imaginary, b) the symbolic. Our review of the literature included texts by Freud dealing with the concept of drive and the first and second theory of the drives, and texts by Lacan selected according to Millerâs periodization of Lacanâs teaching (1982, 2005). The works of Brousse (1997) and Leite (1996) were also consulted. The results show that the main convergence between Freudâs and Lacanâs theories of the drives lies in the absence of a common ground between instinct and drive and the acknowledgment of a dimension beyond the pleasure principle. The difference between the two psychoanalysts lies in their epistemological definitions of drive: To Freud, âin the beginning was the actâ, that is, the drive represents the demand of work&#8213;an act&#8213;made to the unconscious mind due its connection with the body. According to Lacan, âin the beginning was the wordâ: Lacan conceives of drive ($<>D) as word, as language, composed of only two symbolic elements&#8213;the subject ($) and the demand of the Other (D)&#8213;and stemming from the demand of the Other when the subject fades away. The concept of frontier is analyzed in light of several of the authorsâ perspectives: in Freud, the frontier separates psyche and soma, while in Lacan it lies between necessity and demand. In Lacanâs last texts, the concept of drive lingers on the frontier between the imaginary, the symbolic and the real. From the beginning, Freud used a dualistic model of the drives, while Lacan emphasizes drive, essentially, as death drive. Thus, to Lacan libido is associated with the death drive, whereas Freud identified libido as the energy associated with Eros and thus related to the life drive. Freudâs emphasis on the economic aspect of the drives counters Lacanâs views: some authors believe the economic aspect is present in Lacan, others think it has been suppressed. Though the aspect has been included in some of Lacanâs texts, the present author nevertheless considers it to have been merely mitigated.