Universiẗat, Diss., 2001--Tübingen.

Universiẗat, Diss., 1999--Saarbrücken. / Erscheinungsjahr auf der Haupttitels.: 1999.

Following the intensive development of isolated (i.e., not coupled with on-chip waveguide) vertically rolled-up microtube ring resonators (VRU-MRRs) for both active and passive applications, a variety of microtube-based devices has been realized. These include microcavity lasers, optical sensors, directional couplers, and active elements in lab-on-a-chip devices. To provide more advanced and complex functionality, the focus of tubular geometry research is now shifting toward (i) refined vertical light transfer in 3D stacks of multiple photonic layers and (ii) to make microfluidic cooling system in the integrated optoelectronic system. Based on this motivation, this PhD research is devoted to the demonstration and the implementation of monolithic integration of VRU-MRRs with photonic waveguides for 3D photonic integration and their optofluidic applications. Prior to integration, high-quality isolated VRU-MRRs on the flat Si substrate are firstly fabricated by the controlled release of differentially strained titanium-dioxide (TiO2) bilayered nanomembranes. The fabricated microtubes support resonance modes for both telecom and visible photonics. The outcome of the isolated VRU-MRRs is a record high Q (≈3.8×10^3) in the telecom wavelength range with optimum tapered optical fiber resonator interaction. To further study the optical modes in the visible and near infrared spectral range, μPL spectroscopy is performed on the isolated VRU-MRRs, which are activated by entrapping various sizes of luminescent nanoparticles (NPs) within the windings of rolled-up nanomembranes based on a flexible, robust and economical method. Moreover, it is realized for the first time, in addition to serving as light sources that NPs-aggregated in isolated VRU-MRRs can produce an optical potential well that can be used to trap optical resonant modes. After achieving all the required parameters for creating a high-quality TiO2 VRU-MRR, the monolithic integration of VRU-MRRs with Si nanophotonic waveguides is experimentally demonstrated, exhibiting a significant step toward 3D photonic integration. The on-chip integration is realized by rolling up 2D pre-strained TiO2 nanomembranes into 3D VRU-MRRs on a microchip which seamlessly expanded over several integrated waveguides. In this intriguing vertical transmission configuration, resonant filtering of optical signals at telecom wavelengths is demonstrated based on ultra-smooth and subwavelength thick-walled VRU-MRRs. Finally, to illustrate the usefulness of the fully integrated VRU-MRRs with photonic waveguides, optofluidic functionalities of the integrated system is investigated. In this work, two methods are performed to explore optofluidic applications of the integrated system. First, the hollow core of an integrated VRU-MRR is uniquely filled with a liquid solution (purified water) by setting one end of the VRU-MRRs in contact with a droplet placed onto the photonic chip via a glass capillary. Second, the outside of an integrated VRU-MRR is fully covered with a big droplet of liquid. Both techniques lead to a significant shift in the WGMs (Δλ≈46 nm). A maximum sensitivity of 140 nm/refractive index unit, is achieved. The achievements of this PhD research open up fascinating opportunities for the realization of massively parallel optofluidic microsystems with more functionality and flexibility for analysis of biomaterials in lab-on-a-tube systems on single chips. It also demonstrates 3D photonic integration in which optical interconnects between multiple photonic layers are required.

Kunststofflichtwellenleiter (POFs) stellen ein verhältnismäßig neues Medium zur optische Datenkommunikation über kurzen Strecken dar. Während ihrer Einsatzdauer unterliegen POFs unterschiedlichen Arten von Umweltbeanspruchungen, hauptsächlich durch hohe Temperatur, hohe Feuchtigkeit und mechanischen Belastungen. Zahlreiche experimentelle Forschungen beschäftigten sich mit der standardisierten Prüfung der Zuverlässigkeit von im Handel erhältlichen Fasern. Jedoch gab es bisher wenig Erfolg bei der Bemühung, zwei grundlegende optische Erscheinungen, Absorption und Streuung, die die Lichtausbreitung in Fasern stark beeinflussen, zu verstehen und praktisch zu modellieren: Diese beiden Effekte beschreiben nicht nur die Qualität neuer Fasern, sondern sie werden auch stark durch die Alterungsprozess beeinflusst.<br><br> Der Hauptzweck dieser Doktorarbeit war es, ein praktisch verwendbares und theoretisch gut fundiertes Modell der Lichtausbreitung in nicht gealterten und gealterten POFs zu entwickeln und es durch optische Experimente zu verifizieren. Dabei wurden anwendungsorientierte Aspekte mit theoretischer POF-Modellierung kombiniert. Die Arbeit enthält die erste bekannte Anwendung der Wellenanalyse zur Untersuchung der winkelabhängigen Eigenschaften der Streuung in Lichtwellenleitern.<br><br> Für die praktischen Experimente wurden mehrere POF-Proben unterschiedlicher Hersteller künstlich gealtert, indem sie bis 4500 Stunden bei 100 °C gelagert wurden (ohne Feuchtekontrolle). Die Parameter der jeweiligen Simulationen wurden mittels einer systematischen Optimierung an die gemessen optischen Eigenschaften der gealterten Proben angeglichen. Die Resultate deuten an, dass der Übertragungsverlust der gealterten Fasern in den ersten Tagen und Wochen der Alterung am stärksten durch eine wesentliche physikalische Verschlechterung der Kern-Mantel-Grenzfläche verursacht wird. Chemische Effekte des Alterungsprozesses scheinen im Faserkernmaterial zuerst nach einigen Monaten aufzutreten. / This thesis discusses theoretical and practical aspects of modelling of light propagation in non-aged and aged step-index polymer optical fibres (POFs). Special attention has been paid in describing optical characteristics of non-ideal fibres, scattering and attenuation, and in combining application-oriented and theoretical approaches. The precedence has been given to practical issues, but much effort has been also spent on the theoretical analysis of basic mechanisms governing light propagation in cylindrical waveguides.<br><br>As a result a practically usable general POF model based on the raytracing approach has been developed and implemented. A systematic numerical optimisation of its parameters has been performed to obtain the best fit between simulated and measured optical characteristics of numerous non-aged and aged fibre samples. The model was verified by providing good agreement, especially for the non-aged fibres. The relations found between aging time and optimal values of model parameters contribute to a better understanding of the aging mechanisms of POFs.

Kunststofflichtwellenleiter (POFs) stellen ein verhältnismäßig neues Medium zur optische Datenkommunikation über kurzen Strecken dar. Während ihrer Einsatzdauer unterliegen POFs unterschiedlichen Arten von Umweltbeanspruchungen, hauptsächlich durch hohe Temperatur, hohe Feuchtigkeit und mechanischen Belastungen. Zahlreiche experimentelle Forschungen beschäftigten sich mit der standardisierten Prüfung der Zuverlässigkeit von im Handel erhältlichen Fasern. Jedoch gab es bisher wenig Erfolg bei der Bemühung, zwei grundlegende optische Erscheinungen, Absorption und Streuung, die die Lichtausbreitung in Fasern stark beeinflussen, zu verstehen und praktisch zu modellieren: Diese beiden Effekte beschreiben nicht nur die Qualität neuer Fasern, sondern sie werden auch stark durch die Alterungsprozess beeinflusst. <br><br> Der Hauptzweck dieser Doktorarbeit war es, ein praktisch verwendbares und theoretisch gut fundiertes Modell der Lichtausbreitung in nicht gealterten und gealterten POFs zu entwickeln und es durch optische Experimente zu verifizieren. Dabei wurden anwendungsorientierte Aspekte mit theoretischer POF-Modellierung kombiniert. Die Arbeit enthält die erste bekannte Anwendung der Wellenanalyse zur Untersuchung der winkelabhängigen Eigenschaften der Streuung in Lichtwellenleitern. <br><br> Für die praktischen Experimente wurden mehrere POF-Proben unterschiedlicher Hersteller künstlich gealtert, indem sie bis 4500 Stunden bei 100 °C gelagert wurden (ohne Feuchtekontrolle). Die Parameter der jeweiligen Simulationen wurden mittels einer systematischen Optimierung an die gemessen optischen Eigenschaften der gealterten Proben angeglichen. Die Resultate deuten an, dass der Übertragungsverlust der gealterten Fasern in den ersten Tagen und Wochen der Alterung am stärksten durch eine wesentliche physikalische Verschlechterung der Kern-Mantel-Grenzfläche verursacht wird. Chemische Effekte des Alterungsprozesses scheinen im Faserkernmaterial zuerst nach einigen Monaten aufzutreten. / This thesis discusses theoretical and practical aspects of modelling of light propagation in non-aged and aged step-index polymer optical fibres (POFs). Special attention has been paid in describing optical characteristics of non-ideal fibres, scattering and attenuation, and in combining application-oriented and theoretical approaches. The precedence has been given to practical issues, but much effort has been also spent on the theoretical analysis of basic mechanisms governing light propagation in cylindrical waveguides. <br><br> As a result a practically usable general POF model based on the raytracing approach has been developed and implemented. A systematic numerical optimisation of its parameters has been performed to obtain the best fit between simulated and measured optical characteristics of numerous non-aged and aged fibre samples. The model was verified by providing good agreement, especially for the non-aged fibres. The relations found between aging time and optimal values of model parameters contribute to a better understanding of the aging mechanisms of POFs.<br><br>

Besides attenuation, dispersion is the major limiting factor in high data rate fiber optical transmission systems. Dispersion compensation techniques have to be deployed in order to increase the data bandwidth or the reach of fiber optical links. Typically fixed value dispersion compensators are used. However at channel bit rates of 40 GBit/s and beyond adjustable residual dispersion compensator modules (DCM) are needed to guarantee an error free transmission under changing environmental conditions. In this thesis dispersion techniques were investigated which exploit the special propagation properties of higher order modes in custom-designed optical fibers. After a short introduction of state-of-the-art dispersion techniques and their parameters (chapter 2) the modeling and calculation of propagation properties of a particular mode in an optical fiber with an arbitrary, rotation-symmetric refractive index profile is shown (chapter 3). A converter from the fundamental mode and back is needed in order to exploit the propagation properties of a higher order mode (HOM). In this work long-period gratings (LPG) were considered as mode converters (chapter 4) as they can excite selective and nearly lossless a higher order mode. The modeling und calculation of these gratings, based on the fiber calculation of chapter 3, is presented in the first part of chapter 4. Afterwards the manufacturing methods developed during this work are introduced. The spectral properties of realized long-period gratings are discussed and the influence of such factors as strain and temperature on tuning the mode conversion is shown. A dispersion compensator type utilizing only the waveguide dispersion of a certain mode in a custom few mode fiber (FMF) is the subject of chapter 5. The working principle, the fiber design process and first measurements of a realized HOM-DCM with almost completely coupling FMF-LPG are presented. Subsequently the principle of a novel dispersion compensator with an arbitrary dispersion function for a higher or the fundamental mode is explained. In chapter 6 another type of dispersion compensator is investigated consisting of equally distributed long-period gratings along an optical fiber. The fiber pieces between the gratings create a certain time delay between the fundamental mode and the considered higher order mode. It is shown in simulations and in an experiment, that by tuning the mode conversion of each grating and the optical phase relation between the two signal paths in each fiber piece this finite impulse filter structure is so adjusted to function as a tunable residual dispersion compensator.

Besides attenuation, dispersion is the major limiting factor in high data rate fiber optical transmission systems. Dispersion compensation techniques have to be deployed in order to increase the data bandwidth or the reach of fiber optical links. Typically fixed value dispersion compensators are used. However at channel bit rates of 40 GBit/s and beyond adjustable residual dispersion compensator modules (DCM) are needed to guarantee an error free transmission under changing environmental conditions. In this thesis dispersion techniques were investigated which exploit the special propagation properties of higher order modes in custom-designed optical fibers. After a short introduction of state-of-the-art dispersion techniques and their parameters (chapter 2) the modeling and calculation of propagation properties of a particular mode in an optical fiber with an arbitrary, rotation-symmetric refractive index profile is shown (chapter 3). A converter from the fundamental mode and back is needed in order to exploit the propagation properties of a higher order mode (HOM). In this work long-period gratings (LPG) were considered as mode converters (chapter 4) as they can excite selective and nearly lossless a higher order mode. The modeling und calculation of these gratings, based on the fiber calculation of chapter 3, is presented in the first part of chapter 4. Afterwards the manufacturing methods developed during this work are introduced. The spectral properties of realized long-period gratings are discussed and the influence of such factors as strain and temperature on tuning the mode conversion is shown. A dispersion compensator type utilizing only the waveguide dispersion of a certain mode in a custom few mode fiber (FMF) is the subject of chapter 5. The working principle, the fiber design process and first measurements of a realized HOM-DCM with almost completely coupling FMF-LPG are presented. Subsequently the principle of a novel dispersion compensator with an arbitrary dispersion function for a higher or the fundamental mode is explained. In chapter 6 another type of dispersion compensator is investigated consisting of equally distributed long-period gratings along an optical fiber. The fiber pieces between the gratings create a certain time delay between the fundamental mode and the considered higher order mode. It is shown in simulations and in an experiment, that by tuning the mode conversion of each grating and the optical phase relation between the two signal paths in each fiber piece this finite impulse filter structure is so adjusted to function as a tunable residual dispersion compensator.

The work provides an overview of different integrated optical amplifiers. Semiconductor optical amplifiers and fiber amplifiers are described, as well as devices that utilize non-linear effects, nanocrystalline materials, or photonic crystals. Dielectric materials that are doped with rare-earth ions are considered more thoroughly. After a review of the principles of their optical activity the general mechanisms of excitation and emission are described. Materials aspects regarding the spectral range, their fabrication and the solubility of the dopants follow. An erbium-doped alumina waveguide amplifier, reported earlier in the literature, is chosen as an example to demonstrate the feasibility of such components. A theoretical model of the population densities of the energy levels is derived for the simulation. By numerical methods the non-linear system of the rate equations is solved and the stability of the steady state is shown. The simulation of the amplifier demonstrates the dependence of the gain of both the excitation energy and the z-coordinate. Moreover, the superiority of an excitation wavelength of 980 nm compared to 1530 nm is shown. With the model the literature data could be reproduced. / Die Arbeit gibt einen Überblick über verschiedene Möglichkeiten der Realisierung integriert-optischer Wellenleiterverstärker. Ausgehend von optischen Halbleiter- und Faserverstärkern werden einführend ebenso Anordnungen beschrieben, die nichtlineare Effekte sowie nanokristalline Materialien und photonische Kristalle nutzen. Besondere Bedeutung kommt dielektrischen Materialien zu, die mit optisch aktiven Dotanden, bevorzugt Seltenerdionen, versehen sind. Hierbei werden die Ursachen für die optische Aktivität der Lanthanide sowie die generellen Mechanismen der Anregungs- und Emissionsprozesse beschrieben. Aspekte der Materialauswahl, vor allem hinsichtlich des verwendeten Spektralbereiches sowie bezüglich ihrer Herstellung und der Löslichkeit der Dotanden schließen sich an. Anhand eines Literaturbeispiels wird die Realisierbarkeit eines erbiumdotierten Aluminiumoxid-Wellenleiterverstärkers demonstriert. Hierfür wird ein Modell zur Simulation der Besetzungsdichten der angeregten Energieniveaus abgeleitet und mittels numerischer Methoden das sich ergebende, nichtlineare System der Ratengleichungen gelöst, wobei besonders die Stabilität des stationären Besetzungszustandes herausgearbeitet wird. Die Simulation der Verstärkeranordnung zeigt zum einen die Abhängigkeit der Verstärkung von der z-Koordinate sowie der Pumpleistung; zum anderen wird deutlich, dass die Anregung bei 980 nm der Variante bei 1530 nm überlegen ist. Mit dem verwendeten Modell konnten die Literaturdaten reproduziert werden.

In Medizin und Technik besteht ein Bedarf an flexiblen, miniaturisierten Dosisleistungs-messgeräten mit hoher Ortsauflösung für den Einsatz in Strahlungsfeldern hoher Dosisleistung und Dosisleistungsgradienten. Lichtwellenleiterbasierte Dosisleistungsmess-systeme können diese Anforderungen erfüllen. Sie bestehen aus einem strahlungssensitiven Leuchtstoff, welcher über einen flexiblen Lichtleiter an einen Lichtdetektor gekoppelt ist. Die Eliminierung des dominierenden Störeinflusses, des bei Bestrahlung des Lichtleiters generierten Stem-Effekts, ist eine inhärente Herausforderung aller lichtwellenleiter¬basierten Dosisleistungsmesssysteme. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird ein solches System unter Verwendung der Lumineszenz der gewebeäquivalenten Detektormaterialien Berylliumoxid und Lithiumtetraborat realisiert. Der Schwerpunkt liegt dabei auf der Untersuchung von Methoden der Stem-Eliminierung unter Nutzung der zeitlichen Charakteristik der Lumineszenzmaterialien sowie der zeitlichen Struktur des Strahlungsfeldes oder einer modulierten optischen Stimulation. Eine performante Ausleseelektronik auf FPGA-Basis ermöglicht Echtzeit-Messungen mit einer Abtastung von 10 ns. Verschiedene Auswertemethoden generieren aus den Rohdaten in Zeitstempelform eine stem-unabhängige, dosisleistungsproportionale Detektorantwort. / In medicine and technology there is a demand for flexible, miniaturized dose rate measurement systems with high spatial resolution for the application in radiation fields of high dose rates and dose rate gradients. Fiber optic coupled dosimeters can meet these requirements. They consist of a radiation sensitive luminescent material which is connected to a light detector with a flexible light guide. The elimination of the dominant perturbation, which is the stem effect generated by irradiation of the light guide, is one inherent challenge of all fiber optic dosimeters. In the present work such a system is realized, using the luminescence of the two tissue equivalent detector materials beryllium oxide and lithium tetraborate. The main focus is on the investigation of methods of stem elimination, exploiting the temporal characteristics of the luminescent materials, as well as the time structure of the irradiation or a modulated optical stimulation. For this purpose, capable FPGA-based read out electronics are employed, which enable real time measurements with 10 ns sampling. Different methods of analysis process the time stamp raw data and generate a stem-free, dose rate proportional detector response.

Optical connectivity has the potential to outperform copper-based TSVs in terms of bandwidth at the cost of more complexity due to the required electro-optical and opto-electrical conversion. The continuously increasing demand for higher bandwidth pushes the breakeven point for a profitable operation to shorter distances. To integrate an optical communication network in a 3D-chip-stack optical through-silicon vertical VIAs (TSV) are required. While the necessary effort for the electrical/optical and vice versa conversion makes it hard to envision an on-chip optical interconnect, a chip-to-chip optical link appears practicable. In general, the interposer offers the potential advantage to realize electro-optical transceivers on affordable expense by specific, but not necessarily CMOS technology. We investigated the realization and characterization of optical interconnects as a polymer based waveguide in high aspect ratio (HAR) TSVs proved on waferlevel. To guide the optical field inside a TSV as optical-waveguide or fiber, its core has to have a higher refractive index than the surrounding material. Comparing different material / technology options it turned out that thermal grown silicon dioxide (SiO2) is a perfect candidate for the cladding (nSiO2 = 1.4525 at 850 nm). In combination with SiO2 as the adjacent polymer layer, the negative resist SU-8 is very well suited as waveguide material (nSU-8 = 1.56) for the core. Here, we present the fabrication of an optical polymer based multimode waveguide in TSVs proved on waferlevel using SU-8 as core and SiO2 as cladding. The process resulted in a defect-free filling of waveguide TSVs with SU-8 core and SiO2 cladding up to aspect ratio (AR) 20:1 and losses less than 3 dB.