O crescimento da população e dos núcleos urbanos durante o século XX, sobretudo nos países em desenvolvimento, contribuiu para o aumento das áreas impermeáveis das bacias hidrográficas, com impactos importantes nos sistemas de drenagem urbana e na ocorrência de enchentes associadas. As enchentes trazem prejuízos materiais, na saúde e sociais. Recentemente, têm sido propostas práticas conservacionistas e medidas compensatórias, que buscam contribuir para o controle das enchentes urbanas, através do retardo do pico e amortecimento dos hidrogramas. Modelos matemáticos hidrológicos-hidráulicos permitem a simulação da adoção destas medidas de controle, demonstrando e otimizando sua localização. Esta dissertação apresenta os resultados da aplicação do modelo hidrológico Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) à bacia hidrográfica de estudo e representativa do rio Morto localizada em área peri-urbana em Jacarepaguá na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, com área de 9,41 km. O processamento do modelo SWMM foi realizado com o apoio da interface Storm and Sanitary Analysis (SSA), integrada ao sistema AutoCAD Civil 3D. Além da verificação da adequabilidade do modelo à representação dos sistemas hidrológico e hidráulico na bacia, foram desenvolvidos estudos para dois cenários como medidas de controle de enchentes: cenário 1, envolvendo implantação de um reservatório de detenção e, cenário 2, considerando a implantação de reservatórios de águas pluviais nos lotes. Os hidrogramas resultantes foram comparados ao hidrograma resultante da simulação nas condições atuais. Além disso, foram avaliados os custos associados a cada um dos cenários usando o sistema de orçamento da Empresa Rio Águas da PCRJ. Nas simulações foram adotadas a base cartográfica, e os dados climatológicos e hidrológicos previamente observados no contexto do projeto HIDROCIDADES, Rede de Pesquisa BRUM/FINEP, na qual este estudo se insere. Foram representados os processos de geração e propagação do escoamento superficial e de base. Durante o processo de calibração, realizou-se a análise de sensibilidade dos parâmetros, resultando como parâmetros mais sensíveis os relativos às áreas impermeáveis, especialmente o percentual de área impermeável da bacia (Ai). A calibração foi realizada através do ajuste manual de sete parâmetros do escoamento superficial e cinco do escoamento de base para três eventos. Foram obtidos coeficientes de determinação entre 0,52 e 0,64, e a diferença entre os volumes escoados e observados entre 0,60% e 4,96%. Para a validação do modelo foi adotado um evento pluviométrico excepcional observado na cidade em abril de 2010, que à época causou enchentes e grandes transtornos na cidade. Neste caso, o coeficiente de determinação foi igual a 0,78 e a diferença entre volumes foi de 15%. As principais distorções entre hidrogramas observados e simulados foram verificados para as vazões máximas. Em ambos os cenários as enchentes foram controladas. A partir destes estudos, pôde-se concluir que o melhor custo-benefício foi o cenário 2. Para este cenário, foi observado maiores amortecimento e retardo da vazão de pico do hidrograma, igual a 21,51% da vazão simulada para as condições atuais da bacia. Os custos de implantação orçados para os reservatórios de lote ficaram 52% a menos do que o do reservatório de detenção. / Population and urban occupation growth during 20th century, mainly in underdeveloped countries, contributed for increasing impermeable surfaces in drainage basins, leading to important impacts on urban drainage systems and associated floods. Floods cause material losses, healthy and social problems, apart of great disruptions in large citys mobility. Recently, a number of, non-conventional, conservative practices and compensatory measurements have been proposed seeking urban flood control, by lengthening hydrographs time lag and promoting shallow rising limb. Hydrologic-hydraulic mathematical models allow the simulation of these flood control measurements, demonstrating and optimizing their location, maximizing the benefits of their application. This dissertation presents the results of the application of the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) to the representative and under study catchment of Morto River, with 9,41 km2 of area, located in a peri urban area, in Jacarepaguá, city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Storm and Sanitary Analysis (SSA) tool integrated to AutoCAD Civil 3D System supported the model processing. Apart of verifying the representativeness of the hydrologic-hydraulic modelling system to the physical processes in the Morto river catchment, two different scenarios were studied as means of flood control: scenario 1, involving the simulation of one retention reservoir and, scenario 2, involving the use of multiple distributed rainwater reservoirs in the lots. The resulting hydrographs were compared to the one for catchments actual conditions. Additionally, the associated costs for each scenario were evaluated applying the official budget system of Rio Águas of Rio de Janeiro Council. It was applied the cartographic data base, climatological and hydrological data obtained in the HIDROCIDADES Project, FINEP BRUM Research Network, under which this work has been developed. The processes of generation and propagation of runoff and baseflow were modelled. During the calibration process, was performed a sensitivity analysis of the parameters, resulting as the most sensitive parameters those related to impervious areas, especially the percentage of impervious area in the basin (Ai). Manually calibration was performed, seven parameters for runoff simulation and five for baseflow were adjusted, for three events, presenting values for the coefficient of determination between 0.52 and 0.64. The difference between simulated and observed volumes varied from 0.60% to 4.96 %. Model validation was performed for an exceptional rainfall event in April 2010, which caused floods in many places in the city. In this case, the coefficient of determination was equal to 0.78 and difference in runoff volumes equal to 15 %, being identified that the main differences are in peak flows discharges. In both scenarios floods were totally controlled. It was concluded that the best cost-benefit was for scenario 2. For this scenario it was observed the best result, considering both reduction on hydrographs peak flow discharge and increasing on time to peak. Peak flow discharge was reduced by 21,51% when compared to the simulated hydrograph for catchments current stage. It was found a much lower cost for scenario 2, the budget was 52% less than the budget for scenario 1.

Thesis (MMed (Surgical Sciences. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / The repair of full-thickness defects of the lower eyelids poses a challenge because a graft in combination with a flap is typically used to replace either the posterior or anterior lamella. This often results in aesthetically and functional unsatisfactory outcomes. A rotation-advancement tarso-conjunctival cheek flap, which reconstructs both posterior and anterior lamella with vascularized tissue similar to the native eyelid, is described. Nine patients underwent reconstruction with a rotation-advancement tarso-conjunctival cheek flap. The indications, complications and outcomes were evaluated. The follow-up time ranged from 6 to 60 months with an average of twenty three months. The main indication for use of this flap is full-thickness defects of the lower eyelid between 25 – 75 %, typically after tumour ablation. All the patients had a functional and aesthetically satisfactory outcome. One patient underwent a revision canthoplasty. The rotation-advancement tarso-conjunctival cheek flap adheres to basic plastic surgery principles resulting in a satisfactory outcome; (a) Vascularized tissue is used to reconstruct the defect. (b)The flap composition is similar to the native eyelid i.e. replace like with like. (c) The flap makes use of tissue that is excess and therefore limits donor morbidity.

The thesis Abraham in the New Testament commences with the narrative of Abraham in the Book of Genesis, evaluates responses to that story in the Old Testament as well as in the extra-biblical literature, and then examines its use in the New Testament. Abraham is introduced as God's friend, a model of faith, and a forefather. The questions are raised as to who are entitled to think of themselves as heirs to Abraham's promises and what are the consequences for the Curch. Appendices provide a list of Bible verses wherein Abraham is mentioned or which make allusions to his story. Other attachments present key texts from the Old and New Testaments and their literal translations as source materials supporting the conclusions of the main text.

This thesis utilizes a distributed hydrologic model to predict hydrologic effects of Low Impact Development (LID), and also analyzes runoff from small sub-areas within the watershed. City planners and developers rely on accurate hydrologic models, which enable them to design flood-proof developments and effectively mitigate flooding downstream. Common hydrologic models use a lumped approach, which averages the physical characteristics of basins for model calculations, limiting their ability to estimate runoff within the basin. In contrast, distributed hydrologic models, which divide the watershed into a grid system, can be used to predict runoff at any location within the watershed. The fully distributed hydrologic model, VfloTM, is used to model stormwater runoff in The Woodlands, TX watershed, and to demonstrate the effectiveness of the master planned community. This thesis also suggests that a calibrated VfloTM model can accurately predict stormwater runoff from small sub-areas within a watershed.

Numerous efforts have contributed to the study of phase-change problems for over a century|both analytical and numerical. Among those numerical approximations applied to solve phase-transition problems, phase-field models attract more and more attention because they not only capture two important effects, surface tension and supercooling, but also enable explicitly labeling the solid and liquid phases and the position of the interface. In the research of this dissertation, a phase-field model has been employed to simulate 2-D dendrite growth of pure nickel without a flow, and 2-D ice crystal growth in a high-Reynolds-number lid-driven-cavity flow. In order to obtain the details of ice crystal structures as well as the flow field behavior during freezing for the latter simulation, it is necessary to solve the phase-field model without convection and the equations of motion on two different scales. To accomplish this, a heterogeneous multiscale method is implemented for the phase-field model with convection such that the phase-field model is simulated on a microscopic scale and the equations of motion are solved on a macroscopic scale. Simulations of 2-D dendrite growth of pure nickel provide the validation of the phase-field model and the study of dendrite growth under different conditions, e.g., degree of supercooling, interface thickness, kinetic coefficient, and shape of the initial seed. In addition, simulations of freezing in a lid-driven-cavity flow indicate that the flow field has great effect on the small-scale dendrite structure and the flow eld behavior on the large scale is altered by freezing inside it.

This thesis focuses on the phenomenon of aliasing and its mitigation with two explicit filters, i.e., Shuman and Padé filters. The Shuman filter is applied to velocity components of the Navier--Stokes equations. A derivation of this filter is presented as an approximation of a 1-D “pure math” mollifier and extend this to 2D and 3D. Analysis of the truncation error and wavenumber response is conducted with a range of grid spacings, Reynolds numbers and the filter parameter, β. Plots of the relationship between optimal filter parameter β and grid spacing, L2-norm error and Reynolds number to suggest ways to predict β are also presented. In order to guarantee that the optimal β is obtained under various stationary flow conditions, the power spectral density analysis of velocity components to unequivocally identify steady, periodic and quasi-periodic behaviours in a range of Reynolds numbers between 100 and 2000 are constructed. Parameters in Pade filters need not be changed. The two filters are applied to velocities in this paper on perturbed sine waves and a lid-driven cavity. Comparison is based on execution time, error and experimental results.

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2016-08-16T20:39:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 GeorgiaMoreiraGurgel_DISSERT.pdf: 12815990 bytes, checksum: 923ea7cc1d7d815f0404b42cfcd4f2c8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-08-18T23:27:26Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 GeorgiaMoreiraGurgel_DISSERT.pdf: 12815990 bytes, checksum: 923ea7cc1d7d815f0404b42cfcd4f2c8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-18T23:27:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GeorgiaMoreiraGurgel_DISSERT.pdf: 12815990 bytes, checksum: 923ea7cc1d7d815f0404b42cfcd4f2c8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-22 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES) / O crescimento desordenado da maioria das cidades brasileiras n?o ?, de forma planejada, acompanhado pelo desenvolvimento da infraestrutura urbana. Com o aumento da impermeabiliza??o do solo, do escoamento superficial e a diminui??o do volume infiltrado, impactos sobre os recursos h?dricos e sobre a popula??o das ?reas afetadas pelo crescimento urbano s?o inevit?veis. Este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar o uso e ocupa??o do solo de uma bacia e analisar o sistema de drenagem, de forma a controlar os impactos por meio de medidas que integrem o desenvolvimento urbano com a drenagem das ?guas pluviais em uma importante bacia na cidade de Natal/RN. O estudo envolveu a caracteriza??o da bacia XII.4, sobre o uso e ocupa??o do solo, referente aos anos de 2005 e 2014. Com a aplica??o do modelo SWMM foi poss?vel analisar os impactos causados pelo processo de urbaniza??o no sistema de drenagem existente, mostrando que os dois anos analisados encontram- se com suas ?reas muito pr?ximas do estado de satura??o, em termos de porcentagem de ?reas imperme?veis. Apesar da regi?o ainda ser predominantemente residencial unifamiliar, sofre crescente verticaliza??o, principalmente de edif?cios comerciais. Sobre o sistema de drenagem, este se encontra ineficiente para as necessidades da ?rea j? no ano de 2005. O sistema de drenagem tamb?m foi testado para quatro varia??es de uso do solo atrav?s da elabora??o de cen?rios. O cen?rio 1 ? relacionado ao ano de 2014, considerado atual. O cen?rio 2 foi adotada a taxa m?xima de 80% para a ocupa??o do solo, permitida para o munic?pio de Natal. O cen?rio 3 apresenta o estado cr?tico de ocupa??o do solo, estando ? ?rea 100% impermeabilizada. O cen?rio 4 ? aplicado para a exist?ncia de LID( Dispositivo de Baixo Impacto). A an?lise dos cen?rios mostrou que todos indicam defici?ncia em algum ponto do sistema de drenagem em conseq??ncia do alto grau de ocupa??o da ?rea que geram escoamentos superiores a capacidade inicial do sistema. Com o estudo ficou claro que a ado??o de medidas n?o estruturais s?o eficientes na redu??o de alagamentos e no aumento da capacidade do sistema de drenagem. / The uncontrolled growth of most Brazilian cities is not accompanied by the development of urban infrastructure. With increasing soil sealing, runoff and decreased infiltration volume, impacts on water resources and on population of the areas affected by urban growth are inevitable. This study aims to evaluate the use and occupation of a watershed and analyze the drainage system in order to control the impact using tools to integrate urban development with the drainage of rainwater in an important watershed in the Natal City, Rio Grande do Norte State. The study involved the characterization of the basin XII.4 on the land use and occupation, for the years 2005 and 2014. With the application of SWMM model was possible to analyze the impacts caused by the urbanization process in the existing drainage system, showing the two years analyzed have their areas very close to percentage saturation of impervious areas. Although the region is still predominantly single family residential, suffers increasing verticalization of mainly commercial buildings. The drainage system is inefficient for the area's needs by the year 2005. The drainage system was also tested for four variations of land use by developing scenarios. Scenario 1 is related to the year 2014, considered current. Scenario 2 was adopted the maximum rate of 80% for land use, allowed for the Natal City. Scenario 3 gives the critical condition of land use, with the area 100% impervious. Scenario 4 is applied to the existence of LID (Low Impact Device). The scenarios analysis showed that all indicate deficiency at some point of the drainage system as a result of the high degree of occupation of the area that generate higher flows than the initial drainage system capacity. With the study it became clear that the adoption of non-structural tools are effective in reducing flooding and improving the drainage system capacity.

Secondary currents are one of the important features that characterize flow in river bends and confluences. Fluid particles follow a helical path instead of moving nearly parallel to the axis of the channel. The local imbalance between the vertically varying centrifugal force and the cross-stream pressure gradient results in generating the secondary flow and raising a typical motion of the helical flow. A number of studies, including experimental or mathematical, have been conducted to examine flow characteristics in curved open channels, river meanders, or confluences. In this research, the influence of secondary currents is studied on the elevation of water surface and the hydraulic structures in channel bends and confluences by employing a 3D OpenFOAM numerical model. The research implements the 3D OpenFOAM numerical model to simulate the horizontal distribution of the flow in curved rivers. In addition, the progress in unraveling and understanding the bend dynamics is considered. The finite volume method in (OpenFOAM) software is used to simulate and examine the behavior of secondary current in channel bends and confluences. Thereafter, a comparison between the experimental data and a numerical model is conducted. Two sets of experimental data are used; the data provided by Rozovskii (1961) for sharply curved channel, and the dataset provided by Shumate (1998) for confluent channel. Two solvers in (OpenFOAM) software were selected to solve the problem regarding the experiment; InterFoam and PisoFoam. The InterFoam is a transient solver for incompressible flow that is used with open channel flow and Free Surface Model. The PisoFoam is a transient solver for incompressible flow that is used with closed channel flow and Rigid-Lid Model. Various turbulence models (i.e. Standard k-ε, Realizable k-ε, LRR, and LES) are applied in the numerical model to assess the accuracy of turbulence models in predicting the behaviour of the flow in channel bends and confluences. The accuracies of various turbulence models are examined and discussed.

This master’s thesis deals with light induced degradation problems. In theoretical section it describes essentials of PN junction function and next light induced degradation mechanisms of solar cells and its symptoms at solar cell operation. In practical section it deals with set of measurements of solar cells since production of the silicon wafer to the complete solar cell. Selected cells are submitted to light induced degradation, measured dependencies are then evaluated. Degraded samples are subsequently recovered by two ways at high temperature treatment. The issues are evaluated.

La plasticité phénotypique est la capacité d’un génotype donné à produire différents phénotypes en réponse à différents environnements tels que la température, la nutrition ou encore la présence de prédateurs. Ce phénomène permet aux individus de s’adapter à des environnements fluctuants. Il peut également faciliter l’évolution en élargissant la gamme de phénotypes produits par un génotype. Comme modèle de plasticité phénotypique, nous étudions la pigmentation abdominale chez les femelles Drosophila melanogaster. En effet, ce caractère est sensible à la température : les femelles drosophiles sont plus pigmentées lorsqu’elles se développent à basse température, particulièrement dans les segments abdominaux postérieurs. Les études précédentes du laboratoire ont montré que le gène tan (t), codant une enzyme de pigmentation, est beaucoup plus fortement exprimé à 18°C qu'à 29°C. Par ailleurs, ce gène joue un rôle essentiel dans la plasticité phénotypique de la pigmentation abdominale des femelles Drosophila melanogaster. Au cours de ma thèse, je me suis intéressée à la caractérisation du réseau de gènes impliqué dans la régulation de l’expression de t dans l’épiderme abdominal des femelles Drosophila melanogaster. J'ai également cherché à identifier, dans ce réseau, les acteurs pouvant médier l'effet de la température sur l'expression de t. A l'aide d'une approche gène candidat, j'ai montré que les facteurs de transcription Bric-à-Brac (Bab) et Abdominal-B (Abd-B) intervenaient dans la plasticité phénotypique de la pigmentation abdominale en régulant notamment t. De plus, j'ai réalisé un crible génétique ciblant 573 gènes codant des facteurs de transcription et des régulateurs de la chromatine afin d'identifier de nouveaux régulateurs de t. A l'issue de ce crible, j'ai obtenu une liste de 27 gènes impliqués dans cette régulation. J'ai ensuite commencé la caractérisation fonctionnelle de deux de ces candidats : forkhead box subgroup O (foxo) codant un facteur de transcription impliqué dans la voie de réponse à l'insuline et little imaginal discs (lid) codant une histone déméthylase. / Phenotypic plasticity is the ability of a given genotype to produce different phenotypes in response to different environmental factors such as temperature, nutrition or presence of predators. This phenomenon allows the adaptation of individuals to their fluctuating environments. It can also facilitate evolution, as it broadens the range of phenotypes produced by a given genotype. As a model of phenotypic plasticity, we study the abdominal pigmentation in Drosophila melanogaster females. Indeed, this trait is temperature-sensitive: drosophila females are darker when they develop at lower temperatures particularly in the posterior segments. In the laboratory, it has been previously shown, that tan (t), a gene encoding a pigmentation enzyme, is more expressed at 18°C than at 29°C. Moreover, this gene plays an essential role in the phenotypic plasticity of abdominal pigmentation in Drosophila melanogaster females. During my thesis, I aimed to characterize the gene regulatory network involved in t regulation in the abdominal epidermis of Drosophila melanogaster females. I also tried to identify, in this network, the actors mediating the effect of temperature on t expression. Using a candidate gene approach, I showed that the transcription factors Bric-à-brac (Bab) and Abdominal-B (Abd-B) are involved in the phenotypic plasticity of abdominal pigmentation by regulating t. Furthermore, I performed a genetic screen targeting 573 genes encoding transcription factors and chromatin regulators to identify new regulators of t. At the end of this screen, I obtained a list of 27 genes involved in this regulation. I then started the functional characterization of two of these candidates: forkhead box subgroup O (foxo) encoding a transcription factor involved in the insulin response pathway and little imaginal discs (lid) encoding a histone demethylase.