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The purpose of this project is to gain a better understanding of gender segmentation strategy possibilities in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The findings from this survey graphically illustrate and statistically demonstrate some critically important information about the consumer demographics, needs, and behaviors of the targeted female Saudi shopper.

Kollaborativ konsumtion är en slags ekonomi som handlar om att människor konsumerar genom att hyra, dela, byta eller låna saker av varandra. Den här rapporten handlar om hur en sådan typ av konsumtion skulle kunna implementeras och utvecklas i stadsbebyggelse. För att undersöka detta gjordes en fallstudie över stadsdelen Norra Djurgårdsstaden som är ett stadsutvecklingsprojekt i Stockholm med fokus på miljö och hållbarhet. Där studerades i vilken utsträckning Stockholms stad har tagit med kollaborativ konsumtion i sitt hållbarhetsarbete samt vad som planeras göras i framtiden. Dessutom tog författarna till den här rapporten fram förslag på hur kollaborativ konsumtion skulle kunna utvecklas ännu mer i stadsdelen. Syftet med det här arbetet var således att genom fallstudien redogöra för hur kollaborativ konsumtion skulle kunna bidra till mer ekologisk och social hållbar stadsutveckling. Dessutom undersöktes vilka aktörer som skulle kunna tillhandahålla kollaborativ konsumtion och vilka som skulle använda sig av den i Norra Djurgårdsstaden. Resultatet i rapporten visar att Stockholms stad, och särskilt Östermalms stadsdelsförvaltning, redan idag arbetar med vissa typer av kollaborativ konsumtion i Norra Djurgårdsstaden. Exempelvis finns stads- och biodlingar och bilpooler. Stockholms stad satsar även mycket på utbildning och information till de boende för att inspirera till hållbarare livsstilar och därmed förändrade konsumtionsmönster. Det finns många utvecklingsmöjligheter för den delande ekonomin i Norra Djurgårdsstaden. Exempelvis skulle fler lokaler för olika typer av byteshandel kunna finnas, mer delande av transportmedel och även byten av tjänster mellan de boende i området (exempelvis barnpassning, rasta hunden, matlagning, och så vidare). Dessutom skulle fler samarbeten mellan Stockholms stad och andra aktörer, såsom företag och organisationer, kunna uppstå. Fallstudien visade att det finns en viss problematik när lokala beslutsfattare planerar för att skapa förändrade konsumtionsmönster hos de boende i en stadsdel eftersom sådan planering kan inskränka på människors egna val och personliga integritet. Planeringsarbete som handlar om att styra människors vardagsvanor är kontroversiellt. Samtidigt krävs det att människor förändrar sina livsstilar till att bli mer hållbara. Förvisso är det inte givet att en mer delande ekonomi i en stadsdel ger mer hållbarhet, men den här studien visar att det finns positiva effekter av kollaborativ konsumtion, både miljömässiga och sociala, och att den delande ekonomin har potential att utvecklas i stadsbebyggelse. / Collaborative consumption is a kind of economy where people consume through sharing, hiring, swopping and borrowing. This report investigates how the sharing economy can be implemented and developed in urban areas by doing a case study over the Stockholm Royal Seaport (Norra Djurgårdsstaden). This district in Stockholm was chosen because it is an ongoing urban development project that focuses on sustainability. In the case study researches were made on how the City of Stockholm (the Stockholm municipality) uses collaborative consumption in the sustainability program of the Stockholm Royal Seaport, and also their plans for the future. Furthermore suggestions on how collaborative consumption could be developed in the district were presented. The purpose with this project was thus, with the use of the case study, to outline how collaborative consumption can contribute to ecological and social urban development. The result of this report shows that the City of Stockholm, and especially the district administration of Östermalm, already today works with different types of collaborative consumption in the Stockholm Royal Seaport. For example they have planned for urban framing, beekeeping, and car- sharing. The City of Stockholm also focuses on education and information to the inhabitants to inspire to more sustainable lifestyles and thereby changed consumption patterns. There are many opportunities to develop the sharing economy in the Stockholm Royal Seaport. For example they are planning for facilities for different kinds of trading, more sharing of transport and also swopping services between the inhabitants, such as babysitting, walk the dog, cooking, etc. The case study showed that planning for changed consumption patterns can be difficult for the local stakeholders. The reason is that such kind of planning can reduce people’s own choices and personal integrity. It can be controversial with planning that approaches controlling of people’s living habits, but at the same time people must change their lifestyles to be more sustainable. However, the sharing economy does not definitely bring more sustainability, but this study shows that there are positive effects by collaborative consumption, both ecological and social, and the sharing economy has potential to develop in urban areas.

Background Modern capitalist societies have consumption at the core of their social and economic activities. This is one of the underlying problems that sustainability is facing. In need of solutions and avenues for limiting our footprint and consumption, we turn towards alternative solutions such as coliving as a potential for facilitating sustainable lifestyles in their residents.   Objectives The overall purpose of this thesis is to investigate coliving impacts on the sustainability practices of residents within the Swedish urban environment. To do this effectively, the theoretical framework of this thesis will primarily utilize practice theory, as well as institutional theory and clan control theory to a secondary degree, to explore their interactions between coliving social structures and residential agents in terms of following sustainable activities and compare those with a single living household. Through conducting interviews with the residents of the Coliving and single living in line with these frameworks, this thesis aims to explore to a greater degree how the coliving housing model can contribute to more sustainable lifestyles.   Methods A qualitative research strategy was chosen for the study with a two-case comparative study design. To further explore the complexity of the interactions between agents and properties of social structures, data collection methods were utilized, such as semi-structured interviews with residents of coliving and single-living. The analytical approach was conducted through a thematic data analysis method.   Results The Coliving initiative stimulates sustainable lifestyles by creating a set of social structures and cultural rules that promotes interaction, diversity, and sustainable lifestyles. The design of the Coliving initiative activated the most evident and impactful change mechanisms. Specifically, the built environment that is diverse and flexible and facilitates variations of facilities and immense recourses accessible for the residents to interact and use for different moods and behaviors. The recruitment process facilitates a foundation of balance between diversity and like-minded individuals for learning potentials and collaboration. The governance structure of the community-based organization is nonhierarchical participatory, and consensus-based, and the community is self-organized. These features have shown to promote collaboration and interaction between individuals and stimulate sustainable practices. Last, the cultural rules of the community also promote interactions and collaboration, as well as many of the social sustainability principles and anti-consumption practices.   Conclusions The coliving, compared to the single-living, has much more quantitive, qualitative, and diverse set of structures with sustainable properties that brings the residents more or less into the situation where a greening of their corresponding lifestyles becomes a very convenient option.

Contexte : Le diabète de type 2 (DT2) et le prédiabète sont considérablement liés au mode de vie, et sont un fardeau considérable pour les patients et les systèmes de santé. Bien que les interventions sur les habitudes de vie soient reconnues comme le traitement initial pour le prédiabète et le DT2, leur mise en œuvre efficace est rarement observée dans les soins cliniques de routine. Le fait d'atteindre une rémission de ces conditions à l'aide de telles interventions est encore plus rare. Méthodes : Nous présentons une analyse rétrospective de données issues d’une clinique d’intervention structurée et multidomaine sur le mode de vie, d’une durée de 12 mois, offerte à des patients atteints de prédiabète et de DT2. L’intervention consistait en des conseils éducatifs et nutritionnels guidés par des experts, combinés à une prescription personnalisée d’exercices physiques, dans le but principal d’améliorer la santé métabolique (perte de poids, diminution de l’hémoglobine glyquée, HbA1c), ainsi que d’atteindre la rémission du diabète, définie comme un retour de l'HbA1c à 6 mois à < 6,5 % (ou < 5,7 % pour le prédiabète) et persistant pendant au moins 3 mois en l'absence d’agents anti-diabétiques oraux. Résultats : À la suite d'une intervention sur les habitudes de vie de 117 participants avec prediabète ou diabète (âge moyen de 67,8 ± 9,5 ans, 63 % d'hommes, poids initial moyen de 92,7 ± 20,2 kilogrammes, HbA1c initiale moyenne de 6,9 % ± 0,8) une amélioration statistiquement significative de leur profil métabolique a été notée. La perte moyenne de poids à 12 mois était de - 4,9 kilogrammes (95% CI : - 4,0 à - 5,7, p<0,001), et la réduction moyenne de l'HbA1c à 12 mois était de - 0,6 % (95% CI : - 0,4 à - 0,7, p<0,001). Pour les participants atteints de DT2, 50 % d’entre eux ont atteint un taux d'HbA1c < 6,5 % après 6 mois d'intervention. De plus, 20 % des participants atteints de prédiabète et 12 % des participants atteints de DT2 ont atteint les critères de rémission. Conclusions : Cette première expérience de notre institution démontre comment une clinique d'intervention multidomaine sur le mode de vie peut être utile pour améliorer la santé métabolique et normaliser les valeurs glycémiques d’individus avec prédiabète ou DT2, même au point, pour certains, d'atteindre les critères de rémission. Suite à ces observations, nous proposons une étude prospective interventionnelle intitulée DIABEPIC1, qui examinera la faisabilité et l'efficacité d'un programme de réadaptation cardiaque amélioré combinant l'entraînement physique avec une intervention de réduction des aliments ultra-transformés, un régime méditerranéen et le jeûne intermittent, afin d’inverser le prédiabète jusqu'à la normalisation de la glycémie. L'impact de cette étude sur la mise en place de programmes de réadaptation cardiaque pour les patients atteints de prédiabète pourrait être important. En effet, si elle s'avère réalisable, elle pourrait améliorer la fonction cardiovasculaire après un événement coronarien aigu, améliorer la santé métabolique et en inverser un facteur de risque important et causal. (Identifiant de l’étude: NCT05459987). / Background: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and prediabetes are predominantly related to lifestyle, representing a substantial burden to patients and the healthcare system. Effective implementation of lifestyle interventions as a first-line treatment for prediabetes and T2D is rarely seen in routine clinical care. Achieving remission of these conditions with such interventions is even more uncommon. Methods: We present a retrospective analysis of a 12-month single-center structured multidomain lifestyle intervention clinic offered to patients living with prediabetes and T2D. The intervention consisted of expert-guided educational and nutritional counseling combined with personalized physical training aiming at improving metabolic health and reaching remission. Remission of prediabetes and T2D were defined as a return of HbA1c at 6 months to < 6.5% (or < 5.7% for prediabetes) persisting for at least 3 months in the absence of glucose-lowering pharmacotherapy. Results: Following the multidomain expert-guided lifestyle intervention, 117 participants participants with prediabetes or T2D (mean age of 67.8 ± 9.5 years, 63% male, mean initial weight of 92.7± 20.2 Kilograms, mean initial HbA1c of 6.9% ± 0.8), significantly improved their metabolic profiles: mean weight loss at 12 months was – 4.9 kilograms (95% CI: - 4.0 to – 5.7, p<0.001), and mean reduction in HbA1c at 12 months was of – 0.6 % (95% CI: - 0.4 to - 0.7, p<0.001). 20% of participants with prediabetes and 12% of participants with type 2 diabetes achieved the remission criteria. In addition, 50% of all participants with T2D achieved HbA1c <6.5% after 6 months of intervention, demonstrating that tailored counseling and regular monitoring can improve the success of lifestyle treatments. Conclusions: After this initial experience from our institution showing how a multidomain lifestyle intervention clinic can be useful to improve metabolic health and normalize glycemic values in patients with prediabetes or T2D, even to the point of reaching criteria of remission, we propose a prospective interventional study entitled DIABEPIC1, which will examine the feasibility and effectiveness of an enhanced cardiac rehabilitation program combining exercise training with an ultra-processed food reduction intervention, a Mediterranean diet, and time-restricted dietary counseling to reverse prediabetes to normal glucose concentrations. The impact of this study on the delivery of cardiac rehabilitation programs for patients with prediabetes is significant. If proven feasible, it could improve cardiovascular function after an acute coronary event, enhance metabolic health and reverse a key causal cardiovascular risk factor. (Identifier of the study: NCT05459987)

The aim of this study is presented by two steps. The first is to gain an insight into what students think regarding sustainable development and religion. The second is to investigate what content in sustainable development can be used in religious studies through the students' perspective and how this content can be implemented to promote the work for sustainable development in schools. Seventeen qualitative semi-structured interviews with mainly open questions are performed. The focus is to get information about how Swedish high school students reason about and reflect on sustainable development and how they reflect on its connection to religion and to religious studies. The empirical result is analysed and discussed. The conclusions show that the respondents wish a sustainable society with a lifestyle without excessive consumption and thereby without environmental problems, with security and with a good education. They emphasize the importance of a meaningful, safe, and challenging education on religious studies. They are willing to discuss in depth and with respect for the different opinions that may emerge, about different perceptions of sustainable development that are related to the different identities and ways of religious lifestyles. This can be achieved through a communicative approach in the classroom, with a goal to create the dialogic classroom

Pau King-man. / Thesis submitted in: October 2001. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 173-181). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgements --- p.i / Abstract --- p.ii / Abstract (Chinese version) --- p.iii / Table of Contents --- p.iv / List of Figures --- p.xii / List of Tables --- p.xiii / List of Abbreviations --- p.xxiv / Chapter CHAPTER ONE: --- INTRODUCTION / Chapter 1.1 --- Women's Overweight and Obesity Prevalence and Trends --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Etiology of Overweight and Obesity --- p.2 / Chapter 1.3 --- Health Consequences of Obesity in Women --- p.4 / Chapter 1.4 --- Dietary and Physical Activity Recommendations for Good Health for Adults --- p.6 / Chapter 1.5 --- Health Behavior Change Theories --- p.8 / Chapter 1.6 --- Weight Control/Loss Interventions for Women --- p.10 / Chapter 1.7 --- Weight Loss Risks --- p.11 / Chapter 1.8 --- Health Promotion Programs for Women --- p.12 / Chapter 1.9 --- General Situation and Population Trends Among Hong Kong Middle- aged Women --- p.15 / Chapter 1.10 --- Nutrition-related Morbidity and Mortality Among Hong Kong Women --- p.16 / Chapter 1.11 --- Diet Composition of Hong Kong Middle-aged Women --- p.20 / Chapter 1.12 --- Physical Activity Patterns of Hong Kong Middle-aged Women --- p.21 / Chapter 1.13 --- Education and Health in Hong Kong Middle-aged Women --- p.23 / Chapter 1.14 --- Attitudes Toward and Beliefs About Diet and Health of Hong Kong Middle-aged Women --- p.24 / Chapter 1.15 --- Common Weight Loss Methods Among Hong Kong Middle-aged Women --- p.25 / Chapter 1.16 --- Sources of Health Information Among Hong Kong Middle-aged Women --- p.25 / Chapter 1.17 --- Summary --- p.26 / Chapter 1.18 --- Study Purpose and Objectives --- p.26 / Chapter CHAPTER TWO: --- METHODOLOGY / Chapter 2.1 --- Recruitment of Participants --- p.29 / Chapter 2.2 --- Focus Groups --- p.29 / Chapter 2.3 --- Survey Instrument --- p.30 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Questionnaire --- p.30 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Three-day Dietary Record --- p.35 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Anthropometric and Cholesterol Measurements --- p.35 / Chapter 2.4 --- Intervention --- p.37 / Chapter 2.5 --- Evaluation --- p.39 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- Process Evaluation --- p.39 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- Outcome Evaluation --- p.40 / Chapter 2.6 --- Data Management --- p.40 / Chapter 2.7 --- Statistics --- p.40 / Chapter 2.8 --- Data Analysis --- p.41 / Chapter 2.8.1 --- Physical Activity Patterns --- p.41 / Chapter 2.8.2 --- Dietary Patterns --- p.44 / Chapter 2.8.3 --- Nutrition Knowledge Score --- p.45 / Chapter 2.8.4 --- Physical Activity Knowledge Score --- p.46 / Chapter 2.8.5 --- Blood Total Cholesterol --- p.46 / Chapter 2.8.6 --- Body Mass Index --- p.47 / Chapter 2.8.7 --- Percent Body Fat --- p.47 / Chapter 2.9 --- Ethics --- p.47 / Chapter CHAPTER THREE: --- RESULTS / Chapter 3.1 --- Focus Group Results --- p.43 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- General Description of Participants --- p.48 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Perceived Values and Views on 'Health' --- p.50 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Perceived Values and Views on 'Healthy Lifestyle' --- p.51 / Chapter 3.1.4 --- Perceived Values and Views on 'Healthy Eating' --- p.52 / Chapter 3.1.5 --- Perceived Values and Views on 'Physical Activity' --- p.53 / Chapter 3.1.6 --- The Factors Motivating the Women to Adopt a Healthy Lifestyle --- p.53 / Chapter 3.1.7 --- Sources of Information About Healthy Eating and Physical Activity --- p.55 / Chapter 3.1.8 --- Suggestions for the Type and Content of Activities in a Health Promotion Program --- p.55 / Chapter 3.2 --- Participation Rate in the Study --- p.56 / Chapter 3.3 --- Pretest --- p.57 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- General Participant Sociodemographic Description --- p.57 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Anthropometry --- p.59 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Health Conditions Reported --- p.60 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Meal Patterns --- p.61 / Chapter 3.3.5 --- Nutrient Supplements Practices --- p.62 / Chapter 3.3.6 --- Cooking Practices --- p.63 / Chapter 3.3.7 --- Food Removal Behavior --- p.65 / Chapter 3.3.8 --- Food Label Reading --- p.65 / Chapter 3.3.9 --- Dietary Intake --- p.66 / Chapter a. --- From the Three-day Dietary Records --- p.66 / Chapter b. --- From the Food Frequency Questionnaire --- p.68 / Chapter 3.3.10 --- Nutrition Knowledge --- p.69 / Chapter 3.3.11 --- Physical Activity Habits --- p.72 / Chapter 3.3.12 --- Physical Activity Knowledge --- p.73 / Chapter 3.3.13 --- Intention and Confidence in Changing Behavior --- p.76 / Chapter 3.3.14 --- Perceived Difficulties in Changing Behavior --- p.77 / Chapter 3.3.15 --- Perceived Methods Facilitating Behavior Change --- p.79 / Chapter 3.3.16 --- Health Information Desired --- p.80 / Chapter 3.3.17 --- Areas of Health the Women Would Like to Improve --- p.81 / Chapter 3.3.18 --- Summary Profile of the Women at Pretest --- p.82 / Chapter 3.4 --- Outcome Evaluation --- p.85 / Chapter 3.5 --- Posttest --- p.85 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- General Participant Sociodemographic Description --- p.85 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Anthropometry --- p.86 / Chapter 3.5.3 --- Health Conditions Reported --- p.87 / Chapter 3.5.4 --- Meal Patterns --- p.88 / Chapter 3.5.5 --- Nutrient Supplements Practices --- p.89 / Chapter 3.5.6 --- Cooking Practices --- p.90 / Chapter 3.5.7 --- Food Removal Behavior --- p.91 / Chapter 3.5.8 --- Food Label Reading --- p.91 / Chapter 3.5.9 --- Dietary Intake --- p.93 / Chapter a. --- From the Three-day Dietary Records --- p.93 / Chapter b. --- From the Food Frequency Questionnaire --- p.94 / Chapter 3.5.10 --- Nutrition Knowledge --- p.95 / Chapter 3.5.11 --- Physical Activity Habits --- p.98 / Chapter 3.5.12 --- Physical Activity Knowledge --- p.99 / Chapter 3.5.13 --- Analysis the Changes by Education Level --- p.102 / Chapter 3.5.14 --- Analysis the Changes by Age Group --- p.104 / Chapter 3.5.15 --- Intention and Confidence in Changing Behavior --- p.105 / Chapter 3.5.16 --- Perceived Difficulties in Changing Behavior --- p.107 / Chapter 3.5.17 --- Perceived Methods Facilitating Behavior Change --- p.109 / Chapter 3.5.18 --- Health Information Desired --- p.110 / Chapter 3.5.19 --- Areas of Health the Women Would Like to Improve --- p.111 / Chapter 3.5.20 --- Summary Profile of the Women at Posttest --- p.112 / Chapter 3.6 --- Participants' Evaluation of the Intervention Program --- p.113 / Chapter 3.7 --- Follow-up --- p.118 / Chapter 3.7.1 --- General Participant Sociodemographic Description --- p.118 / Chapter 3.7.2 --- Anthropometry --- p.118 / Chapter 3.7.3 --- Health Conditions Reported --- p.121 / Chapter 3.7.4 --- Meal Patterns --- p.121 / Chapter 3.7.5 --- Nutrient Supplements Practices --- p.122 / Chapter 3.7.6 --- Cooking Practices --- p.123 / Chapter 3.7.7 --- Food Removal Behavior --- p.125 / Chapter 3.7.8 --- Food Label Reading --- p.126 / Chapter 3.7.9 --- Dietary Intake --- p.127 / Chapter a. --- From the Three-day Dietary Records --- p.127 / Chapter b. --- From the Food Frequency Questionnaire --- p.129 / Chapter 3.7.10 --- Nutrition Knowledge --- p.131 / Chapter 3.7.11 --- Physical Activity Habits --- p.135 / Chapter 3.7.12 --- Physical Activity Knowledge --- p.136 / Chapter 3.7.13 --- Intention and Confidence in Changing Behavior --- p.140 / Chapter 3.7.14 --- Analysis the Changes by Education Level --- p.142 / Chapter 3.7.15 --- Analysis the Changes by Age Group --- p.143 / Chapter 3.7.16 --- Perceived Difficulties in Changing Behavior --- p.144 / Chapter 3.7.17 --- Perceived Methods Facilitating Behavior Change --- p.145 / Chapter 3.7.18 --- Health Information Desired --- p.148 / Chapter 3.7.19 --- Areas of Health the Women Would Like to Improve --- p.149 / Chapter 3.7.20 --- Summary Profile of the Women at Follow-up --- p.150 / Chapter CHAPTER FOUR: --- DISCUSSION / Chapter 4.1 --- Implications of Findings --- p.154 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Current Situations in Diet and Physical Activity of Hong Kong Middle-aged Women --- p.154 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Overall Effects of the Program --- p.161 / Chapter a. --- Changes in Knowledge --- p.161 / Chapter b. --- Changes in Awareness and Intention --- p.163 / Chapter c. --- Changes in Behavior --- p.164 / Chapter d. --- Changes in Anthropometery --- p.166 / Chapter 4.2 --- Strengths and Limitations of the Study --- p.167 / Chapter 4.3 --- Implications and Recommendations for Meeting the Challenges of Improving Hong Kong Middle-aged Women's Nutrition and Physical Activity Habits --- p.169 / Chapter 4.4 --- Suggestions for Future Research --- p.170 / Chapter CHAPTER FIVE: --- CONCLUSIONS --- p.172 / References --- p.173 / Appendices / Chapter A --- Consent form (Chinese version) --- p.182 / Chapter B --- Consent form (English version) --- p.183 / Chapter C --- Questionnaire (Chinese version) --- p.184 / Chapter D --- Questionnaire (English version) --- p.196 / Chapter E --- Photos for food amount quantities and household measures (Chinese version) --- p.210 / Chapter F --- Photos for food amount quantities and household measures (English version) --- p.213 / Chapter G --- Sample of dietary record (Chinese version) --- p.216 / Chapter H --- Sample of dietary record (English version) --- p.217 / Chapter I --- Three-day dietary record (Chinese version) --- p.218 / Chapter J --- Three-day dietary record (English version) --- p.221 / Chapter K --- Pamphlets for health talks (Chinese version) --- p.224 / Chapter L --- Pamphlets for health talks (English version) --- p.236 / Chapter M --- Pamphlets for physical activity demonstration (Chinese version) --- p.248 / Chapter N --- Pamphlets for physical activity demonstration (English version) --- p.253 / Chapter O --- Process evaluation questionnaire (Chinese version) --- p.258 / Chapter P --- Process evaluation questionnaire (English version) --- p.260 / Chapter Q --- Overall evaluation questionnaire (Chinese version) --- p.262 / Chapter R --- Overall evaluation questionnaire (English version) --- p.263 / Chapter S --- Focus group questionnaire (Chinese version) --- p.264 / Chapter T --- Focus group questionnaire (English version) --- p.265 / Chapter U --- Focus group question guides (Chinese version) --- p.266 / Chapter V --- Focus group question guides (English version) --- p.268 / Chapter W --- The food consumption patterns of women in the Education and Control Groups --- p.270

Tsang Yuk-ha, Eileen. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 246-256). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgment --- p.i / Abstract --- p.ii-iii / "PROLOGUE Applying a Cultural Perspective for Analyzing New Class Formation, Living Styles and Consumerism in Post-Reform China" --- p.1 / "Bringing the ""New Class"" Back in: The Story of Uncle Wong Class Formation, Living Styles and Consumerism in Post-Reform China" / Chapter Chapter ONE --- Conceptualization and Theoretical Framework--- Formation and Culture of the New Class Fraction --- p.5 / Chapter 1.1 --- "Dynamic Economy, Declining Party-State" / Chapter 1.2 --- Empirical Puzzles and Theoretical Questions / Chapter 1.3 --- "Methodological Design: Cultural Sociology, Qualitative Method and Documentary Studies" / Chapter 1.4 --- "Theoretical Frameworks and Conceptualization of ""New Class Fraction""" / Chapter 1.5 --- The Importance of Cultural Perspective in Analyzing New Class in Post Reform China / Chapter 1.6 --- The Manifestations of Living Styles and Consumption Patterns / Chapter 1.7 --- Overall Summaries of the Thesis / Chapter Chapter TWO --- The Theoretical Conceptualizations and Understandings for the New Class Fraction in Post-Reform China --- p.20 / Chapter 2.1 --- Posing the Problem - The Agenda of Class Analysis / Chapter 2.2 --- "Conceptualizations of Poulantzas's ""Class Fraction"" Theory" / Chapter 2.3 --- Bourdieu's Conceptualizations for the Manifestation of New Class Fractions / Chapter 2.4 --- Class Culture as in the Economic Perspective / Chapter 2.5 --- "New Class Theories in Socialist, Capitalist and Transitional Societies" / Chapter 2.6 --- New Class Theories in Transitional China / Chapter 2.7 --- "The Prospering Groups as ""New Class Fraction"" in Post-Reform China" / Chapter Chapter THREE --- The Fieldsite of the Case Study: Humen Town in the Pearl River Delta --- p.45 / Chapter 3.1 --- The Methodological Designs / Chapter 3.2 --- Cultural Studies - The Meaning of Meaning / Chapter 3.3 --- Semiotics as a Theoretical Basis / Chapter 3.4 --- Qualitative Research Method / Chapter 3.5 --- Documentary Studies - Supplementary Data in the Fieldsite / Chapter 3.6 --- The Distinctive Profiles for the New Class Fraction / Chapter 3.7 --- "Economic Hardships, Unforgettable Past" / Chapter 3.8 --- Physical Layout of Humen Town / Chapter 3.9 --- Structures and Infrastructures of Commercial Opportunities in Humen / Chapter Chapter FOUR --- Living Styles and Consumption Patterns among the New Class Fraction --- New Class Boundary and Admission --- p.78 / Chapter 4.1 --- Class as no Longer Primarily an Economic Term in Post-Reform China / Chapter 4.2 --- Economic Hardship and the Rise of Consumerism in Post-Reform China / Chapter 4.3 --- Lifestyles and Consumerism for the New Class Fraction in Humen / Chapter a. --- Entertainment Activities / Chapter b. --- Foods / Chapter c. --- Fashions / Chapter d. --- Traveling / Chapter e. --- Cultural Activities / Chapter f. --- Cigarettes and Liquors / Chapter 4.4 --- Living Styles and Consumption Patterns for the Non-New Class Fraction / Chapter Chapter FIVE --- Cultural Capital and Collective Memories for the Formation of New Class Fraction --- p.112 / Chapter 5.1 --- Cultural Capital in Bourdieuian Conceptual Framework / Chapter 5.2 --- The Operationalization of Cultural Capital / Chapter 5.3 --- Cultural Capital in Terms of Educational Credentialism / Chapter 5.4 --- Adapting to the Investment Environment in Humen / Chapter 5.5 --- Ambiguities and Incompleteness of Humen's Policies / Chapter 5.6 --- Social Networks and Flexibility for the Formation of New Class Fraction / Chapter 5.7 --- Collective Memories and the Formation of New Class Fraction / Chapter 5.8 --- Collective Memories and Past History of the New Class Fraction / Chapter 5.9 --- Collective Memories as a Lubricant for the Shared Lifestyles / Chapter Chapter SIX --- Collaborative Relationship and Power Struggles of the New Class Fraction --- p.155 / Chapter 6.1 --- Autonomous Discourses of the New Class Fraction / Chapter 6.2 --- Institutional Commodiflcation in Humen Town / Chapter 6.3 --- The Rise of the Cadre Entrepreneurial Paths / Chapter 6.4 --- "Collaborative Strategies, Cooperation and Economic Interests" / Chapter 6.5 --- "Power Struggles, Conflicts and Harmonies" / Chapter 6.6 --- Enhancing Expectations: A New Form of Guanxi Network / Epilogue: Rethinking New Class Formation ´ؤ from Economic Exploitation to Cultural Consumerismin Post-Reform China --- p.191 / Chapter 7.1 --- Sociological Significance of the Research on New Class Fraction / Chapter 7.2 --- Final Insight: A New Form of New Class Fraction in Post-Reform China / Endnotes --- p.195 / Appendix --- p.209 / Appendix 1: Tables / Appendix 2: Map of Humen / Appendix 3: Glossary / Appendix 4: Photo Description / Bibliography --- p.246

Thesis (M. Tech.) -- Central University of Technology, Free State, 2007 / Cerebrovascular disease and coronary heart disease (CHD) are of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality amongst South Africans. The risk factor prevalence for stroke and CHD becomes altered by changes in lifestyle, including diet. In general it is suggested that lifestyle management should be the first choice when having to treat patients with increased cardiovascular risk. The prudent low-fat, high-fibre diet is regarded as an apparently healthy diet. It is suspected that this diet is effective for the control of known coronary risk factors as well as raised clotting factors. Research studies have shown the addition of dietary fibre to the diet as a promising therapeutic agent for the limited control of known coronary risk factors. The physiological effects of dietary fibre in humans are significantly influenced by the degree to which fibre is fermented in the colon. Fermentation results in the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs); acetate, propionate and butyrate. The aim of this study was to examine the possible effects of different combinations of short-chain fatty acids on some metabolic risk markers. In this study a group of westernised African male volunteers was recruited and randomly assigned to three groups. Group one received a placebo. Group two received a supplement containing 50% acetate and 50% propionate. Group three received a SCFA supplement in the ratio of 70% acetate, 15% propionate and 15% butyrate. Supplementation was sustained for a period of six weeks. Blood samples were drawn during the different visits. At baseline the study group represented a group of black African men without any apparent metabolic or physical abnormalities. All measured variables fell within the normal range. In the placebo group, there was a statistically significant decrease in plasma fibrinogen levels from baseline to the end of supplementation. In the acetatepropionate supplement study group a statistically significant decrease in factor VIII (from 91.1 ± 11.2 to 90.9 ± 8.3%, respectively), and ATIII (from 114.3 ± 13.1 to 108.34 ± 9.5%), as well as a statistically significant decrease in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) from 3.10 ± 0.79 to 2.64 ± 0.73 mmol/L. The significant increase in %HDL-C from 26.3 ± 6.5 to 30.2 ± 9.3% should also be noted. Both triglycerides (8%) and plasma fibrinogen (2%) showed a statistically significant increase. However, these changes are of no clinical significance. For the high-acetate supplement study group (with the addition of butyrate), a statistically significant decrease in factor VII (from 102.5 ± 13.7 to 101.1 ± 6.4%), VIII (from 92.6 ± 12.8 to 87.6 ± 6.0%), ATIII (from 109.2 ± 16.0 to 103.0 ± 9.9%) as well as fibrin monomer concentration (from 13.9 ± 2.2 to 12.1 ± 3.6 mg/L), were measured. Fibrin network compaction increased significantly from 14.2 ± 4.6 to 13.7 ± 4.0%. Other changes include a statistically significant increase in the serum-TC of 4.2%. From the results it is evident that the acetate-propionate supplement, with exclusion of butyrate, has a beneficial effect on metabolic parameters when compared to a highacetate- propionate supplement. The results do provide evidence of a possible therapeutic application for the propionate-acetate containing supplement. The specific mechanism should, however, still be investigated. It can be concluded from this study that acetate, propionate and butyrate each have different effects on human metabolism. It is evident that the use of a mixture of acetate and propionate may have a beneficial effect on patients at risk of developing CVD. Further studies that investigate the optimum ratio of these two products may lead to the development of a naturally derived therapeutic product for the prevention or treatment of CVD in black African men, as well as the population at large.

There is scant research concerning youth development programmes specifically from Adler's (1968) Individual Psychology perspective. Current programmes seem to be void of critical issues that are important in the local context because of their having a strong bias towards the Western perspective. Thus, the present research project sought firstly to assist the Previously Disadvantaged Youth (PDY) to develop constructive lifestyles characterised by self-mastery, encouragement, creativity and social interest. Secondly, it aimed to obtain specific local African input that would help expand the current Personal Life Planning Programme (PLPP) to one that addresses the unique needs and circumstances confronting South African PDYs today. Finally, it attempted to test the validity, scope and merit of Adler's theoretical assertion, within the context of the previously disadvantaged communities in South Africa, that all humans are engaged in a lifelong striving for superiority to overcome perpetual feelings of inferiority and life tasks. The latter objectives were addressed through the implementation of the PLPP. The study, as well as the related PLPP, is strongly founded on Adler's Individual Psychology (Adler, 1968; Ansbacher & Ansbacher 1956; Corsini & Wedding, 2005; Meyer et al., 2003; Prochaska & Narcross cited in Osborn, 2001). The relevant data were collected from a sample of matriculants from the PDY population living in a black township near Pretoria. The information was collected by means of the PLPP workbook; semi structured interviews, as well as, audiovisual equipment. A combination of a "Pre-structured Case Outline" and the related "Sequential Analysis" (Miles & Huberman, 1994, p. 85) was adopted, with the researcher undertaking the entire data management process. In addition to confirming the applicability of Adler's theory within the PDY context, the findings suggest that the research objectives were significantly met, i.e. the participants reported and displayed marked lifestyle improvements along with specific life skills development needs related to their deprivation. / Psychology / D. Litt. et Phil. (Psychology)