Nighttime intersection crashes account for nearly half of all the intersection crashes, making them a major traffic safety concern. Although providing lighting at intersections has proven to be a successful countermeasure against these crashes, existing approaches to designing lighting at intersections are overly simplified. Current standards are based on recommending lighting levels, but do not account for the role of human vision or vehicle headlamps or the numerous pedestrian-vehicle conflict locations at intersections. For effective intersection lighting design, empirical evidence is required regarding the effects of lighting configuration (part of the intersection illuminated) and lighting levels on nighttime visibility. This research effort had three goals. The first was to identify an intersection lighting design that results in the best nighttime visibility. The second goal was to determine the effect of illuminance on visual performance at intersections. The third goal was to understand the relationships between object luminance, contrast, and visibility. To achieve these goals, three specific configurations were used, that illuminated the intersection approach (Approach), intersection box (Box), and both the intersection approach and box (Both). Each lighting configuration was evaluated under five levels of illumination. Visibility was assessed both objectively (visual performance) and subjectively (perceptions of visibility and glare). Illuminating the intersection box led to superior visual performance, higher perceived visibility, and lower perceived glare. For this same configuration, plateaus in visual performance and perceived visibility occurred between 8 and 12 lux illuminance levels. A photometric analysis revealed that the Box lighting configuration rendered targets in sufficient positive and negative contrasts to result in higher nighttime visibility. Negatively contrast targets aided visual performance, while for targets rendered in positive contrast visual performance was dependent on the magnitude of the contrast. The relationship between pedestrian contrast and perceived pedestrian visibility was more complex, as pedestrians were often rendered in multiple contrast polarities. These results indicate that Box illumination is an effective strategy to enhance nighttime visual performance and perceptions of visibility while reducing glare, and which may be an energy efficient solution as it requires fewer luminaires. / Ph. D.

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År 1947 förutspådde konstnären Thomas Wilfred att ljuskonst inom 20 år skulle bli en självklarhet inom konstvärlden. Nu, nästan 70 år senare är ljuskonst fortfarande inte en erkänd konstform eller ett definierat begrepp. Idag skapas ljuskonst av konstnärer runt om i världen med tilltagande entusiasm samtidigt som det råder en uppenbar kunskapslucka och förvirring kring ljuskonst vilket denna studie ämnar att stilla. Studien syftar till att belysa värdet och nyttan med ljuskonst som utvecklande faktor för ljusdesignsbranschen. Att konsumera konst är ett sätt att berika den inre repertoaren och inspirationskällan. De frågeställningar som undersökts är ”Vad är ljuskonst?”, ”Vad inom ljuskonst inspirerar ljusdesigners och andra som arbetar med ljus? och ”Vilka innovationer har gått från ljuskonst till ljusdesign?”. Arbetet är fokuserat till personer som arbetar med ljus och studiens definition av ljuskonst är konst som gestaltar eller skapas av ljus. Undersökningen har ett intensivt och kvalitativt upplägg och har genomförst med snöbollsmetoden i form av intervjuer via frågeformulär, som totalt besvarats av nära femtio personer. Kompletterande datainsamlingsmetoder består av massmail, telefonintervjuer och sociala medier. Primärdatan har analyserats genom sammanställning, kategorisering och sammanfattning. Det är mycket stor spridning i hur personer som arbetar med ljus beskriver ljuskonst och vad inom den de inspireras av. Vad som är ljuskonst bestäms av vem som är kreatören, var den är placerad, vad den består av och hur den upplevs. Ljuskonst har ett stort inspirationellt värde för personer som arbetar med ljus, som applicerar influenserna från ljuskonstens in i ljusdesign. Studiens slutsatser består i att ljuskonst kan skapas av både naturligt och artificiellt ljus, kan vara allt från en liten detalj till något stort och iögonfallande, skapas till en unik kontext, har ett budskap, en funktion och skiljer sig från ljusdesign i fråga om syfte och kontext. Det inom ljuskonsten som inspirerar personer som arbetar med ljus är projekt där dagsljus behandlas eller efterliknas, dess teknik och material, ljusfestivaler och andra ljusevent, verk där betraktaren kan påverka och bli en del av ljuskonsten, verk som skapar mönster, objekt med eller av ljus, scenljussättning och friheten som upplevs finnas i skapandet av ljuskonst. Studiens resultat pekar avslutningsvis mot att accentuerad arkitektur, färgat och dynamiskt ljus, ljusprojicerade mönster, neon och att placera armaturer med klassisk design för inomhusbruk i exteriöra miljöer, har gått från att betraktas som ljuskonst till ljusdesign. / In 1947 the artist Thomas Wilfred predicted that light art will become an obvious part of the art world in the next 20 years. Now, almost 70 years later, light art is still not acknowledged or defined - neither as a art form or as an expression. Artists today are creating light art all around the world with increasing enthuiaism but in point of fact there is nothing such as light art, according to the encyclopaedias. There is an obvious gap in knowledge and confusion surrounding the field of light art which this study intends to reduce. The study aims to highlight the value and benefit of light art as developing factor for the lighting design industry. Consuming art is one way of enriching the inner repertoire and inspiration. The examined issues are "What is Light art?", "What within Light art inspire Lighting designers and others who work with light?” and "Which innovations have gone from considered as Light Art to Lighting design?". The work is focused on people who work with light and the definition of light art in this study is: art that portrays or creates from light. The survey has a deep and qualitative approach and is accomplished with the snowball method throughout questionnaires, which all together were answered by nearly fifty persons. Complementary methods of collecting data consist of bulk mail, telephone interviews and the posting of the survey at social media. The primary data has been analyzed through compilation, categorization and summary. People who work with light describes light art, and also what within light art they find inspiring, in many widely different ways. In summary light art is defined by who the creator is, where it is located, what it consists of and how it is perceived. Light art inspire people working with light who apply their influences from the field of light art into the lighting design industry. The conclusions is that light art can be created by both natural and artificial light, from small details to big and eye-catching installations, has an unique context, a message, a function, and differs from lighting design in terms of purpose and context. The specific parts within light art that inspire people working with light are projects where daylight is involved, the technology and materials of the pieces, light festivals and other light events, light art pieces where the viewer can influence and become a part of it, works that create patterns or objects by light, stage lighting and the expressive freedom in the making of light art. The results indicates that accentuated architecture, colored and dynamic light, light patterns, neon and the placing of fixtures with classic design for indoor use in exterior environments, has gone from being considered as light art to lighting design.

Master of Landscape Architecture / Department of Landscape Architecture/Regional and Community Planning / Jason Brody / Many cities are beginning to embrace the 24-hour city concept, where people stay up later, businesses are open 24 hours a day, and nighttime economies are expanding (Bianchini, 1995). Cities can reap social, economic, and cultural benefits by extending business hours into the night, creating safe and attractive reasons for people to utilize urban public spaces during these times, and connecting these spaces both physically and culturally to surrounding districts (Roberts, 2009). Washington Square Park in Kansas City, Missouri is an underused civic space identified as a potential anchor park for the city that could become a downtown destination, both day and night (KCDC, 2012). This report focuses on the nighttime aspects of the park, making it a vibrant evening destination for downtown Kansas City that could help boost economic activity, create new social opportunities and strengthen physical, and cultural connections to surrounding districts. Through a process of project goal finding, questioning and analysis, a set of programming strategies was developed and applied to a design for Washington Square Park that reflects the needs of stakeholders, relevant theory, and lessons learned from built precedents. Key components of a successful nighttime programming strategy for Washington Square Park include: extending business hours into the night; increasing the amount of retail, restaurant and building uses; establishing a sense of place with lighting; enhancing views; creating strong connections to surrounding areas; creating attractive amenities that extend into the night; and creating a space that is welcoming and safe with appropriate levels of lighting, activity and security. Through this research I have found that nighttime programming for an urban civic park can be an effective way of helping to create an active downtown destination for cities, benefiting the area socially, economically and culturally. Utilizing evening programming strategies in Washington Square Park can, not only help to activate the space during more hours of the day, but also create a unique sense of place that defines the park as an urban destination both day and night. By including nighttime programming strategies into design considerations, new opportunities for economic growth and social interaction can be revealed.

Esta pesquisa traz à tona, de forma interdisciplinar, estudos realizados e em andamento nas áreas de medicina, fisiologia, biologia, saúde pública, psicologia, engenharia e arquitetura, para investigar algumas alterações fisiológicas provocadas pela luz produzida pelos LEDs e, a partir da análise dos dados coletados, estabelecer em caráter preliminar novos parâmetros a serem considerados e aplicados ao projeto luminotécnico residencial que utiliza LEDs como fonte de luz. Desenvolvemos um protocolo para coletar os dados e comparar, para cada sujeito, o comportamento das variáveis entre dois períodos distintos, com a duração de 3 dias cada: um período em que, à noite, os sujeitos utilizaram óculos bloqueadores de luz azul (Período BB) e outro em que, também à noite, permaneceram expostos à iluminação artificial de LEDs em seus ambientes de maior permanência, previamente por eles definidos (Período LED). Verificamos a carga excretada de 6-sulfatoximelatonina na urina noturna de 12 horas (n=10), as variações de temperatura corporal (n=9) e as variáveis produzidas por meio da actimetria (n=10). Confrontamos estes dados com a literatura atual e com as características dos respectivos sistemas de iluminação. Do grupo de 10 sujeitos, 7 apresentaram redução da carga excretada de 6-sulfatoximelatonina do Período BB para o Período LED. A análise de temperatura corporal do grupo de 9 sujeitos, revelou que 7 deles apresentaram atraso de fase do respectivo ritmo do Período BB para o Período LED. A actimetria não revelou diferenças significativas entre os períodos. Porém, para o grupo que apresentou redução da carga excretada de 6-sulfatoximelatonina do Período BB para o Período LED, o L5 (período de 5 horas de menor atividade motora) apresentou um atraso de fase médio de 15 minutos. Os resultados desta pesquisa comprovam, pela primeira vez por meio de um estudo de campo, que os LEDs utilizados nos sistemas de iluminação artificial do ambiente residencial, possuem a capacidade de causar impactos deletérios na saúde dos usuários. / This research uses interdisciplinary ongoing studies in medicine, physiology, biology, public health, psychology, engineering and architecture, to investigate some physiological changes caused by the light emitted by LEDs and, based on the results, establish in a preliminary way, new parameters to be considered and applied to residential lighting projects using LEDs as a light source. We developed a protocol to collect some data and we compared, for each subject, the values between two distinct periods of 3 days each: the BB Period, where subjects wore blue-light blocking glasses at night, and the LED Period, where they were exposed to their room\'s LED lights at night. We verified the excreted load of 6-sulfatoxymelatonin in the 12-hour overnight urine (n=10), changes in pheripheral body temperature (n=9), and the variables of actimetry (n=10). We analyzed these data using information provided by the current literature and crossed these data with the characteristics of the lighting systems. Within the group of 10 subjects, 7 had a reduction in the excreted load of 6-sulfatoxymelatonin from the BB Period to the LED Period. The analysis of body temperature from the group of 9 subjects revealed that 7 of them showed acrophase phase delay from the BB Period to the LED Period. Actimetry did not reveal significant differences between these periods. However, for the group which showed a reduction in the excreted load of 6-sulfatoxymelatonin from the BB Period to the LED Period, the L5 (least active 5-hour period) presented, in average, a 15-minute phase delay. The results of this research prove, for the first time through a field study, that the LEDs used in residential lighting systems fave the capacity to cause deleterious impacts on users\' health.

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2015-06-30T13:23:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 NataliaC. Luz.pdf: 12307779 bytes, checksum: 53accbfb55fe02d87806bc07377efbf1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-30T13:23:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 NataliaC. Luz.pdf: 12307779 bytes, checksum: 53accbfb55fe02d87806bc07377efbf1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Banco Santander / Banespa / A utilização de elementos e estímulos sensoriais no projeto de um ambiente proporciona a construção de atmosferas, que interferem diretamente na percepção que os usuários terão do ambiente. Esta pesquisa explora o lighting design como elemento chave na construção de uma atmosfera, associado à cor e dinâmicas de movimento da luz, buscando a construção de significados e a criação de vínculos entre usuário e ambiente. O trabalho foi desenvolvido a partir de pesquisa teórica, que buscou revisar conceitos como atmosfera e experiência a partir da lógica do design estratégico; e de um estudo experimental, que considerou a construção de duas atmosferas e buscou avaliar a percepção dos usuários. Resultados demonstraram que a criação estratégica de atmosferas permite potencializar a experiência do usuário no ambiente, a partir da percepção do usuário sobre a atmosfera proposta. / The use of elements and sensory stimuli in the design of an environment provides the construction of atmospheres, which directly interferes with the perception that users have of the environment. This research explores the lighting design as a key element in building an atmosphere associated with the color and dynamic movement of light, seeking the construction of meanings and the creation of links between user and environment. The work was developed from theoretical research, which sought to revise concepts like atmosphere and experience from the logic of strategic design, and an experimental study, which considered the construction of two atmospheres and sought to evaluate the perception of users. Results demonstrated that the strategic creation of atmospheres allows enhancing the user experience in the environment, from the user's perception about the atmosphere proposal.

Esta pesquisa traz à tona, de forma interdisciplinar, estudos realizados e em andamento nas áreas de medicina, fisiologia, biologia, saúde pública, psicologia, engenharia e arquitetura, para investigar algumas alterações fisiológicas provocadas pela luz produzida pelos LEDs e, a partir da análise dos dados coletados, estabelecer em caráter preliminar novos parâmetros a serem considerados e aplicados ao projeto luminotécnico residencial que utiliza LEDs como fonte de luz. Desenvolvemos um protocolo para coletar os dados e comparar, para cada sujeito, o comportamento das variáveis entre dois períodos distintos, com a duração de 3 dias cada: um período em que, à noite, os sujeitos utilizaram óculos bloqueadores de luz azul (Período BB) e outro em que, também à noite, permaneceram expostos à iluminação artificial de LEDs em seus ambientes de maior permanência, previamente por eles definidos (Período LED). Verificamos a carga excretada de 6-sulfatoximelatonina na urina noturna de 12 horas (n=10), as variações de temperatura corporal (n=9) e as variáveis produzidas por meio da actimetria (n=10). Confrontamos estes dados com a literatura atual e com as características dos respectivos sistemas de iluminação. Do grupo de 10 sujeitos, 7 apresentaram redução da carga excretada de 6-sulfatoximelatonina do Período BB para o Período LED. A análise de temperatura corporal do grupo de 9 sujeitos, revelou que 7 deles apresentaram atraso de fase do respectivo ritmo do Período BB para o Período LED. A actimetria não revelou diferenças significativas entre os períodos. Porém, para o grupo que apresentou redução da carga excretada de 6-sulfatoximelatonina do Período BB para o Período LED, o L5 (período de 5 horas de menor atividade motora) apresentou um atraso de fase médio de 15 minutos. Os resultados desta pesquisa comprovam, pela primeira vez por meio de um estudo de campo, que os LEDs utilizados nos sistemas de iluminação artificial do ambiente residencial, possuem a capacidade de causar impactos deletérios na saúde dos usuários. / This research uses interdisciplinary ongoing studies in medicine, physiology, biology, public health, psychology, engineering and architecture, to investigate some physiological changes caused by the light emitted by LEDs and, based on the results, establish in a preliminary way, new parameters to be considered and applied to residential lighting projects using LEDs as a light source. We developed a protocol to collect some data and we compared, for each subject, the values between two distinct periods of 3 days each: the BB Period, where subjects wore blue-light blocking glasses at night, and the LED Period, where they were exposed to their room\'s LED lights at night. We verified the excreted load of 6-sulfatoxymelatonin in the 12-hour overnight urine (n=10), changes in pheripheral body temperature (n=9), and the variables of actimetry (n=10). We analyzed these data using information provided by the current literature and crossed these data with the characteristics of the lighting systems. Within the group of 10 subjects, 7 had a reduction in the excreted load of 6-sulfatoxymelatonin from the BB Period to the LED Period. The analysis of body temperature from the group of 9 subjects revealed that 7 of them showed acrophase phase delay from the BB Period to the LED Period. Actimetry did not reveal significant differences between these periods. However, for the group which showed a reduction in the excreted load of 6-sulfatoxymelatonin from the BB Period to the LED Period, the L5 (least active 5-hour period) presented, in average, a 15-minute phase delay. The results of this research prove, for the first time through a field study, that the LEDs used in residential lighting systems fave the capacity to cause deleterious impacts on users\' health.

Pesquisas no âmbito da iluminação focam no aspecto quantitativo e físico dos efeitos lumínicos e seu desempenho na relação usuário-ambiente. Estudos sobre os aspectos subjetivos da luz e sua influência na percepção e usufruto do espaço são crescentes, porém, existem poucos experimentos para avaliar impressões subjetivas dos espaços urbanos à noite. O intuito da pesquisa, portanto, é procurar inverter a pergunta: quanto de luz as pessoas precisam? para como as pessoas interpretam o espaço iluminado em que estão inseridas? e respondê-la através de avaliações visuais dos ocupantes inseridos em diferentes cenários de iluminação. Assim, a pesquisa tem por objetivo verificar a influência da iluminação na percepção do espaço urbano e na relação do usuário com o ambiente noturno. Neste sentido, a pesquisa concentra-se em duas vertentes, uma teórica e outra experimental. Primeiro, a partir da revisão da literatura, investiga-se as impressões dos usuários em ambientes iluminados a partir de conceitos como atmosfera, cunhada por Vogels (2008), e questões relacionadas a variáveis da iluminação e sua influência na percepção visual. Por fim, o estudo contempla um viés experimental, no sentido de formular recursos - aparatos e procedimentos - para avaliação dos cenários pelos usuários. Sob à luz dos conceitos selecionados e, utilizando o ambiente virtual como suporte à criação de cenários noturnos, os resultados mostram que existem qualidades subjetivas diferentes nos espaços, relacionadas com questões de segurança e sociabilidade do ambiente, o que reflete a importância destas avaliações, além de apontar possibilidades de investigação sobre a relação entre intenções do projetista e as necessidades e expectativas dos usuários, além de futuros desenvolvimentos em outros contextos onde a iluminação desempenha papel fundamental na vivência e percepção do espaço. / Researches in the field of lighting focuses on the quantitative and physical aspects of light effects and their performance in the user-environment relationship. Studies on the subjective aspects of light and its influence on the perception and usufruct of space are increasing; however, there are few experiments to evaluate subjective impressions of urban spaces at night. The aim of research, therefore, is to try to reverse the question: how much light do people need? to How do people interpret the enlightened space in which they are inserted?, and respond to it through visual assessments of occupants in different lighting scenarios. Thus, the research aims to verify the influence of lighting in the perception of urban space and the relationship of the user with the nocturnal environment. In this sense, the research focuses on two aspects: theoretical and experimental. First, from the literature review we investigate the impressions of users in illuminated environments based on concepts such as atmosphere, coined by Vogels (2008), and questions related to lighting variables and their influence on visual perception. Finally, the study contemplates an experimental phase, in the sense of formulating resources - devices and procedures - to evaluate the scenarios by users. Using the selected concepts and through the virtual environment as support for the creation of night scenarios, the results show that there are different subjective qualities in the spaces, related to safety issues and the sociability of the environment, which reflects the importance of these evaluations. Besides that, the research aims to point out possibilities about the relation between the designer\'s intentions and the user\'s needs and expectations, as well as future developments in other contexts where lighting planning plays a fundamental role in the experience and perception of space.

Pesquisas no âmbito da iluminação focam no aspecto quantitativo e físico dos efeitos lumínicos e seu desempenho na relação usuário-ambiente. Estudos sobre os aspectos subjetivos da luz e sua influência na percepção e usufruto do espaço são crescentes, porém, existem poucos experimentos para avaliar impressões subjetivas dos espaços urbanos à noite. O intuito da pesquisa, portanto, é procurar inverter a pergunta: quanto de luz as pessoas precisam? para como as pessoas interpretam o espaço iluminado em que estão inseridas? e respondê-la através de avaliações visuais dos ocupantes inseridos em diferentes cenários de iluminação. Assim, a pesquisa tem por objetivo verificar a influência da iluminação na percepção do espaço urbano e na relação do usuário com o ambiente noturno. Neste sentido, a pesquisa concentra-se em duas vertentes, uma teórica e outra experimental. Primeiro, a partir da revisão da literatura, investiga-se as impressões dos usuários em ambientes iluminados a partir de conceitos como atmosfera, cunhada por Vogels (2008), e questões relacionadas a variáveis da iluminação e sua influência na percepção visual. Por fim, o estudo contempla um viés experimental, no sentido de formular recursos - aparatos e procedimentos - para avaliação dos cenários pelos usuários. Sob à luz dos conceitos selecionados e, utilizando o ambiente virtual como suporte à criação de cenários noturnos, os resultados mostram que existem qualidades subjetivas diferentes nos espaços, relacionadas com questões de segurança e sociabilidade do ambiente, o que reflete a importância destas avaliações, além de apontar possibilidades de investigação sobre a relação entre intenções do projetista e as necessidades e expectativas dos usuários, além de futuros desenvolvimentos em outros contextos onde a iluminação desempenha papel fundamental na vivência e percepção do espaço. / Researches in the field of lighting focuses on the quantitative and physical aspects of light effects and their performance in the user-environment relationship. Studies on the subjective aspects of light and its influence on the perception and usufruct of space are increasing; however, there are few experiments to evaluate subjective impressions of urban spaces at night. The aim of research, therefore, is to try to reverse the question: how much light do people need? to How do people interpret the enlightened space in which they are inserted?, and respond to it through visual assessments of occupants in different lighting scenarios. Thus, the research aims to verify the influence of lighting in the perception of urban space and the relationship of the user with the nocturnal environment. In this sense, the research focuses on two aspects: theoretical and experimental. First, from the literature review we investigate the impressions of users in illuminated environments based on concepts such as atmosphere, coined by Vogels (2008), and questions related to lighting variables and their influence on visual perception. Finally, the study contemplates an experimental phase, in the sense of formulating resources - devices and procedures - to evaluate the scenarios by users. Using the selected concepts and through the virtual environment as support for the creation of night scenarios, the results show that there are different subjective qualities in the spaces, related to safety issues and the sociability of the environment, which reflects the importance of these evaluations. Besides that, the research aims to point out possibilities about the relation between the designer\'s intentions and the user\'s needs and expectations, as well as future developments in other contexts where lighting planning plays a fundamental role in the experience and perception of space.

The author looks back over a long career working as a stage lighting technician in the American theatre, sharing personal experiences, and providing an insider’s view of the art, history, and culture of theatrical lighting.