Les stations d’épuration constituent une voie majeure de dissémination des micropolluants minéraux et organiques dans l’environnement. De nombreux composés émergents ne sont pas totalement éliminés des eaux usées et sont transférés aux boues par sorption du fait de leurs propriétés physico-chimiques. Parmi ces composés, les résidus de médicaments doivent être suivis car ils peuvent avoir des effets indésirables sur les organismes une fois rejetés dans l’environnement. L’épandage des boues stabilisées sur les sols étant le procédé de valorisation le plus employé en France, le choix du traitement des boues en amont, permettant de réduire au maximum la dissémination des micropolluants constitue une question scientifique et technique fondamentale. Dans ce travail, le devenir de micropolluants métalliques (cadmium et cuivre) et de plusieurs médicaments (carbamazépine, ciprofloxacine, sulfaméthoxazole, acide salicylique, ibuprofène, paracétamol, diclofénac, kétoprofène, éconazole, aténolol et propranolol) a été étudié pour différents lots de boues urbaines (avec ou sans traitement par ozonation) et aussi de manière originale sur des boues provenant exclusivement du traitement d’effluents hospitaliers (station de SIPIBEL), au cours de leur traitement (épaississement puis stabilisation par compostage, chaulage ou digestion anaérobie). La méthodologie proposée a reposé sur la mise en relation : d’une part des coefficients de répartition de ces micropolluants entre les fractions soluble et particulaire (Kdsorption) dans la boue après chaque traitement de stabilisation ainsi que de leur potentiel de désorption (Kdésorption) avec d’autre part les propriétés des micropolluants et les caractéristiques des boues (composition biochimique et groupements fonctionnels). Cette mise en relation a abouti, grâce à une analyse statistique de type PLS à la proposition de modèles permettant de prédire les valeurs de Kdsorption et Kdésorption. Il a ainsi pu être démontré que le pH des boues ainsi que les groupements fonctionnels de type phosphorique dans la phase soluble et de type amine/hydroxyle dans la fraction particulaire des boues avaient une influence majeure sur le comportement de sorption des micropolluants organiques, de même que la masse molaire et la solubilité de ces derniers. D’autre part, ce travail a permis de montrer que l’ozonation des boues en amont des traitements de stabilisation s’est avérée efficace car elle a permis d’éliminer huit composés pharmaceutiques sur les onze étudiés. Pour tous les lots de boues, le sulfaméthoxazole a été biodégradé au cours de la digestion anaérobie. Les tests de désorption en batch effectués sur les boues après chaulage et digestion ont montré que les micropolluants dans les boues chaulées ont tendance à être plus facilement relargués qu’après digestion anaérobie. Enfin, l’étude de la disponibilité des micropolluants lors de l’épandage des différents lots de boues urbaines et hospitalières stabilisées sur des colonnes de sol à l’échelle du laboratoire a montré que l’ibuprofène, l’acide salicylique, le diclofénac et le paracétamol étaient les seuls composés détectés dans les phases lixiviées des sols amendés, ce qui traduit une faible mobilité des autres composés dans le sol. / Wastewater treatment plants represent the main transfer pathways for micropollutants to enter the environment. Emerging contaminants are not totally eliminated and are transferred to the sludge by sorption process due to their physico-chemical properties. Among them, pharmaceutical compounds are of a great concern because of their potential adverse effects to ecosystems. As sludge landspreading is the main process of valorization employed in France, the choice of the kind of sludge stabilization treatment able to reduce the amount of micropollutants is crucial. In this work, the fate of trace metallic elements (cadmium and copper) and pharmaceutical compounds (carbamazepine, ciprofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole, salicylic acid, ibuprofen, paracetamol, diclofenac, ketoprofen, econazole, atenolol and propranolol) has been investigated in sludge from different origins: urban (with and without ozone oxidation treatment) and hospital, during their treatment (thickening and stabilization by composting, liming or anaerobic digestion). The methodology developed in this work consisted in connecting the partition coefficients of micropollutants (between the soluble and particulate fractions of sludge, Kdsorption) and their desorption potential (Kdesorption) with micropollutants physico-chemical properties and sludge characteristics (biochemical composition and functional groups). Statistical analysis leads to the determination of models able to predict Kdsorption and Kdesorption. Molecular weight and solubility of pharmaceutical compounds, sludge’s pH, phosphoric functional groups in the soluble phase and amine/hydroxyl groups in the particulate fraction of sludge had the main impact on the sorption behavior. Moreover the oxidation of sludge with ozone before stabilization was efficient to eliminate eight from eleven organic compounds. For all sludge samples, sulfamethoxazole was biodegraded during anaerobic digestion. Batch desorption tests showed that micropollutants were more easily desorbed in limed sludge compared to digested sludge. Finally, the study of micropollutants availability during stabilized urban and hospital sludge landspreading on laboratory soil columns revealed that ibuprofen, salicylic acid, diclofenac and paracetamol were the only compounds present in leachates. This means that the other pharmaceutical compounds exhibited a lower mobility in soil.

Zur Untersuchung des Einflusses der Bodenschutzkalkung gegen die flächendeckende Bodenversauerung im sächsischen Mittelgebirge wurde die Regenwurmfauna an acht Punkten der Bodenzustanderhebung (BZE-Punkte) im Erzgebirge und im Vogtland erfasst. Die Untersuchungspunkte sind durch Fichtenforste auf vier verschiedenen Lokalbodenformen charakterisiert, jeweils nicht gekalkt und gekalkt. Die verwendeten chemischen Daten stammen aus der Bodenzustandserhebung. Die Erfassung der Lumbriciden erfolgte mittels Elektroaustreibung und anschließender Handauslese, die Tiere wurden lebend und mit Darminhalt gewogen. Daraus wurden die Populationsparameter Individuendichte und Biomasse pro Quadratmeter ermittelt und mit dem U-Test nach Wilcoxon, Mann und Whitney auf signifikante Unterschiede geprüft. Bei Betrachtung der Daten der BZE fallen auf den gekalkten Flächen im Vergleich zu den nicht gekalkten Flächen der angehobene pH-Wert, die gesteigerte effektive Austauschkapazität (AKe) und die erhöhte Basensättigung (BS) im organischen Auflagehorizont sowohl in der Streu und in der fermentierten organischen Auflage (L + Of) als auch in der humifizierten organischen Auflage (Oh) auf. [...] Das C/N-Verhältnis weist in keinem der Horizonte einen offensichtlichen Zusammenhang zur Kalkung auf. Auf den gekalkten Flächen wurde sowohl eine höhere Individuendichte als auch eine höhere Biomasse der Lumbriciden festgestellt. Die Unterschiede sind zu verschiedenen Niveaus signifikant. Zwischen den Populationparametern und pH-Wert, AKe und Basensättigung besteht kein linearer Zusammenhang, bei erhöhten Werten dieser Bodenchemie-Komponenten wurden jedoch höhere Individuendichten und Biomassen festgestellt. Zum C/N-Verhältnis konnte keine Beziehung festgestellt werden. Auf den gekalkten Flächen wurden auch mehr Arten als auf den nicht gekalkten gezählt. [...] Es ist zu überlegen, inwieweit sich (Wieder-)Ansiedelungsmaßnahmen entsprechender Arten durchführen ließen.:1 Einleitung und Zielstellung ...........................................................................6 2 Grundlagen und Methodik ...........................................................................9 2.1 Naturraum ................................................................................................9 2.2 Regenwurmbiologie ................................................................................13 2.3 Methodik .................................................................................................18 2.4 Statistik ...................................................................................................21 3 Ergebnisse .................................................................................................23 3.1 Chemische Daten der Bodenzustandserhebung ....................................23 3.2 Individuendichte und Biomasse ..............................................................28 3.3 Zusammenhänge zur Bodenchemie .......................................................32 3.4 Artenfunde .............................................................................................42 4 Diskussion ..................................................................................................43 4.1 Kritik an der Methodik und der statistischen Auswertung .......................43 4.2 Ergebnisbewertung ................................................................................45 5 Zusammenfassung und Fazit ......................................................................49 6 Abstract .......................................................................................................51 7 Literaturverzeichnis .....................................................................................52 Anhang ...........................................................................................................62 / Since the end of the last century, liming is a common melioration measure in German forest and wood management against the acidity of soils, especially in the uplands like the Ore Mountains (Erzgebirge) in Saxony. To record changes in ecosystems, there are different monitoring programms, for example the 'Bodenzustandserhebung (BZE)'. But also a biological component for detecting effects of liming on flora and fauna is needed. Earthworms are a very important group of the soil fauna. Therefore, this study was aimed at this family to track their reaction to liming in spruce forests in the Saxon Ore Mountains. The expectation of a positive reaction could be significantly approved on the basis of four paired habitats, each couple with a not limed and a limed counter-part. Four species of earthworms were recorded. Three of them are epigeic forms, one is an endogeic type. Important factors for their abundance and biomass are pH, exchange capacity of cations and saturation of bases. A linear correlation was not detected. In this study, the ratio of carbon and nitrogen in soils showed a link neither to lime nor to earthworms abundance or biomass. As a result, liming is a reasonable measure to reactivate the biological components in acid affected soils, but it is also needed to cultivate a more various forest ecosystem.:1 Einleitung und Zielstellung ...........................................................................6 2 Grundlagen und Methodik ...........................................................................9 2.1 Naturraum ................................................................................................9 2.2 Regenwurmbiologie ................................................................................13 2.3 Methodik .................................................................................................18 2.4 Statistik ...................................................................................................21 3 Ergebnisse .................................................................................................23 3.1 Chemische Daten der Bodenzustandserhebung ....................................23 3.2 Individuendichte und Biomasse ..............................................................28 3.3 Zusammenhänge zur Bodenchemie .......................................................32 3.4 Artenfunde .............................................................................................42 4 Diskussion ..................................................................................................43 4.1 Kritik an der Methodik und der statistischen Auswertung .......................43 4.2 Ergebnisbewertung ................................................................................45 5 Zusammenfassung und Fazit ......................................................................49 6 Abstract .......................................................................................................51 7 Literaturverzeichnis .....................................................................................52 Anhang ...........................................................................................................62

Le recours à des épandages d'amendements calco-magnésiens dans les forêts acidifiées peut représenter une alternative intéressante pour corriger l'acidification des sols et la perte d'éléments nutritifs engendrés par des décennies de dépôts atmosphériques acides. Dans ce contexte, les objectifs de cette thèse sont d'évaluer les effets d'amendements calco-magnésiens sur (i) la diversité taxonomique et la structure des communautés des macroinvertébrés de sol forestier et sur (ii) deux processus fonctionnels associés notamment à l'activité des vers de terre, tels que la structuration du sol et l'évolution des humus. Au cours de nos travaux, trois sites localisés dans les Vosges (nord-est, France) ont été étudiés : deux massifs forestiers (sur grès et granite) en moyenne montagne, ayant fait l'objet d'amendements aériens en 2003 et la forêt domaniale de Humont située dans les collines sous-vosgiennes, où des amendements en 1991 et 2008 ont été réalisés. Les résultats montrent que 4 ans après amendement sur les bassins versants en moyenne montagne, l'abondance totale de la communauté de macrofaune a diminué, alors que les richesses spécifiques sont similaires. Cependant, la composition des communautés diffère avec moins de 50 % d'espèces communes aux sites amendés et témoins. Une diminution de l'abondance des prédateurs a également été observée alors que la plupart des détritivores ont été favorisés par l'amendement. Les études in vitro montrent également son effet positif sur les activités de structuration du sol par les vers de terre (production de turricules et construction de galeries). En forêt de Humont, les amendements ont eu un effet majeur à moyen terme (4 ans) et à long terme (20 ans) sur la population d'Aporrectodea velox, espèce endémique des Vosges. De part sa biomasse importante, cette augmentation de densité favorise l'amélioration des caractéristiques physico-chimiques du sol forestier tels que la structuration des sols et la morphologie des humus. / The use of liming (Ca-Mg) on acidified forest can be interesting to counteract soil acidification and loss of nutrients caused by decades of acid atmospheric deposition. In this context, the aims of this work were to assess liming effect on (i) taxonomical diversity and community structure of soil macro-invertebrates and on (ii) two associated functional processes related to earthworms: soil structuration and humus evolution. The PhD project was realised in three sites from the Vosges mountains (North-eastern, France): two forest mountain catchments (one lying on sandstone and the other on granite) limed in 2003 and the public hill forest of Humont at a lower altitude limed in 1991 and 2008. Results showed that 4 years after liming in mountain forest, the total abundance of macro-invertebrates decreased, while the species richness were similar. However, the community structure strongly differed, and less than 50% of the species were common to limed and control sites. Moreover, 43 species appeared to be indicators of liming. Predator taxa abundance decreased whereas the detritivorous were favoured by lime addition. The in vitro experiments showed a positive effect of liming on soil structuration by earthworm activities (cast production and burrowing activities). In the Humont forest, liming at medium-term (4 years) and long term (20 years) have an important effect on the Aporrectodea velox population, an endemic vosgian species. Related to its high biomass, this increase strongly improved soil physicochemical parameters such as soil structure and humus morphology.

L'objectif principal de ce travail est d'évaluer si l'amendement calco-magnésien de deux bassins versants acidifiés du massif vosgien (un sur grès et un sur granite) engendre des changements de la morphologie des humus, de l'abondance et de la diversité de la mésofaune, de la biomasse fongique, du stockage de carbone dans les horizons organiques 5 et 7 ans après l'amendement. Par ailleurs, nous avons effectué une étude dans des conditions contrôlées de laboratoire en utilisant des microcosmes contenant les horizons organiques du sol provenant de bassins versants acidifiés sur grès et sur granite afin d'évaluer les effets à court terme de l'amendement. Les résultats indiquent que les effets de l'amendement sont beaucoup plus marqués sur le substrat le plus acide. À court terme, sur substrat gréseux, nous observons une diminution de l'abondance de la mésofaune puis une augmentation de celle-ci 5 ans après l'amendement avant de ne montrer plus aucun effet 7 ans après l'épandage. L'effet inverse ou aucun effet n'est par contre observé sur substrat granitique. Le contenu en Ca et Mg de l'horizon OL a augmenté avec l'amendement, mais cet effet n'est également significatif que sur grès. La biomasse fongique du sol n'a pas été affectée par le chaulage, mais est significativement plus élevée sur granite que sur grès. Le chaulage a augmenté l'épaisseur de l'horizon OH sur grès alors qu'il a diminué l'épaisseur de l'horizon OL sur granite, probablement en relation avec les modifications de l'activité biologique (mésofaune ou microorganismes). Enfin, sur substrat gréseux, le stock de carbone de l'humus a augmenté du fait d'un épaississement notable de l'horizon OH avec le chaulage. / The main objective of this work is to assess the consequences of calco-magnesium liming on two acidified forested catchments in Vosges Mountain (sandstone and granite) on humus morphology, abundance and diversity of mesofauna, fungal biomass and carbon storage in organic horizons 5 and 7 years after liming. Moreover, we performed a study to verify under laboratories conditions by using microcosms filled with soil from acidified catchments lying on sandstone and granite in order to study the short-term effect of calco-magnesium liming. During the two field campaigns, we determined calcium and magnesium contents of OL horizon, pH, humus morphology, mesofauna abundance and diversity, fungal biomass, soil carbon storage of organic layers OL, OF and OH.Results indicated that calco-magnesium liming affects studied parameters in different ways according to elapsed time after liming and the geological substrate (sandstone and granite), the more acidic catchment (sandstone) showing the most remarkable reaction. Results of immediate effects of liming showed a decrease of mesofauna abundance and then gradually increasing tendencies in field campaigns after 5 years while no effect after 7 years after liming. The opposite or no effects were observed on granite substrate. Ca and Mg contents in OL horizon increased by liming but this effect were only significant on sandstone substrate. Soil fungal biomass was not affected by liming but was significantly higher on granite substrate than sandstone. Liming increased the OH horizon thickness on sandstone while decreased the OL horizon on granite, under the influence of biological activity (mesofauna vs microorganisms).

La mise en place d’une agriculture plus durable nécessite une compréhension de l’impact des pratiques de gestion sur le fonctionnement des agroécosystèmes et sur la fourniture de services écosystémiques. En représentant près de 68% des terres agricoles mondiales et contribuant à la subsistance de plus de 800 millions de personnes, les prairies sont l’un des agroécosystèmes où l’optimisation des pratiques agricoles apparaît comme cruciale. Ce travail de thèse porte sur le chaulage, une pratique agricole connue pour lutter contre les effets de l’acidification des sols – qu’elle soit naturelle ou induite par la gestion – mais dont l’efficacité est variable en prairie permanente. De fait, la littérature documentant l’impact du chaulage en prairie permanente est limitée et ne prend en compte que rarement la multifonctionnalité de ces agroécosystèmes. Par une approche intégrant différents types d’expérimentations, mon travail de thèse a cherché à répondre à ce besoin et à renforcer les connaissances du chaulage sur le fonctionnement de l’écosystème prairial. Le développement d’expérimentations au champ (in situ), en conditions semi-contrôlées (mésocosmes) et d’incubations de sol au laboratoire (microcosmes) a permis d’explorer les effets du chaulage sur les différents compartiments de l’écosystème prairial (végétation, microorganismes, sol) ainsi que l’influence de facteurs modulant ces effets. Dans l’ensemble des expérimentations, le chaulage a effectivement augmenté le pH des sols. Toutefois, cette amélioration du statut acido-basique du sol ne s’est pas toujours traduite par une augmentation de la productivité du fourrage ou des biomasses microbiennes et racinaires. Mes travaux ont montré que le chaulage contribue aux émissions de gaz à effet de serre par différentes voies (réémission du carbone apporté sous forme de chaulage et stimulation de la minéralisation) et peut potentiellement réduire les émissions de CO2 à l’échelle de la respiration de l’écosystème. Collectivement mes résultats soulignent l’importance du contexte pédoclimatique sur l’impact du chaulage en prairie permanente, et la difficulté d’extrapoler les effets du chaulage, en particulier sur la production de fourrage et les émissions de gaz à effet de serre, d’une échelle d’étude fine à l’échelle de la parcelle en prairie permanente. L’efficacité du chaulage semble dépendre du type d’amendement et de son dosage et peut également interagir avec d’autres pratiques de gestion telles que la fertilisation azotée et le niveau d’intensité de gestion. / The development of sustainable agriculture requires greater understanding of the impact of management practices on agroecosystem functioning, and on the ecosystem services provided by these agroecosystems. Representing nearly 68% of world's agricultural surfaces and contributing to the livelihoods of more than 800 million people, grasslands are one of the major agroecosystems where optimized agricultural practices are of concern. This PhD focuses on liming, a well-known practice for counteracting soil acidification (due to ongoing natural processes or accelerated by management practices), but which has variable efficiency in permanent grasslands. Indeed, liming effects on grassland are poorly documented and existing studies rarely take into account grassland multifunctionality. My thesis uses an integrated approach to improve the knowledge of liming impacts on grassland functioning. Different types of experiments – in the field (in situ), in semi-controlled conditions (mesocosms) and laboratory soil incubations (microcosms) – were used to study liming effects on different grassland compartments (vegetation, microorganisms, soil) along with possible interacting factors. Liming effectively increased soil pH in all the experiments. However, improving pH status did not always lead to greater forage production or increases in microbial and root biomass. My results showed that liming can enhance greenhouse gas emissions through several pathways (reemission of lime-derived carbon or stimulation of carbon mineralization), but may also reduce CO2 emissions from ecosystem respiration. Collectively, my findings emphasize the importance of pedoclimatic conditions for liming impacts on permanent grasslands and highlight the difficulty of upscaling liming effects, particularly on forage production and greenhouse gas emissions. The efficiency of liming appears to depend on the type and dose of soil improvers and can also interact with other management practices such as nitrogen fertilization and management intensification.

Submitted by Angela Maria de Oliveira (amolivei@uepg.br) on 2018-06-05T14:40:04Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Schardosin, Janaina.pdf: 3840457 bytes, checksum: ffe3148238384650d2997e09aff27ed0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-05T14:40:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Schardosin, Janaina.pdf: 3840457 bytes, checksum: ffe3148238384650d2997e09aff27ed0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-04-09 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O processo de humificação, conversão de resíduos orgânicos em húmus, é um fator importante na compreensão da dinâmica da matéria orgânica. A sua quantificação, é fundamental para o estudo da evolução química dessa substância. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar as amostras de ácidos húmicos (AHs) e quantificar o grau de humificação do solo e das frações físicas (por tamanho de partículas). As análises de Espectroscopias de Fluorescência de Raios X por Dispersão de Comprimento de Onda, Fluorescência na região do Visível, Espectroscopia Vibracional na região de Infravermelho e de Absorção na região do Ultravioleta e Vísivel, Espectrocospia Raman, acompanhadas das técnicas de Análise Térmica, Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura com Canhão Eletrônico por Efeito de Campo e Espalhamento Dinâmico da Luz foram utilizadas. A quantificação do grau de humificação mostrou que AHs extraídos da profundidade (10- 20 cm) possuem estruturas aromáticas mais condensadas. A fração de AH que apresentou maior grau de humificação foi a extraída do solo com a adição de calagem, o que demonstra uma influência do calcário na aceleração do processo de humificação. O estudo das frações granulométricas do solo, determinou, com espectroscopia de infravermelho, os atributos orgânicos que estão associados as frações do solo e, que a maioria dos minerais presentes nas frações granulométricas, foram identificados como sendo caulinita, haloisita, quartzo e gibbsita. Já para o estudo da humificação dos AHs extraídos das frações granulométricas, a quantificação do grau de humificação, do maior para o menor, é procedente da fração silte, seguidos da fração argila e, por fim, a fração areia. / The humification process, conversion of organic waste into humus, is an important factor to understand the organic matter dynamics. Its quantification is vital for the study of this substance chemical evolution. This study aimed at characterizing humic acid (HA) samples and quantify the degree of soil humification and physical fractions (particle size). The analysis of Spectroscopies of wavelenght dispersive X-ray fluorescence, visible fluorescence, vibrational infrared region, ultraviolet and visible light absorption and Raman along with the techniques of Thermal Analysis, scanning electron microscopy with field effect gun and dynamic light scattering were employed. The humification degree quantification revealed that the HA extracted from the 10-20cm depth presented more polycondensed structures. The HA fraction that presented the highest humification degree was extracted from the soil with the addition of liming, which demonstrates the limestone influence in the acceleration of the humification process. The study of the soil granulometric fractions determined, with infrared spectroscopy, the organic properties that are associated to soil fractions and that most of the minerals present in the granulometric fractions, were identified as kaolinite, halloysite, quartz and gibbsite.The study of the humification in the HA extracted from the granulometric fractions quantified the humification degree and revealed the highest values in the silt fraction followed by the clay fraction and, finally, the lowest values were found in the sand fraction.

Submitted by Angela Maria de Oliveira (amolivei@uepg.br) on 2018-06-13T14:19:35Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Andre Carlos Auler.pdf: 3700376 bytes, checksum: c1ec033a97820b9055b6c86fad79d308 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-13T14:19:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Andre Carlos Auler.pdf: 3700376 bytes, checksum: c1ec033a97820b9055b6c86fad79d308 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-04-25 / A acidez do solo é um importante fator que restringe a produção agrícola no mundo. Solos ácidos apresentam baixos valores de pH, elevados teores de alumínio trocável (Al3+) e baixa disponibilidade de cálcio (Ca2+), magnésio (Mg2+) e potássio (K+) trocáveis. Para corrigir os problemas causados pela acidez do solo, diversos materiais podem ser utilizados, com destaque para os carbonatos e os silicatos de Ca e Mg. Tais produtos apresentam distinções quanto a sua composição química e características físicas, o que repercute sobre sua reatividade no solo. Contudo, com o advento do plantio direto (SPD), os corretivos da acidez são aplicados sobre a superfície do solo, o que restringe a correção da acidez em subsuperfície. Neste contexto, o gesso agrícola é aplicado em associação aos corretivos da acidez. Embora o gesso agrícola não atue sobre a acidez ativa do solo, em subsuperfície ele atua reduzindo os teores de Al3+ e elevando os teores de Ca2+, o que melhora o ambiente radicular. O manejo químico do solo, por meio da aplicação de corretivos da acidez e de gesso agrícola pode alterar a estrutura do solo e os processos termodinâmicos que nela ocorrem. Neste contexto, o objetivo geral deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos de corretivos de acidez do solo [calcário de rocha moída (CRM), escória de siderurgia (ES) e calcário calcinado (CC)], associados ou não ao gesso agrícola, sobre os atributos físicos e químicos do solo e a produtividade de culturas no SPD. Para isso, instalou-se um experimento em um LATOSSOLO VERMELHO-AMARELO Distrófico de textura argilo-arenosa, em Ponta Grossa-PR. Os tratamentos foram os três corretivos da acidez do solo CRM (3,8 Mg ha-1), ES (4,2 Mg ha-1) e CC (2,7 Mg ha-1) mais um tratamento controle (sem correção da acidez), associados ou não ao gesso agrícola (2,4 Mg ha-1). As doses dos corretivos foram calculadas para elevar a saturação por bases da camada 0-0,20 m a 70 %, com base em seus equivalentes carbonatos. A dose de gesso agrícola foi calculada com base no teor de argila do solo. Os corretivos e o gesso agrícola foram aplicados sobre a superfície do solo, em agosto de 2015. A rotação de culturas utilizada foi milho (2015/16) – trigo (2016) – soja (2016/17) - aveia preta (2017) – feijão (2017/18). Após a colheita do milho e do trigo, respectivamente aos 7 e aos 15 meses após a aplicação dos tratamentos, foram coletadas amostras indeformadas e deformadas de solo. Foram coletadas amostras indeformadas de solo em (i) monólitos, nas camadas 0-0,05; 0,05-0,10 e 0,10-0,20 m, para avaliação da agregação e da estabilidade de agregados; e em (ii) anéis volumétricos, nas camadas 0-0,05; 0,05-0,10; 0,10-0,20; 0,20-0,40 e 0,40-0,60 m, para avaliação da densidade do solo (Ds), porosidade total (Pt), macroporosidade (Ma), microporosidade (Mi) e retenção de água no solo. As amostras deformadas foram coletadas nas mesmas camadas de coleta dos anéis volumétricos, para determinação dos componentes da acidez do solo (pH, H+Al e Al3+), cátions básicos trocáveis (Ca2+, Mg2+ e K+) e teores de carbono lábil (COXP) e total (CO). A produtividade das culturas foi avaliada e utilizada para se determinar a eficiência agronômica dos corretivos e do gesso agrícola. Tanto aos 7 quanto aos 15 meses após aplicação dos tratamentos, os teores dos cátions básicos foram mais afetados que os componentes da acidez. Via de regra, a aplicação de gesso agrícola promoveu intensa lixiviação de Mg2+ e K+ nas camadas mais superficiais do solo, o que resultou no aumento da concentração dos nutrientes em profundidade. Referindo-se aos componentes da acidez, o Al3+ foi o componente mais alterado pela aplicação dos tratamentos, principalmente aos 15 meses após aplicação. Um resultado a ser destacado é que a ES com gesso aumentou os 9 teores de Al3+ em profundidade. Os teores de COXP e CO não foram afetados pelos tratamentos. As alterações nos atributos químicos do solo repercutiram sobre os atributos físicos. O diâmetro médio ponderado dos agregados e as proporções de macroagregados grandes foram mais influenciadas aos 15 meses após aplicação, em relação aos 7 meses, demonstrando a importância do tempo de reação dos materiais no solo sobre sua agregação. A Ds, a Pt e a Ma foram alteradas pelos tratamentos na camada de 0,40–0,60 m, diferentemente da Mi, que foi afetada nas camadas mais superficiais do solo (0–0,20 m). A retenção de água no solo foi sensível as alterações na estrutura do solo, principalmente quando os corretivos foram aplicados associados ao gesso agrícola. Deste modo, pode-se concluir que a dinâmica dos íons no solo pela correção da acidez e aplicação e gesso agrícola influencia os atributos físicos do solo, tanto em superfície como em profundidade. O aumento nos teores de Ca2+ e Mg2+ e a redução do Al3+ melhora a estrutura do solo, reduzindo sua Ds e aumentando sua Pt; e, a substituição de Al3+ por Mg2+ no complexo de troca do solo, decorrentes da aplicação da ES e do gesso agrícola influencia a retenção de água no solo. Sendo que a maior concentração do Mg2+ favorece a retenção. Os efeitos da correção da acidez do solo, independentemente do corretivo, e do gesso agrícola sobre a produtividade das culturas ocorre de maneira independente. Também, as culturas respondem de maneira distinta a correção da acidez e a gessagem. Todavia, o calcário calcinado foi o corretivo com maior eficiência agronômica, tanto quando aplicado isoladamente como quando associado ao gesso agrícola. / Soil acidity is an important factor that restricts agricultural production in the world. Acid soils have low pH values, high exchangeable aluminum (Al3 +) content and low availability of exchangeable calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+) and potassium (K+). To correct the problems caused by the soil acidity, several materials can be used, with emphasis on carbonates and silicates of Ca and Mg. These products present distinctions as to their chemical composition and physical characteristics, which has repercussions on their reactivity on the soil. However, with the advent of no-till (NT), acidity correctives are applied to the soil surface, which restricts the correction of acidity in subsurface. In this context, the phosphogypsum is applied in association with acidity correctives. Although the phosphogypsum does not act on the active acidity of the soil, in subsurface it acts reducing the Al3+ contents and increasing the Ca2+ contents, which improves the root environment. The chemical management of the soil, through the application of correctives of acidity and of agricultural gypsum can alter the soil structure and the thermodynamic processes that occur in it. In this context, the general aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of soil acidity correctives [ground rock limestone (GRL), steel slag (SS) and calcined limestone (CL)], associated or not with soil physical and chemical attributes and crop productivity in NT. For this purpose, an experiment was carried out on a sandy-clay Typic Hapludox, at Ponta Grossa-PR. The treatments were the three soil acid correctives: GRL (3.8 Mg ha-1), SS (4.2 Mg ha-1) and CL (2.7 Mg ha-1), plus one control treatments (without acidity correction), associated or not with phosphogypsum (2.4 Mg ha-1). The corrective doses were calculated to raise the base saturation of the 0-0.20 m layer to 70%, based on their carbonate equivalents. The dose of phosphogypsum was calculated based on the soil clay content. Correctives and phosphogypsum were applied to the soil surface in August 2015. The crop rotation was corn (2015/16) – wheat (2016) – soybean (2016/17) – black oat (2017) – beans (2017/18). After the corn and wheat were harvested, at 7 and 15 months after the treatments, undisturbed and disturbed soil samples were collected. Undisturbed soil samples were collected in (i) monoliths, in the 0–0.05; 0.05–0.10 and 0.10–0.20 m layers, for evaluation of aggregation and aggregates stability; and in (ii) volumetric rings, in the 0–0.05; 0.05–0.10; 0.10–0.20; 0.20–0.40 and 0.40–0.60 m layers, to evaluate the soil bulk density (BD), total porosity (TP), macroporosity (Ma), microporosity (Mi) and soil water retention. The deformed samples were collected in the same collection layers of the volumetric rings to determine the soil acidity components (pH, H+Al and Al3+), exchangeable basic cations (Ca2+, Mg2+ and K+) and labile (POxOC) and total (OC) carbon contents. The yield crops was evaluated and used to determine the agronomic efficiency of the correctives and the phosphogypsum. Both at 7 and 15 months after application of treatments, the basic cations contents were more affected than the acidity components. As a rule, the application of phosphogypsum promoted intense Mg2+ and K+ leaching in the more superficial layers of the soil, which resulted in increased concentration of nutrients in depth. Referring to the components of acidity, Al3+ was the most altered component by the application of treatments, especially at 15 months after application. One result to be highlighted is that SS with phosphogypsum increased Al3+ contents in depth. The POcOC and OC contents were not affected by the treatments. The changes in the soil chemical attributes had repercussions on the physical attributes. The weight mean diameter of the aggregates and the proportions of large macroaggregates were more influenced at 15 months 11 after application, in relation to the 7 months, demonstrating the importance of the reaction time of the materials in the soil on their aggregation. BD, TP and Ma were altered by treatments in the layer of 0.40–0.60 m, while Mi was affected in the most superficial layers of the soil (0–0.20 m). The soil water retention was sensitive to changes in soil structure, especially when the correctives were applied associated with the phosphogypsum. In this way, it can be concluded that soil ion dynamics by the acidity correction and phosphogypsum application influences the physical attributes of the soil, both in surface and in depth. The increase in the Ca2+ and Mg2+ contents and the Al3+ reduction improve the soil structure, reducing its BD and increasing its TP; and, the substitution of Al3+ for Mg2+ in the soil exchange complex, due to the application of SS and phosphogypsum influences soil water retention. The higher concentration of Mg2+ favors retention. The effects of correcting soil acidity, regardless of the corrective, and the phosphogypsum on crop yield, occur independently. Also, crops respond differently to acidity correction and phosphogypsum application. However, the calcined limestone was the corrective with higher agronomic efficiency, both when applied alone and when associated with agricultural gypsum.

No abstract available. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 1986.

Mining of lignite in Lusatia has a long history of over 100 years. The extracted brown coal is utilized to generate electricity in three large power plants: Jänschwalde, Boxberg, and Schwarze Pumpe. With an annual carbon dioxide (CO2) output of approximately 50 million tons, these power plants are among Germany’s large-scale CO2 emitters. The environmental impact from open-pit mining is of a considerable degree and currently poses a challenging problem. The groundwater deficit in 1990 was 7 billion m3 over a surface area of approximately 2100 km2 (Luckner, 2006a) and was bisected in value until today. Due to the decline of mining activity and the termination of mine drainage at most open pits in the Lusatian region, the groundwater table has recovered forming 28 pit lakes (Zschiedrich, 2011). The majority of the post mining lakes do not meet the quality standards for pH, iron or sulfate parameters; because of pyrite oxidation that produces acid mine drainage (Luckner, 2006b, Klapper and Schultze, 1995, Schultze et al., 2010). The post mining lakes in Lusatia have low pH values (3 – 4), high sulfate contents (up to 2800 ppm) as well as high iron concentrations (100 – 150 ppm). Lakes are flooded by groundwater and using surface water from Spree and Neisse River to achieve fast filling and dilution; however, due to the limited availability of surface water, further rehabilitation strategies for the region had to be investigated. Between 1970 and 1990, approximately 26 million m3 of suspended fly ash were deposited in the lake Burghammer and settled as an ash body at its base; where it may be used for rehabilitation. In a first experiment conducted in 2001 material from the ash body was picked up and redistributed throughout the lake. By this treatment the pH of the lake was raised temporarily; however, a sustainable remediation was not achieved. Based on these experiments it was investigated whether the ash reacts more sufficiently through additional CO2 injection or not. Aim was to combine the rehabilitation of acid mine lakes with the utilization of atmospheric carbon dioxide emissions from coal-fired power plants. The CO2 sequestration is achieved through the generation and accumulation of carbonates in the lake. The following equations describe the precipitation of carbonate by using CO2 and alkaline earth cations M: CO2 + MO → MCO3 (s) CO2 + M(OH)2 → MCO3 (s) + H2O Therefore, neutral pH conditions are necessary for the long-term accumulation of carbonates in the lakes. In laboratory investigations it was shown, that the 20 to 30 years old fly ash deposits of lake Burghammer can be used for carbonate sequestration and lake water treatment. Bivalent ions (Ca2+, Mg2+) are eluable and available for carbonate precipitation; on average we assumed 1 wt.-% of reactive calcium to be contained in the settled ash sediments. Settled fly ash sediments are less reactive than fresh fly ash from a power plant (e.g. Schwarze Pumpe). During batch experiments, we increased the buffering capacity to maximum values of 7 mmol/L. Beforehand no buffering capacity exists due to the low pH of 2.9 in the lake. Batch investigations provided a sequestration potential of 17 g CO2/kg ash sediment; in comparison fresh fly ash results in a sequestration potential of 33 g CO2/kg ash (Schipek and Merkel, 2008b, Schipek and Merkel, 2008a, Schipek, 2009). Based on the laboratory results a field experiment was conducted. In this field experiment gas injection lances were installed to a sediment depth of 12 m. Gaseous CO2 was applied with a pressure of 2.2 bar and 2.2 m³/h for 3 months and lake water was monitored during injection. Variations in total inorganic carbon due to diffusion processes of CO2 saturated pore waters could be observed. As the pilot experiment comprised only a small area of lake Burghammer no initial neutralisition (e.g. by a suction excavator) was possible. Thus, no further changes in water chemistry were observed. Drilling cores in the vicinity of the injection area provided mineralogical and geochemical conditions before and after CO2 treatment. No trace metal mobilization was found during CO2 injection. Most elements showed decreasing trends or didn’t change significantly. Calculated saturation indices for calcite indicated equilibrium conditions or slightly oversaturated conditions (SICalcite,average +0.12; SICalcite,median +0.31). Geochemical and mineralogical investigations proved that CO2 sequestration is possible with an average precipitation rate of 0.5 wt.-% (2.2 g CO2/kg). The maximum rate for carbonate precipitation was determined with 7.4 wt.-% Calcite, according to 32.6 g CO2 per kilogram treated ash. Besides the use of the settled fly ash as neutralizing agent in acidic mining lakes, laboratory and field investigations were conducted in order to improve in-lake liming. In batch and columns experiments, different liming agents (synthetic marble powder and industrial products) were tested and investigated. Significant differences in reactivity were obvious at pCO2 > 3.8 • 10-4 atm. Ions typical for acid mine drainage (e.g. Mn2+, Cd2+, SO42-) do have different effects on the kinetic of carbonate dissolution. Manganese concentrations typical for acidic mining lakes inhibit calcite dissolution. Cadmium has as well a significant influence on dissolution and kinetics. Only circa 50 % of the calcium concentration was reached with cadmium as inhibitor compared to the dissolution in pure water. Increased CO2 partial pressure might be used to compensate inhibtion by material impurities and/or water constituents. Column experiments showed that a multi-stage application of liming agent increases the efficiency of a lake treatment. The combination of a first application of calcite (up to pH 4.5) and further application of Ca(OH)2 seemed to be the most promising method. This treatment sheme was successfully applied in lake Burghammer from March 2009 – December 2010 (initial neutralisation and 6 follow-up treatments). Finally, it can be concluded, that in lignite mining districts in-lake treatment of acidic mining lakes is a seminal method to handle water quality problems. Using gaseous CO2 in combination with industrial by-products can be accounted as sustainable method for CO2 sequestration and for treatment of AMD. The advantage for mining areas lays in the prevention during treatment of acid mine lakes. Nevertheless, this method presents only a niche solution due to the dependence on alkaline materials, e.g. fly ash. The development of further strategies and optimization during lake water treatment by in-lake liming might improve the effectiveness of the method. Using calcite instead of NaOH or CaO as liming agent will provide advantages in being more economic and ecological (CO2 bilance). In order to enhance efficiency the use of calcite in combination with CO2 can be a worth considering suggesting. If meteorological parameters (wind) and lake specific characteristics (morphology, currents, etc.) will be considered efforts and costs for in-lake liming will be minimized. / Der Abbau von Braunkohle im Lausitzer Bergbaurevier hat seit über 100 Jahren Tradition. Die abgebaute Braunkohle wird dabei hauptsächliche zur Energieerzeugung in den drei großen Kraftwerken Jänschwalde, Boxberg und Schwarze Pumpe genutzt. Mit einem jährlichen Kohlenstoffdioxid (CO2) – Ausstoß von circa 50 Millionen Tonnen gehören diese Kraftwerke zu Deutschlands größten CO2-Emittenten. Der Einfluss auf die Umwelt durch Tagebau-Betrieb ist von beträchtlichem Ausmaß und bringt große Probleme mit sich. Im Jahr 1990 betrug das Grundwasser-Defizit im Lausitzer Bergbaurevier 7 Milliarden m³ auf einer Fläche von circa 2100 km² (Luckner, 2006a). Dieses Defizit hat sich bis zum heutigen Zeitpunkt halbiert. Durch den Rückgang der Bergbauaktivitäten und die Beendigung der Wasserhaltungsmaßnahmen in den meisten Tagebauen, hat der ansteigende Grundwasserspiegel 28 Tagebaufolgeseen geschaffen (Zschiedrich, 2011). Der überwiegende Teil der Tagebaufolgeseen ist aufgrund der Pyritoxidation, welche AMD (acid mine drainage) produziert, hinsichtlich der Wasserqualitätsparameter stark beeinflusst (Luckner, 2006b, Klapper and Schultze, 1995, Schultze et al., 2010). Die Tagebaufolgeseen im Lausitzer Bergbaurevier sind durch niedrige pH-Werte (3 – 4), hoche Sulfat-Konzentrationen (bis zu 2800 ppm) und hohe Eisengehalte (100 – 150 ppm) gekennzeichnet. Die entstehenden Seen sind hauptsächlich durch aufsteigendes Grundwasser und Oberflächenwasser aus den Flüssen Spree und Neisse geflutet. Aufgrund der geringen Verfügbarkeit von Oberflächenwasser mussten weitere Sanierungsmaßnahmen für die Region untersucht werden. Zwischen 1970 und 1990 wurden im Tagebaufolgesee Burghammer circa 26 Millionen m³ Flugasche-Suspension als Aschekörper abgelagert, wobei eine Nutzung zu Sanierungszwecken angedacht war. Im Rahmen einer Aschesedimentumlagerung im Jahr 2001 wurde der pH-Wert des Seewassers kurzzeitig angehoben, eine nachhaltige Sanierung fand jedoch nicht statt. Auf Grundlage dieser Ergebnisse wurde im Rahmen dieser Dissertation untersucht, ob die abgelagerten Aschesedimente nachhaltiger durch Einsatz von CO2 reagieren. Ziel war es die Sanierung von Tagebaufolgeseen mit der Reduktion von CO2-Emissionen aus Kohlekraftwerken zu kombinieren. Diese CO2-Sequestrierung sollte durch die Bildung und Ablagerung von Carbonaten im Seesediment erfolgen. Die Gleichungen (1) und (2) beschreiben dabei die Fällungsreaktion von Carbonaten aus CO2 mit dem Alkalimetall M (aus Oxiden bzw. Hydroxiden): CO2 + MO → MCO3 (s) CO2 + M(OH)2 → MCO3 (s) + H2O Zur Carbonatfällung und nachhaltigen Ablagerung sind neutrale pH-Bedingungen notwendig. In Laboruntersuchungen konnte gezeigt werden, dass die 20 bis 30 Jahre alten Flugaschesedimente zur CO2-Sequestrierung in Kombination mit Seewasserbehandlung genutzt werden können. Zweiwertige Ionen (Ca2+, Mg2+) sind aus den Aschesedimenten eluierbar und stehen für die Fällungsreaktion zur Verfügung. Durchschnittlich 1 Masse-% reaktives Calcium befindet sich in den Sedimenten. Die abgelagerten Aschesedimente sind dabei weniger reaktiv als frische Flugaschen aus Kohlekraftwerken (z.B. Schwarze Pumpe). In Batch-Versuchen mit Tagebaufolgesee-Wasser konnte die Säure-Pufferkapazität auf maximal 7 mmol/L erhöht werden. Sequestrierungs-Raten von 17 g CO2/kg Aschesediment wurden im Rahmen der Versuche erreicht. Im Vergleich dazu betrugen die Sequestrierungs-Raten in Versuchen mit frischen Flugaschen bis 33 g CO2/kg Asche (Schipek and Merkel, 2008b, Schipek and Merkel, 2008a, Schipek, 2009). Auf Grundlage dieser Laborergebnisse wurde ein Feldversuch im Tagebaufolgesee Burghammer geplant. Während diesem wurden Gasinjektionslanzen bis in eine Sedimenttiefe von 12 m im abgelagerten Aschesediment installiert. Gasförmiges CO2 wurde mit einem durchschnittlichen Druck von 2.2 bar und 2.2 m³/h für eine Dauer von 3 Monaten injiziert. Während dieser Zeit fand ein kontinuierliches Monitoring des Seewassers im Bereich der Injektion statt. Veränderungen des Gehaltes an TIC (total inorganic carbon) aufgrund von Diffusionprozessen von CO2-gesättigtem Porenwasser aus dem Aschekörper waren beobachtbar. Da der Feldversuch nur in einem begrenzten Bereich des Tagebaufolgesees Burghammer stattfand und keine Initialneutralisierung vorsah, konnten keine weiteren, großmaßstäblichen Veränderungen im Wasserkörper festgestellt werden. Bohrkernentnahmen im Umfeld des Behandlungsgebietes lieferten Aussagen bezüglich der mineralogischen und geochemischen Beschaffenheit vor und nach CO2-Injektion. Im Porenwasser wurde keine Spurenmetall-(re)-mobilisierung durch die Behandlung mit CO2 festgestellt. Nahezu alle Elemente zeigten einen abnehmenden Trend durch die Behandlung mit CO2, bzw. keine signifikanten Veränderungen. Modellierte Sättigungsindizes für Calcit wiesen auf Gleichgewichtsbedingungen oder leichte Übersättigung bzgl. Calcit hin (SICalcit, Mittelwert +0.12; SICalcit, Median +0.31). Geochemische und mineralogische Untersuchungen zeigten, daß CO2-Sequestrierung mit einer durchschnittlichen Fällungsrate von 0.5 Masse-% (2.2 g CO2/kg Aschesediment) erreicht wurde. Die maximale Fällungsrate wurde mit 7.4 Masse-% Calcit bestimmt, dies entspricht einer Festlegung von 32.6 g CO2/ kg Aschesediment. Neben der Nutzung der abgelagerten Aschesedimente zur Behandlung des Tagebaufolgeseewassers wurden desweiteren Labor- und Feldversuche durchgeführt um In-Lake-Behandlungen mit industriellen Kalkprodukten zu optimieren. In Batch- und Säulenversuchen wurden verschiedene Kalkprodukte (synthetisches Marmorpulver und industrielle Produkte) getestet und untersucht. Signifikante Unterschiede auf die Reaktivität wurde bei erhöhten CO2-Partialdrücken (pCO2 > 3.8 • 10-4 bar) beobachtet. Wasserinhaltsstoffe, die typisch für AMD sind (z.B.. Mn2+, Cd2+, SO42-) zeigten einen signifikanten Einfluss auf die Calcit-Lösungskinetik. Mangankonzentrationen, wie sie in Lausitzer Tagebaufolgeseen vorkommen, zeigten – ebenso wie Cadmium - eine inhibitierende Wirkung auf die Kinetik. Im Vergleich zu Versuchen mit destilliertem Wasser wurden nur ungefähr 50 % der Calcium-Gleichgewichtskonzentration mit Cadmium als Inhibitor erreicht. Erhöhte CO2-Partialdrücke könnten genutzt werden, um die inhibitierende Wirkung von vorhanden Materialverunreinigungen und/oder Wasserinhaltsstoffen zu kompensieren. Säulenversuche zeigten, dass der mehrstufige Einsatz von Kalkprodukten die Effizienz während einer Seewasserbehandlung erhöht. Die Kombination einer Erstbehandlung mit Kalksteinmehl (bis pH 4.5), und einer Behandlungsfortsetzung mit Ca(OH)2 erwies sich als wirkungsvollste Methode. Dieses Behandlungsschema (Initialneutralisation, 6 Nachfolgebehandlungen) wurde im Tagebaufolgesee Burghammer von März 2009 – Dezember 2010 erfolgreich angewandt. Zusammenfassend lässt sich sagen, dass in ehemaligen Bergbaurevieren die In-Lake-Behandlung von Tagebaufolgeseen eine zukunftsträchtige Methode zur Behandlung von Wasserqualitätsproblemen darstellt. Die Nutzung von gasförmigen CO2 in Kombination mit industriellen „Abfall-Produkten“ kann als nachhaltige Methode zur CO2-Sequestrierung und zur Behandlung von AMD bezeichnet werden. Der Vorteil in Bergbaurevieren liegt dabei in der Vorbeugung der Entstehung von Wasserqualitätsproblemen. Dennoch stellt diese Methode nur eine Nischenlösung aufgrund der Verfügbarkeit der alkalischen Materialien (Flugasche) dar. Die Entwicklung und Optimierung weiterführender Strategien zur In-Lake-Behandlung durch Kalkung wird zur Effizienzerhöhung beitragen. Die Nutzung von Kalksteinmehl anstelle von NaOH bzw. CaO als Neutralisationsprodukt wird Vorteile hinsichtlich ökonomischer und ökologischer Sicht (CO2-Bilanz) mit sich führen. Um die Effizienz beim Einsatz von Kalksteinmehl zu steigern, kann der Einsatz von CO2 in Betracht gezogen werden. Sobald meteorologische Parameter (Wind) und see-spezifische Merkmale (Morphologie, Strömungen, etc.) berücksichtigt werden, kann der Aufwand und die Kosten für In-Lake-Behandlungen minimiert werden.

Diss. Umeå : Sveriges lantbruksuniv.