La evaluación en motricidad orofacial considera múltiples criterios, entre ellos, la medida de los tercios faciales y las características del frenillo lingual. El primero, nos permite designar el biotipo facial que presenta el paciente; el cual puede estar asociado a alguna alteración y nos sugiere un esquema básico de tratamiento. El segundo, características del frenillo lingual, es necesario conocer qué tipo de frenillos presenta la población y cómo se relaciona con la producción del habla; dicha relación tiene un sustento teórico y además nos permite corroborar estudios ya realizados acerca del tema. La presente investigación es de tipo exploratoria cuyo objetivo es conocer el tipo facial y las características del frenillo lingual en adolescentes. Para obtener dicha información utilizamos tres instrumentos: a) Protocolo de evaluación miofuncional, b) Protocolo del frenillo lingual y c) Calibrador digital. La muestra está compuesta por 307 estudiantes con edades entre 15 y 18 años; pertenecientes a la Institución Educativa. “Sor Ana de los Ángeles” del Callao. Los hallazgos evidencian que el tipo facial predominante es el mesofacial con 48%, seguido del dolicofacial con 37% y finaliza con 15% correspondiente al tipo braquifacial. Asimismo, hallamos un 12% de la población con alteración en el frenillo lingual, del cual el 11% corresponde a frenillo corto y 1% tiene frenillo anteriorizado; no se hallaron sujetos con alteración de frenillo corto y anteriorizado. El 12% de adolescentes con frenillo alterado son evaluados en habla espontánea y hallamos que, 20 adolescentes presentan dificultades en el habla, con alteración en la producción de fones linguodentales y alveolares. Al presentar la discusión de resultados inferimos que no existe relación entre el tipo facial y el frenillo de lengua alterado. No obstante, si evidenciamos una relación entre el frenillo alterado y la producción de habla. / The present investigation is of the exploratory type which target was to know the facial type and the characteristics of lingual bridle in adolescents. To obtain the above mentioned information we use three instruments: 1. Myofunctional evaluation protocol (section II), 2. Lingual bridle Protocol of language (section IV, V and VI.) and 3. Digital gage. It was 307 students who formed the sample. With ages between 15 and 18 years; belonging to “Sor Ana de los Angeles School” in Callao. The finds demonstrate that the predominant facial type was mesofacial with 48%, followed by the dolichofacial with 37 %, and finally with 15 % is the brachyfacial. Also we find 12 % with alteration in lingual bridle, of which 11 % corresponds to short lingual bridle and 1 % has anterior lingual bridle. There were not finds of people with short anterior lingual bridle. The adolescents with alteration in lingual bridle were evaluated in spontaneous speech; we found that of 37 adolescents, 20 present difficulties in the speech, with alteration in the production of dental and alveolar phonemes. While presenting the results discussions, we infer that there is no relation between the type of face and alteration lingual bridle of language. Nevertheless, we found a relation between the alteration in alteration lingual bridle and the speech production.

Orientador: Elerson Gaetti Jardim Júnior / Banca: Marcelo Macedo Crivelini / Banca: Cristiane Yumi Koga Ito / Banca: Maria Aparecida de Andrade Moreira Machado / Banca: Odila Pereira da Silva Rosa / Resumo: A região do complexo bucomaxilofacial freqüentemente é acometida por doenças e variações de normalidade, algumas das quais apresentam notável relação com grupos étnicos e raciais. Os estudos sobre a distribuição das doenças bucais e variações de normalidade em comunidades indígenas normalmente são direcionados principalmente para o estudo da cárie dentária nas crianças e doenças periodontais em adultos, negligenciando-se ampla gama de demais doenças existentes na boca. Assim, foi objetivo desse estudo, avaliar as condições de saúde bucal de oito etnias (Umutina, Paresi, Bororo, Bakairi, Kayabi, Irantxe, Nambikwara and Terena) que residem na terra indígena Umutina, no Estado de Mato Grosso. Um total de 291 índios, de ambos os sexos e com idade variando de 1 a 96 anos, foram examinados, sendo que alterações de normalidade ou patologias bucais foram observadas em um total de 132 indivíduos,evidenciando uma elevada ocorrência de anquiloglossia, a qual esteve presente em 108 casos (37,11%), seguida de glossite migratória benigna em 5 casos (1,72%); tórus mandibular e candidose em 3 casos (1,03%), dentre outras. Nenhuma lesão de caráter maligno foi identificada na referida população. Apesar da elevada freqüência de anquiloglossia na Reserva Indígena Umutina, a mesma não parece ser responsável por alterações associadas à fonação, mastigação, presença de diastema e problemas periodontais, uma vez que essas alterações foram observadas em baixa freqüência e não foram motivos de queixas da população. As condições dentárias foram avaliadas com o objetivo de identificar a prevalência de cárie dentária e necessidade de tratamento odontológico das crianças da aldeia Umutina, por meio de um estudo epidemiológico transversal. Para análise da cárie dentária foram utilizados: os índices de dentes cariados, perdidos e obturados (CPOD) para... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The oromaxillofacial complex is frequently envolved by diseases and variations from normality, some of which closely related to ethnical and racial groups. Studies on the distribution of oral diseases and variations from normality in Indian communities are generally directed mainly to the study of dental caries in the children and periodontal diseases in the adults, disregarding a wide range of other oral diseases. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the oral health conditions of eight ethnic groups living in the Umutina Indian Reservation, in the State of Mato Grosso, Brazil. The total of 291 Indians, of both generes, with ages ranging from 1 to 96 years, were examined and were found between them 132 abnormalities and/or oral diseases, evidencing a high occurrence of ankyloglossia, which was present in 108 cases (37.11%), followed by benign migratory glossitis in 5 cases (1.72%); mandibular torus and candidosis in 3 cases (1.03%) among others. No malign lesion was identified in that population. Even thought the high frequency of the ankyloglossia in the ethnicities living in the Umutina Indian reservation, it does not seem to be responsible for alterations associated to phonation, mastication, presence of diastema and periodontal problems, since those alterations were observed with a low frequency and were not reason for complaint from the population. The dental conditions were evaluated with the aim to identify the prevalence of dental caries and the need of dental treatment in children from Umutina Village using a transversal epidemiological study. To analyze dental caries prevalence the decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) or decayed, extracted, and filled teeth (deft) indexes were used for, respectively, permanent or primary dentition and the need of treatment index. Statistical analysis was done with the software GraphPad Prism. The Mann Whitney analysis was used with... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Estudo das superfícies dorsal e ventral da língua e da superfície de interface epitélio-tecido conjuntivo de Bradypus torquatus, foi realizado empregando-se os métodos de microscopia de luz e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. As línguas de Bradypus torquatus foram removidas, dissecadas e seccionadas em 3 partes: rostral, média e caudal e tratadas pelos métodos de microscopia de luz e eletrônica de varredura. Os resultados revelaram que a língua apresenta um ápice arredondado, um corpo e uma raiz. A mucosa dorsal mostra três tipos de papilas linguais: filiformes, fungiformes e vaIadas e uma superfície inferior lisa. Histologicamente, observou-se que a superfície dorsal da língua contém as papilas filiformes, fungiformes e vaIadas, distribuídas nas regiões rostral, média e caudal. A camada epitelial é de espessura variável e possui os estratos basal, espinhosa, granular e córnea, mostrando as células epiteliais. A lâmina própria é caracterizada por um tecido conjuntivo denso formando as projeções papilares longas, curtas e arredondadas. As imagens tridimensionais obtidas pela microscopia eletrônica de varredura, mostraram numerosas papilas filiformes localizadas essencialmente nas regiões rostral e média. Poucas papilas fungiformes estão presentes na superfície dorsal da língua, tendo na maioria localizada nas margens da extremidade rostral da língua, exibindo as formas arredondadas e baixas. Elas são cobertas de células epiteliais queratinizadas. Na região caudal notou-se duas papilas vaIadas, contendo valas profundas e a superfície coberta de epitélio escamoso estratificado onde pode ser identificados poros gustativos. Nas papilas fungiformes identificou-se vários poros gustativos na superfície. As amostras tratadas com a solução de hidróxido de sódio e examinado ao microscópio eletrônico de varredura, revelaram após a remoção total da camada epitelial, o tecido conjuntivo denso em disposição original apresentando papilas conjuntivas de diferentes formas e tamanhos. As regiões rostral e média evidenciaram numerosas papilas correspondentes às filiformes e fungiformes e na região caudal, a papila conjuntiva da papila vaIada apresentou uma forma alongada. Na superfície foram notadas pequenos forames de ductos de glândulas salivares e projeções papilares maiores e menores em aspectos tridimensionais. Na superfície de interface epitélio-tecido conjuntivo, foram notados espessos feixes de fibras colágenas. Cortes corados por Picro-sírius e analisados por meio de microscopia de luz polarizada evidenciaram a coloração de papilas conjuntivas em aspecto vermelho indicando a presença de fibras colágenas do tipo I e fibras colágenas de coloração esverdeada, tipo III. / The study of the dorsal and lingual surfaces and the surface of interface epithelium-connective tissue of Bradypus torquatus\'tongue was performed employing the light and scanning electron microscopy techniques. The tongue of Bradypus torquatus were removed, dissected and sectioned in three parts: rostral, medium and caudal regions and prepared by light and scanning electron microscopy methods. The results revealed that the tongue present a round apex, dorsum and a root. The dorsal mucosae showed three lingual papillae: filiforms, fungiforms and vallate and a ventral smooth surface. Histologically, it was observed that the dorsal surface of tongue contains the filiform, fungiform and vallate papillae located in the rostral, medium and caudal regions.The epitheliallayer is variable in thickness and possess the basal, spinosum, granular and queratinized layers, showing the epithelial cells. The lamina propria is characterized by a dense connective tis sue forming the long, short and rounded papilar projections. The three-dimensional images obtained by scanning electron microscopy, showed numerous filiform papillae located essentially in the rostral and medium regions. Few fungiform papillae are present in the dorsal surface of tongue, usually located in the border of rostral apex of tongue exhibiting the rounded and low in formo They are covered by queratinized epithelial cells. In the caudal region was noted two vallate papillae containing a deep vala and the surface was covered by stratified squamous epithelial cells. The superior third of surface of vallate papillae was covered by stratified squamous epithelial cells where may be identified the gustatory taste pores. In the fungiform papillae, several taste pores are located on the surface. The samples treated with NaOH solution and examined by scanning electron microscopy revealed afier removal of epitheliallayer, the dense connective tissue- in original disposition, presenting different sizes and shapes of conjuntive papillae. The rostral and medium regions envidentiated numerous papillae corresponding to the filiform and fungiform papillae and in the caudal region, the connective tissue papillae of vallate papillae presented a round formo On the surface were noted small foraminae of lingual salivary gland ducts and small and great papillary projections in three-dimensional images. AIso, on the surface of interface epithelium-connective tissue, were noted thick bundles of collagen fibers. The specimens stained with Picrosirius and examined by po larized light microscopy revealed the connective tissue stained in red colour indicating the collagen fibers type I and the type III, those stained in green colour collagen fibers.

Natural language documents exhibit coherence and cohesion by means of interrelated structures both within and across sentences. Sentences do not stand in isolation from each other and only a coherent structure makes them understandable and sound natural to humans. In Statistical Machine Translation (SMT) only little research exists on translating a document from a source language into a coherent document in the target language. The dominant paradigm is still one that considers sentences independently from each other. There is both a need for a deeper understanding of how to handle specific discourse phenomena, and for automatic evaluation of how well these phenomena are handled in SMT. In this thesis we explore an approach how to treat sentences as dependent on each other by focussing on the problem of pronoun translation as an instance of a discourse-related non-local phenomenon. We direct our attention to pronoun translation in the form of cross-lingual pronoun prediction (CLPP) and develop a model to tackle this problem. We obtain state-of-the-art results exhibiting the benefit of having access to the antecedent of a pronoun for predicting the right translation of that pronoun. Experiments also showed that features from the target side are more informative than features from the source side, confirming linguistic knowledge that referential pronouns need to agree in gender and number with their target-side antecedent. We show our approach to be applicable across the two language pairs English-French and English-German. The experimental setting for CLPP is artificially restricted, both to enable automatic evaluation and to provide a controlled environment. This is a limitation which does not yet allow us to test the full potential of CLPP systems within a more realistic setting that is closer to a full SMT scenario. We provide an annotation scheme, a tool and a corpus that enable evaluation of pronoun prediction in a more realistic setting. The annotated corpus consists of parallel documents translated by a state-of-the-art neural machine translation (NMT) system, where the appropriate target-side pronouns have been chosen by annotators. With this corpus, we exhibit a weakness of our current CLPP systems in that they are outperformed by a state-of-the-art NMT system in this more realistic context. This corpus provides a basis for future CLPP shared tasks and allows the research community to further understand and test their methods. The lack of appropriate evaluation metrics that explicitly capture non-local phenomena is one of the main reasons why handling non-local phenomena has not yet been widely adopted in SMT. To overcome this obstacle and evaluate the coherence of translated documents, we define a bilingual model of entity-based coherence, inspired by work on monolingual coherence modelling, and frame it as a learning-to-rank problem. We first evaluate this model on a corpus where we artificially introduce coherence errors based on typical errors CLPP systems make. This allows us to assess the quality of the model in a controlled environment with automatically provided gold coherence rankings. Results show that this model can distinguish with high accuracy between a human-authored translation and one with coherence errors, that it can also distinguish between document pairs from two corpora with different degrees of coherence errors, and that the learnt model can be successfully applied when the test set distribution of errors comes from a different one than the one from the training data, showing its generalization potentials. To test our bilingual model of coherence as a discourse-aware SMT evaluation metric, we apply it to more realistic data. We use it to evaluate a state-of-the-art NMT system against post-editing systems with pronouns corrected by our CLPP systems. For verifying our metric, we reuse our annotated parallel corpus and consider the pronoun annotations as proxy for human document-level coherence judgements. Experiments show far lower accuracy in ranking translations according to their entity-based coherence than on the artificial corpus, suggesting that the metric has difficulties generalizing to a more realistic setting. Analysis reveals that the system translations in our test corpus do not differ in their pronoun translations in almost half of the document pairs. To circumvent this data sparsity issue, and to remove the need for parameter learning, we define a score-based SMT evaluation metric which directly uses features from our bilingual coherence model.

The Web is a vast repository of data, and information on almost any subject can be found with the aid of search engines. Although the Web is international, the majority of research on finding of information has a focus on languages such as English and Chinese. In this thesis, we investigate information retrieval techniques for Indonesian. Although Indonesia is the fourth most populous country in the world, little attention has been given to search of Indonesian documents. Stemming is the process of reducing morphological variants of a word to a common stem form. Previous research has shown that stemming is language-dependent. Although several stemming algorithms have been proposed for Indonesian, there is no consensus on which gives better performance. We empirically explore these algorithms, showing that even the best algorithm still has scope for improvement. We propose novel extensions to this algorithm and develop a new Indonesian stemmer, and show that these can improve stemming correctness by up to three percentage points; our approach makes less than one error in thirty-eight words. We propose a range of techniques to enhance the performance of Indonesian information retrieval. These techniques include: stopping; sub-word tokenisation; and identification of proper nouns; and modifications to existing similarity functions. Our experiments show that many of these techniques can increase retrieval performance, with the highest increase achieved when we use grams of size five to tokenise words. We also present an effective method for identifying the language of a document; this allows various information retrieval techniques to be applied selectively depending on the language of target documents. We also address the problem of automatic creation of parallel corpora --- collections of documents that are the direct translations of each other --- which are essential for cross-lingual information retrieval tasks. Well-curated parallel corpora are rare, and for many languages, such as Indonesian, do not exist at all. We describe algorithms that we have developed to automatically identify parallel documents for Indonesian and English. Unlike most current approaches, which consider only the context and structure of the documents, our approach is based on the document content itself. Our algorithms do not make any prior assumptions about the documents, and are based on the Needleman-Wunsch algorithm for global alignment of protein sequences. Our approach works well in identifying Indonesian-English parallel documents, especially when no translation is performed. It can increase the separation value, a measure to discriminate good matches of parallel documents from bad matches, by approximately ten percentage points. We also investigate the applicability of our identification algorithms for other languages that use the Latin alphabet. Our experiments show that, with minor modifications, our alignment methods are effective for English-French, English-German, and French-German corpora, especially when the documents are not translated. Our technique can increase the separation value for the European corpus by up to twenty-eight percentage points. Together, these results provide a substantial advance in understanding techniques that can be applied for effective Indonesian text retrieval.

No description available.

No abstract available. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2009.

This study explores the effects of surgical reconstruction and nerve repair on sensorimotor function and quality of life (QOL) for patients with base of tongue (BOT) cancer compared to healthy, age-matched adults. Sensations were tested on the anterior two-thirds of the oral tongue for two-point discrimination, light touch, taste, temperature, form and texture on 30 patients with BOT reconstruction with radial forearm free-flap and on 30 controls. Results indicated sensation for the unaffected tongue side and affected side with lingual nerve intact was comparable to controls, with poorer sensory outcomes for nerve repair. However, lingual nerves repaired with reanastomosis provided superior results to cable-grafting and severed nerves. Patients had decreased motor function only when the hypoglossal and lingual nerves were affected. Patients' QOL responses on the UW-QOL and EORTC QLQ-H&N35 revealed involvement of lingual and hypoglossal nerves resulted in poorer QOL outcomes. QOL interviews revealed additional problematic issues in this population not identified by standardized questionnaires. / Speech-Language Pathology

Voir les gestes articulatoires de son interlocuteur permet d’améliorer significativement le décodage et la compréhension du signal acoustique de parole émis. Un premier objectif de cette thèse était de déterminer si les interactions multimodales lors de la perception de parole, en plus d’impliquer classiquement les informations auditives et visuelles transmises par le son et le visage du locuteur, pouvaient être déclenchées par d’autres sources sensorielles moins communément utilisées dans la communication parlée, comme la perception tactile de la parole ou encore la perception visuelle des mouvements de la langue. Parallèlement, nos travaux avaient également pour but de déterminer l’implication possible du système moteur dans ces mécanismes de perception multisensorielle. Enfin, un autre enjeu de nos recherches était de déterminer plus avant le décours temporel et l’organisation neuroanatomique fonctionnelle de ces mécanismes d’intégration à l’aide de différentes techniques comme l’électro-encéphalographie, l’imagerie par résonance magnétique fonctionnelle ou encore la stimulation magnétique transcrânienne. Nos travaux ont permis d’élargir la notion de « multisensorialité de la parole » en mettant en évidence une facilitation des traitements temporels auditifs lors de la perception audio-tactile de la parole et lors de l’observation de nos propres mouvements articulatoires. D’autre part, nos études ont fourni de nouveaux arguments en faveur d’un rôle fonctionnel du système moteur lors de la perception de parole en montrant une activation plus importante des régions motrices lors de l’observation de mouvements de la langue ainsi qu’un recrutement plus bilatéral du cortex prémoteur ventral au cours du vieillissement. Pris ensemble, nos résultats renforcent l’idée d’un couplage fonctionnel, d’une co-structuration des systèmes de perception et de production de la parole. Les études présentées dans cette thèse appuient ainsi l’existence de connexions entre régions sensorielles, intégratives et motrices permettant la mise en œuvre de processus et traitements multisensoriels, sensorimoteurs et prédictifs lors de la perception et compréhension des actions de parole. / Seeing the speaker’s articulatory gestures significantly enhances auditory speech perception. A key issue is whether cross-modal speech interactions only depend on well-known auditory and visual inputs from the speaker’s voice and face or, rather, might also be triggered by other sensory sources less common in speech communication, such as tactile information or vision of the tongue movements. Another goal of the present research was to determine the possible role of the motor system in these multisensory processes. Finally, we used electro-encephalographic, functional magnetic resonance imaging and transcranial magnetic stimulation techniques in order to better understand the time course and the functional neuroanatomical organization of these integration mechanisms. Our results extent the concept of “multisensory speech perception” by highlighting a facilitation of auditory processes during audio-haptic speech perception as well as during the observation of our own articulatory movements. They also provide new evidence in favor of a functional role of the motor system in speech perception by demonstrating an increase of motor activity during visuo-lingual speech perception and a more bilateral ventral premotor cortex recruitment during speech perception across aging. Taken together, our results reinforce the idea of a functional coupling and a co-structuring of speech perception and production systems. Our work support the existence of connections between sensory, integrative and motor regions allowing the implementation of multisensory, sensorimotor and predictive processes in the perception and understanding of speech actions.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:44:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseLTN.pdf: 996614 bytes, checksum: 8136da01280333a7d2b5c0f5742295f5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-09-19 / There is a great need to guarantee more access of the hearing impaired to hearing rehabilitation, specially their participation in auditory training programs (teaching of hearing behavior). Teaching computer programs which can be utilized by professionals, to guide and support the rehabilitation, and by the hearing impaired themselves and their family members, to perform home activities, are an alternative. This study aimed at applying and assessing a teaching program for the hearing recognition of words and sentences in the speech-to-noise ratio (SNR) of +10 dB. Four children with profound neurosensorial hearing impairment and one child presented mild to profound neurosensorial hearing impairment with neuropathy/auditory dyssynchrony, in the age range 7-9 yrs, able to read and write, all with pre-lingual hearing impairment and users of cochlear implant with full insertion of electrodes, presenting some ability in open-set speech recognition, were selected. The teaching procedure utilized the task known as matching to sample, that is, during the teaching tasks, a dictated word or sentence was presented as a model stimulus, and three written words or sentences were presented, as a comparison stimulus. The recognition of a set of 45 words and 45 sentences in the +10 dB SNR was taught, and to present the tasks, a modification of software Mestre and a notebook were used. The hearing recognition of dissyllabic words and sentences in silence and in the +10 dB SNR was assessed before and after the teaching. Four out of the five participants presented an increase in the indexes of words and phonemes recognition in silence and all participants presented an increase in the indexes of words and phonemes recognition, in the +10 dB SNR and in the indexes of sentence recognition, in silence and in the +10 dB SNR, after participating in the teaching program. Based on matching to sample, this program favored the emergence of the hearing behavior to recognize words and sentences, in the +10 dB SNR, in those participating in the program. The teaching program showed to be effective for the teaching of hearing abilities to children presented with pre-lingual hearing impairment, users of cochlear implant. / Há uma grande necessidade de garantir maior acessibilidade dos deficientes auditivos à reabilitação auditiva, principalmente a participação em programas de treinamento auditivo onde ocorre o ensino do comportamento de ouvir. Uma alternativa são os programas computacionais de ensino, que podem ser utilizados tanto pelos profissionais, para nortear e apoiar a reabilitação, como pelos próprios deficientes auditivos e familiares, para realização de atividades em casa. O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver, aplicar e avaliar um programa de ensino do reconhecimento auditivo de palavras e sentenças na relação S/R +10 dB. Foram selecionadas quatro crianças com deficiência auditiva sensorioneural profunda e uma criança com deficiência auditiva sensorioneural de leve a profunda com neuropatia/dessincronia do nervo auditivo, na faixa etária de 7 a 9 anos, todas com deficiência auditiva pré-lingual, usuárias de implante coclear com inserção total dos eletrodos, apresentavam alguma habilidade de reconhecimento de fala em conjunto aberto e estavam alfabetizadas. O procedimento de ensino utilizou a tarefa conhecida como escolha de acordo com o modelo, ou seja, durante as tarefas de ensino, uma palavra ou sentença ditada, foi apresentada como estímulo modelo e três palavras ou sentenças escritas, como estímulo comparação. Foi ensinado o reconhecimento de um conjunto de 45 palavras e 45 sentenças na relação S/R +10 dB. Para a apresentação das tarefas foi utilizado uma modificação do software Mestre  e um notebook. O reconhecimento auditivo de palavras dissílabas e sentenças no silêncio e na relação S/R +10 dB foi avaliado antes e após o ensino. Quatro, dos cinco participantes, apresentaram um aumento nos índices de reconhecimento de palavras e fonemas no silêncio e todos os participantes apresentaram um aumento nos índices de reconhecimento de palavras e fonemas, na relação S/R +10 dB e nos índices de reconhecimento de sentenças, no silêncio e na relação S/R +10 dB, após a participação no programa de ensino. O procedimento de ensino, baseado na tarefa de escolha de acordo com o modelo, favoreceu a emergência do comportamento de reconhecimento auditivo de palavras e sentenças, na relação S/R +10 dB, nos participantes do programa. O programa de ensino mostrou-se eficaz, para o ensino de habilidades auditivas, para crianças com deficiência auditiva pré-lingual, usuárias de implante coclear.