The research is devoted to the problem of violation of language norms in University publications. The paper deals with the definition of language norms and violations of language norms, as well as the existing classification of violations of language norms identified by scientists as a result of the analysis of texts of different styles. The subject of the research is the violations of language norms in the texts of textbooks of the Ural Federal University for 2016-2017 identified as a result of editorial editing. As a result of qualitative and quantitative analysis of errors identified by the editors of the publishing and printing center of the Ural Federal University in the texts of textbooks, the classification of violations of language norms, depending on their frequency, including six types of errors: punctuation, syntax, spelling, lexical, stylistic and morphological. It is established that the occurrence of a number of punctuation, syntactic, lexical and stylistic errors can be influenced by the syntactic and lexical features of the scientific style. / Исследование посвящено проблеме нарушения языковых норм в вузовских изданиях. В работе рассматриваются определения языковой нормы и нарушений языковой нормы, а также существующие классификации нарушений языковых норм, выделенных учеными в результате анализа текстов разных стилей. Предметом исследования являются выделенные в результате редакторской правки нарушения языковых норм в текстах учебных пособий Уральского федерального университета за 2016–2017 гг. В результате качественного и количественного анализа ошибок, выявленных редакторами Издательско-полиграфического центра Уральского федерального университета в текстах учебных пособий, разработана класификация нарушений языковых норм в зависимости от их частотности, включающая шесть типов ошибок: пунктуационные, синтаксические, орфографические, лексические, стилистические и морфологические. Установлено, что на возникновение ряда пунктуационных, синтаксических, лексических и стилистических ошибок могут оказать влияние синтаксические и лексические особенности научного стиля.

Neste estudo, refletimos sobre a relação língua-sociedade tal como desenhada na São Paulo do final do século XIX e início do XX, época de mudanças decisivas para o Brasil e particularmente para essa cidade, que sofre um intenso processo de urbanização e também de adensamento populacional, sobretudo pela entrada de imigrantes. Mais especificamente, discutimos a complexa experiência social e linguística do grupo de intelectuais republicanos paulistas, procurando observar o modo como diferentes ideologias e militâncias políticas influíram em suas produções linguísticas. Para o desenvolvimento do estudo, descrevemos e analisamos os padrões empíricos de ordenação dos clíticos pronominais em textos produzidos por cinco integrantes do grupo. Aos resultados dessa produção, contrapomos dados extraídos de textos publicados na imprensa imigrantista lusitana, com o fim de apreender, expor e comparar diferentes usos da língua portuguesa em São Paulo. Levamos em conta, nessa abordagem, as condições sociais de produção e reprodução linguísticas, isto é, a estrutura de relações subjetivas e objetivas subjacentes às escolhas desses falantes. Nessa proposta de trabalho interdisciplinar, orientada pelos pressupostos teóricos da Sociolinguística Variacionista e da Teoria Gerativa, em diálogo estreito com História e com a Sociologia da Linguagem (conforme concebida por Pierre Bourdieu), defendemos a hipótese de que a variedade culta paulista apresenta características próprias, que a distanciam não somente dos usos vernaculares (populares), mas também do português europeu moderno. Ademais, as formas linguísticas que singularizam a produção escrita desses intelectuais funcionam como marcadores privilegiados de diferenciação entre falantes, à medida que revelam a posição social do indivíduo e os efeitos da instrução formal sobre suas práticas. / This research examines the relationship between language and society in the city of São Paulo at the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Significant changes occurred in Brazil at that time, especially in São Paulo, where an intense process of urbanization took place and the population exploded due to large migration flows. More precisely, in this dissertation we discuss the complex social and linguistic experience of a group of educated speakers, viz. the republican intellectuals of São Paulo, and attempt to observe how distinct ideologies and political militancy influenced their language production. The empirical patterns of clitic placement were described and analyzed in texts written by five members of such group of people. The findings were contrasted with data taken from the Portuguese immigrant press, in order for us to show, compare and understand the different uses of Portuguese in the city. Under this approach, the social conditions of language production and reproduction are taken into account; in other words, we focus on the structure of the subjective and objective relations that underlie the speakers choices. This interdisciplinary proposal follows the theoretical assumptions of Variationist Sociolinguistics and the Generative Theory, in dialogue with History and the Sociology of Language (cf. Pierre Bourdieu). We support the hypothesis that standard Brazilian Portuguese in São Paulo has characteristics that separate it from both vernacular Brazilian Portuguese and modern European Portuguese. Moreover, the linguistic forms that distinguish the written production of those intellectuals serve as differentiation markers among speakers, since they reveal the social status of the individuals and the effects of formal instruction on their practices.

This study examines different aspects of language variation in contemporary Czech television discourse. The modern Czech language is characterised by a specific linguistic situation in which speakers must choose between two varieties – Standard Czech (SC) and Common Czech (CC). This choice depends on a number of linguistic, cultural, social and other factors. Television discourse, which is a mixture of prepared and unprepared speech, provides a good opportunity to study the distribution of these varieties and their function. The aim of the dissertation is to research these issues in talk shows and discussion programmes. The following aspects are analysed in the dissertation: – The frequency of occurrence of a number of phonological and morphological elements of the two varieties. This analysis is conducted in a quantitative study of a corpus of 24,000 words (fifteen television shows). The elements are categorised and analysed statistically. The frequency of these elements is shown on two levels: in the total corpus material and in groups of programmes. The results are compared with previous studies of spoken Czech. – A comparative study of the Communist and post-Communist television discourse, in which television programmes from before and after 1989 are analysed and compared. The study reveals a number of linguistic differences between the two programmes and their relation to such factors as operational roles, the function of media and the frequency of dialogue markers. – A qualitative analysis of the fifteen programmes which comprise the corpus. The aim of this study is to show the function of the two Czech varieties in different types of television discourse. The variables affecting the participants’ choice of variety are analysed. The investigation shows that dialogue form, genre and operational roles are directly related to the choice of SC and CC in the programmes. These results are also connected with language norms and other social factors.

Neste estudo, refletimos sobre a relação língua-sociedade tal como desenhada na São Paulo do final do século XIX e início do XX, época de mudanças decisivas para o Brasil e particularmente para essa cidade, que sofre um intenso processo de urbanização e também de adensamento populacional, sobretudo pela entrada de imigrantes. Mais especificamente, discutimos a complexa experiência social e linguística do grupo de intelectuais republicanos paulistas, procurando observar o modo como diferentes ideologias e militâncias políticas influíram em suas produções linguísticas. Para o desenvolvimento do estudo, descrevemos e analisamos os padrões empíricos de ordenação dos clíticos pronominais em textos produzidos por cinco integrantes do grupo. Aos resultados dessa produção, contrapomos dados extraídos de textos publicados na imprensa imigrantista lusitana, com o fim de apreender, expor e comparar diferentes usos da língua portuguesa em São Paulo. Levamos em conta, nessa abordagem, as condições sociais de produção e reprodução linguísticas, isto é, a estrutura de relações subjetivas e objetivas subjacentes às escolhas desses falantes. Nessa proposta de trabalho interdisciplinar, orientada pelos pressupostos teóricos da Sociolinguística Variacionista e da Teoria Gerativa, em diálogo estreito com História e com a Sociologia da Linguagem (conforme concebida por Pierre Bourdieu), defendemos a hipótese de que a variedade culta paulista apresenta características próprias, que a distanciam não somente dos usos vernaculares (populares), mas também do português europeu moderno. Ademais, as formas linguísticas que singularizam a produção escrita desses intelectuais funcionam como marcadores privilegiados de diferenciação entre falantes, à medida que revelam a posição social do indivíduo e os efeitos da instrução formal sobre suas práticas. / This research examines the relationship between language and society in the city of São Paulo at the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Significant changes occurred in Brazil at that time, especially in São Paulo, where an intense process of urbanization took place and the population exploded due to large migration flows. More precisely, in this dissertation we discuss the complex social and linguistic experience of a group of educated speakers, viz. the republican intellectuals of São Paulo, and attempt to observe how distinct ideologies and political militancy influenced their language production. The empirical patterns of clitic placement were described and analyzed in texts written by five members of such group of people. The findings were contrasted with data taken from the Portuguese immigrant press, in order for us to show, compare and understand the different uses of Portuguese in the city. Under this approach, the social conditions of language production and reproduction are taken into account; in other words, we focus on the structure of the subjective and objective relations that underlie the speakers choices. This interdisciplinary proposal follows the theoretical assumptions of Variationist Sociolinguistics and the Generative Theory, in dialogue with History and the Sociology of Language (cf. Pierre Bourdieu). We support the hypothesis that standard Brazilian Portuguese in São Paulo has characteristics that separate it from both vernacular Brazilian Portuguese and modern European Portuguese. Moreover, the linguistic forms that distinguish the written production of those intellectuals serve as differentiation markers among speakers, since they reveal the social status of the individuals and the effects of formal instruction on their practices.

Dans le contexte de la globalisation et de la course « à la part de marché » des langues internationales, nous assistons à un fort essor d'une politique linguistique institutionnelle de diffusion de la langue espagnole dans le monde. Depuis la fin des années 1990, la planification linguistique du statut et du corpus de l’espagnol est devenue une priorité pour l’Espagne qui s’est donné les moyens de mettre en place un dispositif de politique linguistique panhispanique dont les pièces maîtresses sont l’Académie royale de la langue espagnole et l’Institut Cervantès. Cette nouvelle politique linguistique panhispanique cherche, d’une part, à positionner l’espagnol en tant que langue internationale ou globale aux côtés de l’anglais, et d’autre part, à renforcer les liens existants entre les pays hispanophones. Cette politique linguistique institutionnelle répond à une stratégie géopolitique et économique globale et dont les soubassements idéologiques sont analysés dans cette thèse. Certains marchés, de par leur poids économique et démographique, s'avèrent plus attrayants pour les représentants de la politique linguistique étrangère espagnole. Cela est notamment le cas du Brésil où l'espagnol jouit d'une forte présence facilitée par l'installation de nombreuses entreprises multinationales d'origine espagnole et par la création du Mercosur. La politique linguistique panhispanique a également des retombées sur le domaine normatif, car elle implique, du moins discursivement, un passage d’un modèle de standardisation monocentrique vers un modèle pluricentrique qui prendrait en considération toutes les normes « cultivées » de l’espagnol. Se pose alors la question du modèle de langue à transmettre aux apprenants d’espagnol langue étrangère, une question qui peut s’avérer problématique dans certains contextes géographiques et institutionnels complexes comme celui du Brésil.À partir d’une enquête par entretiens réalisés auprès des enseignants des centres Cervantès au Brésil, ce travail explore, entre autres, leurs représentations de la norme linguistique de l’espagnol, tout en essayant d’établir un dialogue entre les discours épilinguistiques institutionnels, scientifiques et médiatiques et les discours épilinguistiques de ces enseignants sur les enjeux de la promotion de l’espagnol actuellement. / In the context of globalization and in the race among international languages for conquering new "market shares", we can observe the rise of strong institutional language policies for the promotion of the Spanish language all over the world. Since the late 1990s, the ‘corpus’ and ‘status’ planning of the Spanish language has become a priority for Spain: it aims to provide the means which are necessary to implement a Pan-Hispanic language policy device whose masterpieces are the Royal Spanish Academy and the Cervantes Institute. This new Pan-Hispanic language policy seeks firstly, to position the Spanish language as an international or global language next to English, and secondly, to strengthen the links among the Spanish-speaking countries. This institutional language policy responds to a global geopolitical and economic strategy whose ideological foundations are analyzed in this thesis.Due to their economic and demographic weight, some markets are more attractive to the Spanish foreign language policymakers. This is the case of Brazil where Spanish has a strong presence facilitated by the setting up of many Spanish multinational companies and by the creation of Mercosur.The Pan-Hispanic language policy also tends to have an impact on the linguistic norms. While involving, at least in discourse, a transition from a monocentric model of standardization to a pluricentric one that takes into account all the regional standards of Spanish, this transition raises the very question of the language model that should be chosen for Spanish language teaching. This question may be problematic in some complex geographical and institutional contexts as this study endeavors to show with the case of Brazil.Based on interviews conducted with the teachers of the Cervantes Institute in Brazil, this thesis aims at identifying teachers’ representations of the Spanish linguistic norm while trying to establish a dialogue between institutional, scientific and journalistic epilinguistic discourses and teachers’ epilinguistic discourses about the Spanish linguistic promotion.

Ce travail se penche sur les difficultés auxquelles font face les apprenants nigérians de français, précisément ceux de langue maternelle yoruba, quant à ce qui concerne les temps passés du français : l'imparfait et le passé composé. Nous sommes parti des productions des apprenants, deux exercices à trous et un écrit long de type rédaction, pour exposer les erreurs de temps commises. Nous avons découvert, suite à l'analyse des productions, que la plupart de ces erreurs proviennent du système aspectuo-temporel du yoruba, langue ne connaissant pas de conjugaison (désinences verbales) comme le français. Mais, la langue étrangère qu'ils sont en train d'apprendre constitue aussi une source de ces difficultés : il leur est particulièrement difficile de gérer les circonstants et adverbes temporels, les connecteurs syntaxiques et logiques, et l'ensemble des shifters accompagnant les temps verbaux français, surtout un écrit long. D'autre part, l'analyse des deux tests à trous en plus de celle des copies de rédaction montrent que, le manque de connaissance de certaines notions linguistiques est une autre cause des difficultés rencontrées par les apprenants : la notion de discours / récit et celle de premier / arrière-plan.En somme, nous pensons qu'un enseignement / apprentissage des temps basé sur la notion d'aspect grammatical, et prenant en compte les notions précédemment mentionnées, sera certainement plus productif. Nos propositions de pistes pour un meilleur enseignement/apprentissage des temps concernés terminent cette recherche. Nous pensons, par ailleurs, qu'en ajoutant à ce que nous venons de dire, les détails que nous ont révélés les analyses linguistiques des systèmes aspectuo-temporels des deux langues, nous pourrons construire par la suite une méthode d'enseignement et apprentissage des temps verbaux du passé pour l'apprenant nigérian. Ainsi, nous aurons apporté une autre contribution à l'enseignement / apprentissage du français au Nigeria. / Nigerian learners of French as a Foreign Language are generally faced with difficulties while using French Past Tenses in producing written composition. In this thesis, we are particularly interested in the case of the Yoruba learners of French language. The analysis of their written composition copies reveals that most of the errors committed originate from the mother tongue, Yoruba which does not know the tense-markedness of French language with her conjugation and complicated verb endings. This specifically means that there are problems closely related to the French Language herself. Actually, Yoruba learners find it particularly difficult to use French temporal adverbs and shifters in their written composition copies. On the other hand, through our analysis of copies of two objective tests in which students were to produce the missing verb forms, we also found that the learners lack some theoretical linguistic knowledge which is important in understanding French past tenses : for instance, Benveniste's “Discours & récit” and Weinrich's “Premier plan / Arrière-plan”. In addition, our analysis of the tempo-aspectual systems of both languages shows that contrary to French language, Yoruba aspects and tenses do not function separately.We believe that students would better understand the use of French past tenses if they have a good grasp of the “grammatical aspect” notion and if this linguistic notion is taken into account while teaching the topic. We brought the research to a close with different suggestions on how to improve the teaching / learning of the French tenses concerned here. On the whole, placing oneself on the didactic perspective, we are of the opinion that all these information put together can help develop a Methodology for the teaching and learning of French past tenses; and by so doing, advance the more the cause of the teaching and learning of French in Nigeria.