A study of the characteristics of AFDC cases active in Linn County , Oregon in June 1966 and of the difference in characteristics between those cases closed by September 1, 1967, and those cases remaining active on that date. The source of data was the case records of the Linn County Department of Public Welfare. There were 212 cases in the study with 200 suitable for full analysis. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that there is a difference in selected characteristics between cases remaining active and cases that close. Case records were read and then characteristics tallied. The cases that were in closed status at the end of 15 months were compared with the characteristics of the cases remaining active. Findings confirmed the hypothesis with respect to two characteristics in which there were statistically significant differences. These were family composition and work experience. A large family limited the possibility of termination, but experience in a trade increased the probability of termination. Education level and age of mother were not found to be significant. The unmarried mother tended to remain active, but this finding was influenced by size of family. Question was raised about the reliability of information in case records concerning sexual behavior and use of alcohol. The woman with chronic medical problems was found to have a better than average frequency of termination. The impact of vocational training and group therapy was not significant for remaining active or terminating.

Intermittent, headwater streams recently have been recognized as important components of forest ecosystems and have been provided increased protection by the Northwest Forest Plan. However, few studies have examined their distribution, dynamics, and ecological roles, such as habitat for wildlife. My goal was to provide additional information on the ecology of intermittent streams in the Pacific Northwest. I examined and compared hydrologic, water quality, and physical characteristics of 16 intermittent streams in old-growth and young forest stands in the central Cascade Range in western Oregon. I documented amphibian communities and habitat associations in these streams during spring and summer. I used comparisons of current habitat conditions and amphibian communities between stand types to gain insight into potential impacts of timber harvesting on these stream systems. Of the streams surveyed in old-growth and young forest stands, relatively few (23%) were designated as intermittent based on my definition which included presence of a definable channel, evidence of annual scour and deposition, and lack of surface flow along at least 90% of the stream length. Intermittent streams in old-growth stands exhibited the following characteristics: (1) annual flow pattern in which streams started to dry in May and June and were mostly dry by July; (2) lengthy annual flow durations (range 6-11 months); (3) cool and stable daily stream temperatures; (4) primarily coarse substrates, such as cobbles and pebbles; (5) streamside vegetation comprised of predominantly coniferous overstories, and plant species associated with uplands or dry site conditions, such as Oregon-grape and salal, as well as riparian areas or wet site site conditions, such as Oregon-grape and salal, as well as riparian areas or wet site conditions, such as red alder, oxalis, red huckleberry, and vine maple (Steinblums et al. 1984, Bilby 1988); and (6) low to moderate densities of large wood, mostly moderately- and well-decayed. Study streams in young forest appeared to dry about one to two months later than the streams in old growth but had similar annual flow durations. They also were characterized by higher daily stream temperatures, similar diel fluctuations, finer substrates, more deciduous overstory and herbaceous understory cover, and lower densities of moderately-decayed large wood. Differences in habitat conditions between stand types may be attributed to timber harvesting as well as discrepancies in physiographic and geological factors, such as elevationgradient, and soil type. Amphibian communities in spring and summer were comprised primarily of the Cascade torrent salamander (Rhyacotriton cascadae), Dunn's salamander (Plethodon dunni), and Pacific giant salamander (Dicamptodon tenebrosus). Amphibian communities in streams in young forest stands exhibited different species composition and seasonal patterns in total density from those in old growth. Cascade torrent salamanders and Dunn's salamanders maintained similar densities and biomass between spring and summer by potentially adopting drought avoidance strategies. Species differed in their use of habitat types and associations with habitat features. In general, amphibian species were positively correlated with percent surface flow, water depth, intermediate-sized substrates and negatively associated with overstory canopy cover, elevation, and wood cover. Results of my study suggest that intermittent streams may warrant protection for their potential effects on downstream habitat and water quality and for their role as habitat for aquatic species, such as amphibians. Streamside vegetation should be maintained along intermittent channels to provide shade protection for water temperature regulation and sources of large woody debris and other allochthonous energy input, to help stabilize slopes, and to minimize erosion and sedimentation. At a minimum, intermittent stream channels should receive protection from physical disturbance during timber harvesting operations. However, since intermittent stream systems are highly variable, management should address individual site conditions and vary accordingly. / Graduation date: 1997

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1986 F87 / Master of Science / Biology

Thesis (D. Min.)--Midwestern Baptist Theological Seminary, 2008. / Abstract. Description based on Microfiche version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 112-113)

SILVA, Romézio Alves Carvalho da. Plantas medicinais do Nordeste do Brasil - Ximenia americana Linn: investigação química dos grãos e seu uso como biocatalisador. 2016. 170 f. Tese (Doutorado em Química)-Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2016. / Submitted by Aline Mendes (alinemendes.ufc@gmail.com) on 2016-12-22T18:30:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_tese_racsilva.pdf: 8059679 bytes, checksum: 0779bc039b0a7babf39adc4e2c54c166 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jairo Viana (jairo@ufc.br) on 2016-12-27T16:26:16Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_tese_racsilva.pdf: 8059679 bytes, checksum: 0779bc039b0a7babf39adc4e2c54c166 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-27T16:26:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_tese_racsilva.pdf: 8059679 bytes, checksum: 0779bc039b0a7babf39adc4e2c54c166 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016 / This work consisted in the study of hexane and ethanol extracts of Ximenia americana grains, abundant plant species in the Northeast of Brazil, especially in Ceará, where it is known as the plum of the woods. Parts of the plant, especially the husks, are popularly used to treat various diseases. The chemical investigation was divided into two parts, the first being directed to the identification of the chemical components of the grain X. americana by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and the second one related to the possibility of using these grains as biocatalyst. Identification of chemical components by GC/MS without the knowledge of the possible types of compounds, required as a preliminary step, obtaining volatile derivatives. Thus, in a first step, the hexane extract of the grains after silylation reaction allowed the identification of 18 constituents highlighting, as the major, the octadec-9-enoic acid (38.14%), (9Z, 12Z)-octadec-9,12-dienoic acid (18.83%), ethanedioic (8.21%) and (Z, Z, Z) -9,12,15-octadecatrienoic (7.22%). Meanwhile, the ethanolic extract after silylation possible to identify components having 18 to D-Sucrose (29.36%), L-Sorbose (9.19%), inositol (8.34%) and D-Glucose (7.45%) as major. The constituents were identified as trimethylsilyl (TMS) ethers by using chromatographic and spectrometric techniques mainly GC/MS. In addition to fatty acids and carbohydrates as highlights, it detected the presence of steroids (β-sitosterol) in hexane and triterpene extract (Betulinic and Ursolic acid) in ethanol extract. In a second step, the hexane extract of the beans after saponification reactions/methylation allowed the identification ten fatty acids having main, oleic acid (55%) ximeninic (17%) and cis-19-octacosenoico (10%). The acids were identified as their methyl esters using GC/MS. The fragmentation pattern of the components outlined in the mass spectra, was considered in the review process. They were also carried out some tests of biological activities from hexane and ethanol extracts of the grains. The second part of the study investigated the use of grain as X. americana biocatalyst in the form of integral material biotransformation reactions in the reduction of aldehydes and ketones, alcohols esterification and ester hydrolysis. In the reduction reactions the used substrates were: acetophenone, 3-methoxyacetophenone, 4-fluoroacetophenone, 4-chloroacetophenone, 2,4-dichloroacetophenone, cyclohexanone, octan-2-one, undecan-2-one, benzaldehyde, 3-methoxybenzaldehyde, 4-methoxybenzaldehyde, 3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde (vanillin) and 1-naphthaldehyde. The conditions that allowed the reduced product to be obtained in the best yield were: 50.0 mg of the substrate, 5.0 g of the grains, pH 5 (ketones) and 7 (aldehydes), 175 rpm on the shaker table, 72 hours at 30 °C. The bioconversion in the reduction occurred from low to excellent yield and, as expected, aldehydes were more reactive than ketones. In the hydrolysis reactions the used substrates were: methyl benzoate, ethyl benzoate, benzyl acetate, p-chloro-phenylethyl acetate and phenylethyl acetate. The conditions that allowed the hydrolyzed product to be obtained with the best yield were: 50.0 mg of the substrate, 2.0 g of the grains, 30 mL of distilled water (pH 5), 175 rpm on the shaker table, 72 hours at 30 °C. The bioconversion in the hydrolysis occurred from medium to excellent yield. In the esterification reactions of the alcohols the used substrates were: benzyl alcohol, 3-methoxy benzyl, 4-methoxy benzyl, 1-phenylethanol, cyclohexanol and n-octanol. The conditions that allowed the esterified product to be obtained in the best yield were: 52 mg of the substrate, 2.0 g of the grains, 10 ml of hexane, 100 μL of vinyl acetate, 225 rpm on the shaker table, 24 hours at 30 °C. Bioconversion in esterification occurred from low to excellent yield. The products in the reaction mixtures were analyzed by TLC, GC/MS, GC/FID and 1H and 13C NMR. / O presente trabalho consistiu no estudo dos extratos hexânico e etanólico dos grãos de Ximenia americana, uma espécie vegetal abundante no Nordeste do Brasil, especialmente no Ceará, onde é conhecida como ameixa-do-mato. Partes desta planta, principalmente, as cascas, são utilizadas popularmente no tratamento de diversas enfermidades. A investigação química foi dividida em duas partes, sendo a primeira dirigida à identificação dos componentes químicos dos grãos de X. americana através de cromatografia gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massa (CG/EM) e, a segunda, relacionada a possibilidade do uso destes grãos como biocatalisador. A identificação dos componentes químicos através de CG/EM sem o conhecimento dos possíveis tipos de compostos presentes, exigiu como etapa prévia, a obtenção de derivados voláteis. Assim, numa primeira etapa, o extrato hexânico dos grãos após reação de sililação permitiu a identificação de 18 constituintes destacando-se, como majoritários, os ácidos octadec-9-enoico (38,14%), (9Z,12Z)-octadec-9,12-dienoico (18,83%), etanodioico (8,21%) e (Z,Z,Z)-9,12,15-octadecatrienoico (7,22%). Por sua vez, o extrato etanólico após sililação, possibilitou identificar 18 constituintes tendo a D-Sacarose (29,36%), L-Sorbose (9,19%), inositol (8,34%) e D-Glicose (7,45%), como majoritários. Os constituintes foram identificados como trimetilsilil (TMS) éteres através de técnicas cromatográficas e espectrométricas, principalmente, CG/EM. Além de ácidos graxos e carboidratos como destaques, foi detectada a presença de esteroides (β-Sitosterol) no extrato hexânico e triterpenos (Ac. Betulínico e Ac. Ursólico) no extrato etanólico. Numa segunda etapa, o extrato hexânico dos grãos após as reações de saponificação/metilação permitiu a identificação de dez ácidos graxos, tendo, como principais, os ácidos oleico (55%), ximeninico (17%) e cis-19-octacosenoico (10%). Os ácidos foram identificados na forma de seus metil ésteres utilizando CG/EM. O padrão de fragmentação dos componentes, delineado nos espectros de massa, foi considerado no processo de análise. Foram também realizados alguns testes de atividades biológicas a partir dos extratos hexânico e etanólico dos grãos. A segunda parte do estudo investigou o uso dos grãos de X. americana como biocatalisador na forma de material integral em reações de biotransformações na redução de aldeídos e cetonas, esterificação de alcoóis e hidrólise de ésteres. Nas reações de redução foram utilizados os substratos: acetofenona, 3-metoxi-acetofenona, 4-flúor-acetofenona, 4-cloro-acetofenona, 2,4-dicloro-acetofenona, cicloexanona, octan-2-ona, undecan-2-ona, benzaldeído, 3-metoxibenzalideído, 4-metoxibenzaldeído, 3-hidroxi-4-metoxibenzaldeído (vanilina) e 1-naftaldeído. As condições que permitiram a obtenção do produto reduzido com melhor rendimento foram: 50,0 mg do substrato, 5,0 g dos grãos, pH 5(cetonas) e 7 (aldeídos), 175 rpm na mesa agitadora, 72 horas a 30 ºC. A bioconversão na redução ocorreu de baixo a excelente rendimento e, como esperado, os aldeídos mais reativos que as cetonas. Nas reações de hidrólise foram utilizados os substratos: benzoato de metila, benzoato de etila, acetato de benzila, acetato de p-cloro-feniletila e acetato de feniletila. As condições que permitiram a obtenção do produto hidrolisado com melhor rendimento foram: 50,0 mg do substrato, 2,0 g dos grãos, 30 mL de água destilada (pH 5), 175 rpm na mesa agitadora, 72 horas a 30 ºC. A bioconversão na hidrólise ocorreu de médio a excelente rendimento. Nas reações de esterificação dos alcoóis foram utilizados os substratos: álcool benzílico, 3-metoxi-benzílico, 4-metoxi-benzílico, 1-feniletanol, cicloexanol e n-octanol. As condições que permitiram a obtenção do produto esterificado com melhor rendimento foram: 52 mg do substrato, 2,0 g dos grãos, 10 mL de hexano, 100 μL de acetato de vinila, 225 rpm na mesa agitadora, 24 horas a 30 ºC. A bioconversão na esterificação ocorreu de baixo a excelente rendimento. Os produtos, nas misturas reacionais, foram analisados através de CCD, CG/EM, CG/DIC e RMN de 1H e de 13C.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T13:00:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 849258 bytes, checksum: 8375e090134f0298c00baace065c84c1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-11-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The acne vulgaris is the most prevalent dermatologic disease of teen age. Many drugs are used in the treatment of acne but it is necessary a drug with safety and efficacy. The gel extracted from the bark Anacardium occidentale Linn. is indicated for topical treatment of inflammatory diseases. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical pharmacology of this formulation in healthy volunteers. For this, a non-randomized open clinical trial was conducted with 40 healthy volunteers (22 female and 18 male), who administered the topical gel in their faces during 3 weeks. The volunteers were included in the study only when considered healthy after clinical assessment, physical examination and laboratory tests which preceded the study. The laboratory tests included: hematological, biochemical and serological analysis. The clinical and laboratory evaluation were repeated after the first week and at the end of the third week after the last administration. This gel was well tolerated by the 40 volunteers, and it has showed no adverse events. The clinical and laboratory data assessed before, during and after the test showed no signals of toxicity in various organs and systems evaluated, confirming the safety of the preparation for use in trials of therapeutic efficacy. A randomized, investigator-blinded, controlled study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of gel obtained from the bark of Anacardium occidentale Linn. (AO) versus adapalene gel 0,1%. Subjects were assigned randomly to receive either adapaleno gel 0,1% or AO once daily for 12 weeks. A total of 43 subjects with mild to moderate acne vulgaris (AV) were enrolled. Adapalene gel 0,1% was significantly superior to AO in noninflammatory lesion counts (p<0,005). But, the efficacy was statistically similar between two group for inflammatory lesion counts and in the reduction of total lesion count (p<1,0). Treatment-related adverse events were mostly mild-to-moderate in the group of adapaleno gel 0,1%. But in the group of AO no adverse events was seen. The results of this study show that Adapalene 0,1% gel was superior to AO in noninflammatory lesions of AV but similar in inflammatory and total counts lesions while AO was superior in safety and tolerability profile to adapaleno 0,1% gel. / A acne vulgar é a dermatose mais prevalente entre os adolescentes apresenta um grande impacto psico-social. Várias classes de fármacos são utilizadas no tratamento da AV, porém ainda não há um fármaco que seja ao mesmo tempo seguro e eficaz. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a farmacologia clínica do o hidrogel obtido a partir do extrato etanólico bruto da casca de Anacardium occidentale Linn. (AO) em voluntários saudáveis. Para atingir este objetivo realizou-se um ensaio clínico não aleatório, aberto, com 40 voluntários sadios, sendo 22 mulheres e 18 homens, os quais aplicaram o gel na face uma vez ao dia, durante três semanas. Os voluntários foram incluídos no estudo somente após serem considerados saudáveis, depois de avaliações clínica e laboratorial que antecederam o estudo. A avaliação laboratorial consistiu de análise hematológica, bioquímica e sorológica. As avaliações clínica e laboratorial foram repetidas após a primeira semana e no final do tratamento, na terceira semana do estudo. A aplicação tópica do gel deste fitoterápico foi bem tolerada pelos 40 voluntários sadios os quais não apresentaram efeitos adversos. Os exames clínicos e laboratoriais realizados antes, durante e após o ensaio não evidenciaram sinais de toxidade na pele e nem nos diversos órgãos e sistemas avaliados, demonstrando segurança do produto, sendo estes resultados promissores para a realização de ensaios de eficácia terapêutica. Um ensaio clínico farmacológico, randomizado, duplo cego, controlado foi realizado para avaliar a eficácia e segurança (ensaio de fase II) do hidrogel obtido a partir do extrato etanólico bruto da casca de AO comparando-o com adapaleno gel a 0,1%. Os indivíduos foram designados randomicamente a receber o gel de AO ou o adapaleno gel a 0,1% diariamente durante 12 semanas. Foi recrutado um grupo total de 43 indivíduos com acne vulgar (AV) leve e moderada. O adapaleno gel a 0,1% foi significativamente superior ao gel de AO na contagem das lesões não inflamatórias (cômedos). Contudo, para as lesões de natureza inflamatória da AV não houve diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os dois grupos tratados. Resultados semelhantes, foram obtidos, em relação à redução na contagem total das lesões da AV, houve 42,7% de redução na contagem total das lesões da AV com AO e 43,1% para o gel de adapaleno a 0,1 %, não havendo diferença estatística entre os grupos tratados. Os efeitos adversos relatados foram, em sua maioria, de leves a moderados no grupo que utilizou o adapaleno e não ocorreu nenhum evento adverso no grupo tratado com o gel da AO. Os resultados desse estudo mostram que tanto o adapaleno gel como o AO foram eficazes no tratamento da AV, sendo o gel de adapaleno a 0,1% superior ao gel de AO para as lesões não inflamatórias da AV, porém, os dois produtos foram estatisticamente semelhantes para a redução na contagem total das lesões e naquelas de natureza inflamatória. O perfil de segurança e tolerabilidade foi superior para AO.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de NÃvel Superior / FundaÃÃo de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Cearà / O cÃncer tem se configurado como um grande problema de saÃde pÃblica mundial. Como alternativa terapÃutica, muitos produtos naturais tÃm sido avaliados para seleÃÃo de compostos ativos com menos efeitos indesejÃveis e capazes de reduzir tumores malignos de modo mais eficiente. Morinda citrifolia, conhecida popularmente como noni, à uma espÃcie nativa do sudeste asiÃtico e da AustrÃlia que tem sido utilizada popularmente para diversos fins terapÃuticos e nutricionais. O polissacarÃdeo extraÃdo da polpa do fruto de Morinda citrifolia Linn (Noni-ppt 1) foi purificado por reprecipitaÃÃo em Ãlcool etÃlico, originando as subfraÃÃes: Noni-ppt 3 e Noni-ppt 5. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi investigar a atividade antitumoral in vitro e in vivo do Noni-ppt, bem como realizar sua caracterizaÃÃo fÃsico-quÃmica utilizando tÃcnicas de cromatografia lÃquida de alta eficiÃncia (CLAE), espectroscopia de infravermelho (FT-IR), cromatografia de permeaÃÃo em gel (GPC), anÃlise termogravimÃtrica (TGA), anÃlise elementar de nitrogÃnio e ressonÃncia magnÃtica nuclear de 13C (RMN). A atividade citotÃxica in vitro das trÃs fraÃÃes de Noni-ppt (50 &#956;g/mL) foi avaliada sobre trÃs linhagens de cÃlulas tumorais (HCT-116; SF-295 e OVCAR-8) por meio do mÃtodo colorimÃtrico brometo de 3-(4,5-dimetiltiazol-2-il)-2,5-difeniltetrazolio (MTT). O efeito antitumoral in vivo do Noni-ppt 3 foi analisado em camundongos com tumor Sarcoma 180 nas doses de 25 e 50 mg/Kg/dia por via oral e intraperitoneal. As anÃlises fÃsico-quÃmicas demonstraram que o Noni-ppt à composto por 12,1-13,7% de proteÃnas, 44,2-58,8% de Ãcidos urÃnicos e 65,4-71,3% de carboidratos totais. A anÃlise da composiÃÃo monossacarÃdica demonstrou que o Noni-ppt à um heteropolissacarÃdeo constituÃdo, predominantemente, por ramnose, arabinose, galactose e Ãcido galacturÃnico. Os resultados da avaliaÃÃo da atividade antitumoral in vitro demonstraram que as amostras de Noni-ppt 1, 3 e 5 nÃo apresentam nenhuma atividade citotÃxica direta sobre as cÃlulas tumorais na concentraÃÃo testada. AlÃm disso, nÃo foi observada qualquer inibiÃÃo do tumor nos camundongos inoculados com as cÃlulas tumorais. / Currently, cancer is a global public health problem. As an alternative therapy, many natural products have been evaluated for selection of active and with less undesirable effects capable of reducing malignant tumors more efficiently compounds. Morinda citrifolia, commonly known as noni, is a species native to Southeast Asia and Australia that has been popularly used for many therapeutic and nutritional purposes. The polysaccharide extracted from the pulp of Morinda citrifolia Linn fruits (Noni-ppt 1) was purified by reprecipitation in ethanol, yielding the subfractions: Noni-ppt 3 and Noni-ppt 5. The objective of this study was to investigate the antitumor activity in vitro and in vivo of Noni-ppt and carry out their physico-chemical characterization by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography (GC), fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), elemental analysis and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The in vitro cytotoxic activity of the three fractions of Noni-ppt (50 &#956;g/mL) was evaluated on three tumor cell lines (HCT-116, SF-295 and OVCAR -8) by colorimetric method bromide 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT). The in vivo antitumor effect of Noni-ppt 3 was analyzed in mice with tumor Sarcoma 180 at doses of 25 and 50 mg/kg/day orally and intraperitoneally. The physico-chemical analyzes showed that Noni-ppt consists of protein (12.1-13.7%), uronic acids (44.2-58.8%) and of total carbohydrates (65.4-71.3%). The monosaccharide composition analysis showed that Noni-ppt is a heteropolysaccharide composed predominantly of rhamnose, arabinose, galactose and galacturonic acid. The Noni-ppt samples showed no direct cytotoxic activity against tumor cells in vitro. Moreover, the treatment with Noni-ppt 3 did not show any inhibition of tumor growth in mice inoculated with Sarcoma 180 cells.

This thesis develops a framework for analyzing the application of commuter rail and bus services between several small urban centers to enhance overall connectivity. The study includes analyzing specific performance criteria for commuter rail service and express bus service based on data from existing systems around the U.S. The study then compares these findings to the theoretical performance of commuter rail and express bus service in the U.S. Highway 20 corridor from Corvallis, OR to Lebanon, OR via Albany, OR. The study concludes that commuter rail rated higher in six of eight analysis criteria and would be the preferred mode to bus service in terms of the performance criteria used in the study. Further cost and operational analysis is necessary to analyze implementation of future commuter rail or express bus service in the Mid-Willamette Valley in Oregon. / Graduation date: 2013

Due to the oil crisis, the ethanol industry has developed rapidly in recent years to deal with the depletion of fossil fuels. Ethanol from renewable raw materials (bioethanol) has been of great interest in recent decades as an alternative fuel. There, this paper aims to study the acid pretreatment of Terminalia catappa Linn fruit for a second generation ethanol. The methodology of the studied variables of interest were the concentration of sulfuric acid (2.5% and 5%), the concentration of biomass (waste 5g / 100 ml of acid solution) and heating time (15 min to 30 min) at temperatures ranging from 111º C to 120º C, organized in a 23 factorial design with three replications samples. In the ethanolic fermentation, the pretreatment sample solution and the mineral Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast were utilized having ethanol concentration and fermentation efficiency as main responses. The increased fermentation efficiency was given for the test that had the highest acid concentration (5.0%), time (30 minutes) and temperature (120 ° C) as well as the the highest amount of ethanol. The produced ethanol content was 14, 27 g / L and had a fermentation efficiency of 59%. The Ethanol production has compatible values with the ones found in the literature, so, the study group of this acid pre-treatment of the fruit of Terminalia catappa Linn, for a second generation ethanol production proved to be promising. / Devido à crise do petróleo, a indústria de etanol desenvolveu-se rapidamente nos últimos anos para lidar com o esgotamento dos combustíveis fósseis e o etanol a partir de matérias-primas renováveis (bioetanol) têm sido de grande interesse nas últimas décadas como um combustível alternativo. Portanto, este trabalho tem como objetivo estudar o pré-tratamento ácido do fruto da Terminalia catappa Linn para produção de etanol de segunda geração. Na metodologia utilizada as variáveis de interesse estudadas foram a concentração de ácido sulfúrico (2,5% e 5%), a concentração de biomassa (5g de resíduo/100 mL de solução ácida) e tempo de aquecimento (15 min a 30 min), em temperaturas variando de 111º C a 120º C, organizando-se num planejamento fatorial 23 com três repetições de amostras. Na fermentação etanólica, empregou-se a amostra pré-tratada, solução mineral e a levedura Saccharomyces cerevisiae, tendo como principais respostas a concentração de etanol e a eficiência da fermentação. A maior eficiência fermentativa se deu para o ensaio que possui maior concentração de ácido (5,0%), tempo (30min) e temperatura (120ºC), assim como se obteve, também, a maior quantidade de etanol. O teor de etanol produzido foi de 14,27 g/L e a eficiência fermentativa de 59%. A produção de etanol teve valores compatíveis com a literatura, sendo assim, este pré-tratamento ácido do fruto da Terminalia catappa Linn para produção de etanol de segunda geração, na faixa estudada, mostra ser promissor

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:16:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 NairaJNB_DISSERT.pdf: 5441332 bytes, checksum: 777fb7ac704e3cf8d4b43b60ea801b57 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-03-26 / Recently, it has been a increasing interest in the antioxidative role of natural products to aid the endogenous protective biological systems against the deleterious effects of oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen (RNS) reactive species. Many antioxidant compounds, naturally occurring from plant sources. Natural antioxidants can protect and prevent the human body from oxidative stress and retard the progress of many diseases in which free radical are involved. Several plants used in the folk medicine to treat certain disorders that are accompanied by inflammation and other pharmacological properties have been proved their attributed properties, such antioxidant activity. Turnera ulmifolia Linn. var. elegans (Turneraceae), frequently employed by population as a medicinal plant, demonstrated antioxidant activity by in vitro and in vivo assays, using its leaf hydroethanolic extract (10%) he in vitro DPPH radical-scanvenging activity showed a strong antioxidant activity (86.57% ? 0.14), similar to Carduus marianus and catequine effects. For the in vivo assays, adult female Wistar rats (n=48) with carbon tetrachloride hepatic injury induced (2,5mL/kg i.p.) were used, Six groups or rats were uses (n=8) [G1 = control (1,25 mL/kg i.p. vehicle); G2 = CCl4 (2,5 mL/kg i.p.); G3 = CCl4 + extract 7 days (500 mg/kg p.o.); G4 = CCl4 + Legalon? 7 days (50 mg/kg p.o.), G5 = CCl4 + extract 21 days (500 mg/kg p.o.) e G6 = CCl4 + Legalon? 21 days (50 mg/kg p.o.)]. The hepatic oxidative injury was evaluated through biochemical parameters [alanine amino transferase (ALT), aspartate amino transferase (AST)] histopathological study, while thiobarbituric acid reactive products (TBAR), glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) levels were used to evaluate proantioxidant parameters. The plant extract tested was found effective as hepatoprotective as evidenced by a decreasing in the ALT and AST activities (p<0.001) and TBAR (plasma, p<0.001 and liver, p<0.001). Levels of GSH (blood, p<0.001 and liver, p<0.001) and antioxidant enzymes [CAT erythrocyte (p<0.05) and hepatic (p<0.01); SOD erythrocyte (p<0.001) and hepatic (p<0.001); GPx erythrocyte (p<0.001) and hepatic (p<0.001)] were also significantly increased. Histopathological changes induced by CCl4 were significantly reduced by the extract treatment. The data obtained were comparable to that of Legalon?, a reference hepatoprotective drug. The results showed that T. ulmifolia leaf extract protects against CCl4 induced oxidative damage. Therefore, this effect must be associated to its antioxidant activity, attributed to the phenolic compounds, present in these extract, which can act as free radical scavengers / Atualmente existe um crescente interesse no estudo dos antioxidantes, classe de subst?ncias que protegem os sistemas biol?gicos dos efeitos delet?rios das esp?cies reativas de oxig?nio (ERO) e de nitrog?nio (ERN). Muitos desses antioxidantes s?o mol?culas de origem vegetal que contribuem para a preven??o e para o tratamento de doen?as nas quais o estresse oxidativo est? envolvido. Na medicina popular, plantas com comprovada atividade antiinflamat?ria, apresentam diversas atividades farmacol?gicas, dentre elas, a antioxidante. Turnera ulmifolia Linn. var. elegans (Turneraceae), uma planta medicinal, largamente utilizada pela popula??o, apresentou atividade antioxidante quando avaliada in vitro e in vivo, utilizando-se o extrato hidroetan?lico (10 %) obtidos das folhas dessa planta. A capacidade antioxidante in vitro desse extrato foi avaliada atrav?s do seq?estro do radical 1,1-difenil-2- picril-hydrazyl (DPPH ). O resultado apresentou um marcado potencial antioxidante ao seq?estrar 86,57%?0,14 do radical DPPH , compar?vel ao obtido com as subst?ncias de refer?ncia. No ensaio in vivo, empregando-se modelo experimental murino (48 ratas Wistar), inj?ria hep?tica foi induzida com CCl4 (2,5 mL/kg i.p. dose ?nica) e o dano oxidativo hep?tico foi avaliado atrav?s da atividade das transaminases (ALT e AST) e pelo exame histopatol?gico, enquanto que as subst?ncias reativas ao ?cido tiobarbit?rico (SRAT), conte?do de glutationa reduzida (GSH) e atividade das enzimas catalase (CAT), super?xido dismutase (SOD) e glutationa peroxidase (GPx) foram os par?metros pr?-antioxidante avaliados. Os animais foram divididos em seis grupos (n=8) [G1 = controle (1,25 mL/kg i.p. de ve?culo); G2 = CCl4 (2,5 mL/kg i.p.); G3 = CCl4 + extrato 7 dias (500 mg/kg p.o.); G4 = CCl4 + Legalon? 7 dias (50 mg/kg p.o.), G5 = CCl4 + extrato 21 dias (500 mg/kg p.o.) e G6 = CCl4 + Legalon? 21 dias (50 mg/kg p.o.)]. O p?s-tratamento com o extrato provocou um decr?scimo na atividade da ALT e AST (p<0,001) e de SRAT (plasma, p<0,001 e f?gado, p<0,001), aumentando o conte?do da GSH (sangue, p<0,001 e em f?gado, p<0,001), bem como a atividade das enzimas antioxidantes, [CAT eritrocit?ria (p<0,05) e hep?tica (p<0,01); SOD eritrocit?ria (p<0,001) e hep?tica (p<0,001); GPx eritrocit?ria (p<0,001) e hep?tica (p<0,001)]. A an?lise histopatol?gica mostrou uma redu??o do dano hep?tico causado pelo CCl4. Os resultados obtidos com o extrato foram an?logos aqueles do tratamento com Legalon?, padr?o antioxidante, utilizado in vivo. Com base nesses dados, conclui-se que o extrato de folhas de T. ulmifolia apresenta capacidade hepatoprotetora diante do quadro de estresse oxidativo induzido pelo CCl4. Efeitos estes, que, provavelmente, est?o associados ? atividade antioxidante detectada, atribu?das ?s subst?ncias fen?licas presentes no extrato, que devem agir como seq?estradores de radicais livres, bloqueando as rea??es em cadeias