O objetivo deste estudo é a identificação dos mecanismos responsáveis pela construção da imagem da dúvida na subjetividade da prosa breve machadiana, por meio da análise de alguns contos do escritor. Busca o efeito de sentido dúvida em suas prováveis recorrências para mapear aquilo que, hipoteticamente, chamamos gramática da possibilidade em Machado de Assis. A pesquisa obedece a um percurso que envolve duas frentes: uma teórica e outra prática. A primeira está centrada na determinação de traços semióticos específicos de alguns tipos de discurso. Isso vai caracterizar a estética realista-naturalista, a do romantismo e a estética machadiana. Tal gesto se justifica na medida em que a dúvida machadiana, foco de nossa pesquisa, realiza-se precisamente no diálogo que Machado de Assis estabelece com essas estéticas, e também com o senso comum de seu tempo: a dúvida é construída, em seu texto, pelo abalo das verdades que alicerçam tais discursos. O exame desse diálogo é feito, nesta pesquisa, à luz dessa tipologia, dada, semioticamente, pelo tipo de contrato veridictório sustentado por essas estéticas: o objetivante (para o realismo-naturalismo); o subjetivante (para o romantismo) e o semiótico (para a estética de Machado). Por meio dessa tipologia identificamos, no e pelo discurso de Machado, possíveis refração e reflexão dos valores investidos em cada um dos contratos, por intermédio do estudo das escolhas sintático-semânticas de construção feitas pelo escritor. A segunda frente de desenvolvimento é o da abordagem dos contos, feita segundo a leitura semiótica de análise de linha francesa, noções de análise do discurso e conceitos desenvolvidos pelo lingüista e filósofo Bakhtin. Na interseção desses dois percursos, mostramos de que maneira um traço específico desse tipo de contrato semiótico a dúvida se realiza no especial projeto do dizer de Machado / The main objective of this study is to identify the mechanisms which are responsible for the image of doubt´s construction within the subjectivity in Machado de Assis\'s short prose through the analysis of a few of his short stories. It will find the doubt as a sense effect in its probable recurrences, while attempting to map out what has been hypothetically called \"the grammar of possibility\" in the works of Machado de Assis. This research follows a path with two approaches: a theoretical one and a practical one. The first one is focused in identifying the specific semiotic aspects in a few types of discourses, to characterize the aesthetics of Realistic-Naturalistic, the Romanticism period and the Machado\'s own. This is justified once the Machadian doubt the main focus of this research will become apparent in the Machado´s dialog established among him and these aesthetics, as well as his era´s common sense: that the doubt is made by a shake-up of on the truths supporting such discourses. In this research, an examination of this dialogue is conducted on the guidance of this typology, once it is semiotically, by the kind of veridictory contract supported by these aesthetics: the objectifying one (Realism-Naturalism); the subjectifying one (Romanticism) and the semiotics one (Machado´s own). This typology will help to identify not only in, but by Machado´s discourse as well; the possiblity of refractions and or reflections of the invested values on each one of these contracts through the study of the sintax-semantic choices in the construction and made by the author himself. The second part of this study is the approach to the short stories according to a reading based on the French-oriented semiotics, discourse analysis notions and the linguist and philosopher Bakhtin´s concepts. In the intersection of these two approaches, the very way a specific characteristic of this kind of \"semiotics\" contract the doubt is achieved in the special project of Machado\'s oeuvre is shown.

O objetivo deste estudo é a identificação dos mecanismos responsáveis pela construção da imagem da dúvida na subjetividade da prosa breve machadiana, por meio da análise de alguns contos do escritor. Busca o efeito de sentido dúvida em suas prováveis recorrências para mapear aquilo que, hipoteticamente, chamamos gramática da possibilidade em Machado de Assis. A pesquisa obedece a um percurso que envolve duas frentes: uma teórica e outra prática. A primeira está centrada na determinação de traços semióticos específicos de alguns tipos de discurso. Isso vai caracterizar a estética realista-naturalista, a do romantismo e a estética machadiana. Tal gesto se justifica na medida em que a dúvida machadiana, foco de nossa pesquisa, realiza-se precisamente no diálogo que Machado de Assis estabelece com essas estéticas, e também com o senso comum de seu tempo: a dúvida é construída, em seu texto, pelo abalo das verdades que alicerçam tais discursos. O exame desse diálogo é feito, nesta pesquisa, à luz dessa tipologia, dada, semioticamente, pelo tipo de contrato veridictório sustentado por essas estéticas: o objetivante (para o realismo-naturalismo); o subjetivante (para o romantismo) e o semiótico (para a estética de Machado). Por meio dessa tipologia identificamos, no e pelo discurso de Machado, possíveis refração e reflexão dos valores investidos em cada um dos contratos, por intermédio do estudo das escolhas sintático-semânticas de construção feitas pelo escritor. A segunda frente de desenvolvimento é o da abordagem dos contos, feita segundo a leitura semiótica de análise de linha francesa, noções de análise do discurso e conceitos desenvolvidos pelo lingüista e filósofo Bakhtin. Na interseção desses dois percursos, mostramos de que maneira um traço específico desse tipo de contrato semiótico a dúvida se realiza no especial projeto do dizer de Machado / The main objective of this study is to identify the mechanisms which are responsible for the image of doubt´s construction within the subjectivity in Machado de Assis\'s short prose through the analysis of a few of his short stories. It will find the doubt as a sense effect in its probable recurrences, while attempting to map out what has been hypothetically called \"the grammar of possibility\" in the works of Machado de Assis. This research follows a path with two approaches: a theoretical one and a practical one. The first one is focused in identifying the specific semiotic aspects in a few types of discourses, to characterize the aesthetics of Realistic-Naturalistic, the Romanticism period and the Machado\'s own. This is justified once the Machadian doubt the main focus of this research will become apparent in the Machado´s dialog established among him and these aesthetics, as well as his era´s common sense: that the doubt is made by a shake-up of on the truths supporting such discourses. In this research, an examination of this dialogue is conducted on the guidance of this typology, once it is semiotically, by the kind of veridictory contract supported by these aesthetics: the objectifying one (Realism-Naturalism); the subjectifying one (Romanticism) and the semiotics one (Machado´s own). This typology will help to identify not only in, but by Machado´s discourse as well; the possiblity of refractions and or reflections of the invested values on each one of these contracts through the study of the sintax-semantic choices in the construction and made by the author himself. The second part of this study is the approach to the short stories according to a reading based on the French-oriented semiotics, discourse analysis notions and the linguist and philosopher Bakhtin´s concepts. In the intersection of these two approaches, the very way a specific characteristic of this kind of \"semiotics\" contract the doubt is achieved in the special project of Machado\'s oeuvre is shown.

Ce travail a pour objectif l’étude de l’émergence du sujet dans le récit autobiographique. Notre corpus est formé de trois œuvres de Simone de Beauvoir qui appartiennent au genre autobiographique. Pour l’étude du « sujet », nous nous proposons de rester fidèle à l’approche sémiotique de l’énonciation et à l’approche de la sémiotique narrative-discursive. Selon l’approche sémiotique de l’énonciation, le sujet émerge en deux niveaux : le niveau de l’énonciation principale dite énonçant aussi et le niveau de l’énoncé énoncé. Dans le niveau de l’énonciation principale, nous définissons le sujet « énonçant » comme « énonciateur ». Pour ce niveau, nous visons à faire une étude sur la relation entre l’énonciateur et l’énonciataire et sur la relation entre l’énonciateur et le sujet de l’énoncé dite « acteur ». Dans le niveau de l’énoncé énoncé, nous nous proposons d’étudier la disposition figurative de l’acteur autour de quelques thèmes. Les analyses faites à la lumière de l’approche sémiotique narrative-discursive nous permettront de définir la structure énonciative de notre corpus et la disposition figurative du sujet de l’énonciation et de l’énoncé. / This work aims to analyze the process of emergence of the subject in the autobiographical discourse. Our corpus is composed of three books of Simone de Beauvoir, a French writer and intellectual of the 20th century. We propose to apply the methods that defined by the scientific approaches called semiotics of the enunciation and literary semiotics. According to the approach of enunciation, the subject emerges in two levels: the level of main enunciation and the level of utterance. On the level of main enunciation, the subject of enunciation is defined as enunciator. The analysis that we will make on this level is based on the relations between enunciator and enunciated and on the relations between enunciator and the subject of utterance also called as the actor. On the level of utterance, by the light of literary semiotics, we will study within the framework of some themes, the figural roles that assumed by the actor. Theses analysis leaded by the semiotic approach of enunciation and the literary semiotics will allow us to define the narrative levels’ structure of autobiographical discourse and the roles and functions of the subjects who emerges on those levels.

Cette thèse s’inscrit en sciences du langage dans le domaine de la sémiotique littéraire et utilise les outils de la sémiotique littéraire et de la sémiotique du sensible. Le corpus d’étude est constitué de poèmes de trois auteurs français du XXème siècle : Jean Tortel, Philippe Soupault et Yves Bonnefoy. Ce travail met en évidence les stratégies textuelles qui visent le lecteur comme instance perceptive. La première partie du travail expose le cadre théorique et l’inscription interdisciplinaire de notre thèse entre phénoménologie, sémiotique des instances, et sémiotique figurative. La deuxième partie traite, en premier lieu, de la description du corpus et, en second lieu, de l’analyse des différentes descriptions en vue d’une synthèse générale. Cette analyse révèle que les textes mettent en place trois niveaux de stratégies en interaction : l’embrayage subjectif, les dynamiques internes au texte et le rythme de l’énoncé. Le lien avec les stratégies et l’instance réceptrice (lecteur) est traité à la fin de la deuxième partie à travers le concept d’encyclopédie naturelle. Le but de cette étude est de montrer la fécondité d’une analyse sémiotique permettant une saisie fine des phénomènes discursifs/textuels, de mettre à profit une inter-sous-disciplinarité raisonnée, tout en montrant l’utilité descriptive et théorique de traiter le texte comme espace-temps d’expérience pour un lecteur-corps. / This thesis situates itself within the field of literary semiotics. However, our work tools are also related to figurative semiotics and the semiotics of discourse. The corpus under study is composed of three French poems from the 20th century written by different poets : Yves Bonnefoy, Jean Tortel and Philippe Soupault. The study focuses on textual strategies allowing the construction of the reader as a perceptive receptor. In the first part of the study, we present the interdisciplinary theoretical framework. In the second part, the poems will be analysed : the principal concern of corpus description is to highlight interaction between different levels of textual dynamics. The results reveal indeed three levels of textual strategies : subjective shifting, internal text dynamics, and rhythm. The end of the second part reveals the link between the reader’s natural encyclopedia and textual strategies. This study shows the benefits of a complex theoretical framework and furthermore demonstrates the analytical scope of the idea of the text-experience. This may encourage other researchers to base their reflections on this concept and to interrogate the reader as a perceptive receptor.

Dans ce mémoire, nous explorons les possibilités d’une herméneutique algorithmique littéraire en faisant d’abord des parallèles entre la lecture humaine et la modélisation textuelle numérique. À partir des caractéristiques de ces deux formes de rapports au texte littéraire, nous différencions les modèles littéraires nés de la cognition et de la computation, en plus de rester critique des formes représentatives ainsi générées. Nous utilisons ensuite les cadres théoriques de la sémiotique et de la cybersémiotique pour placer l’interprétation humaine et computationnelle sur un même continuum d’évolution biotechnologique. Ainsi, nous envisageons la possibilité de sens littéraire numérique à partir de méthodes d’exploration de données appliquées aux modèles littéraires algorithmiques. Finalement, nous considérons les potentielles conséquences, limites et avantages d’une pratique de l’herméneutique algorithmique, et la forme qu’une telle pratique pourrait prendre. / In this master thesis, we explore the possibilities of digital criticism, first by creating parallels between human reading and computational text modelling. From the characteristics of both these approaches to literary work, we differentiate literary models born of cognition and computation, and stay critical of these representative forms. We then use literary semiotics and cybersemiotics as theoretical frameworks to set human and computer interpretations as two steps on the same biotechnological evolutionary ladder. Thus, we consider the possibility of digital literary meaning produced with advanced data mining tools applied to algorithmically generated literary models. Finally, we contemplate what consequences, limits and advantages such a digital hermeneutic practice would have and offer, and the shapes it may or may not take.