Der historische Ursprung Kleinlitauens, sein Alltag, seine Sitten, Bräuche, Sprache und Kultur stellten schon immer Forschungsziele für Fachleute und Wissenschaftler verschiedener Richtungen dar. Die ethnokulturellen Forschungen sind auch heute aktuell. Aus diesem Grund wird in den nachfolgenden Ausführungen versucht, die Volksmusikinstrumente darzustelle~ die in der Blütezeit Kleinlitauens gespielt wurden.

Kiekvienoje visuomenėje egzistavo ir egzistuoja šeima. Dabartinė visuomenė nėra šeiminė, o ir pačios šeimos narių tarpusavio ryšiai nėra taip griežtai apibrėžti. Tačiau šeimoje vyksta svarbiausi asmeninio, privataus gyvenimo įvykiai, žmogų jungiantys su socialine grupe, visuomene. Šeimą galima apibūdinti kaip santuoką arba kraujo ryšiais grįstą mažąją grupę, kurios narius sieja bendra buitis, bendra moralinė atsakomybė ir tarpusavio pagalba. / The family has existed in each society. However, society today is not family-oriented and the relationships within the family members are not strictly defined. Yet it is in the family that the key events of one’s private life take place that bind an individual to a social group and the society. The family may be described as a marriage or a small unit based on blood relationship. The members of the family are related through common daily routine, moral responsibility and reciprocal assistance.

Nepriklausomybės kovų laikotarpiu savos kariuomenės kūrimas neturėjo reikiamo populiarumo visuomenės akyse, savanorių pagrindu organizuota Lietuvos kariuomenė sunkiai galėjo apginti valstybės sienas ir įtvirtinti valstybingumą. Nemaža dalis pašauktų vyrų karo tarnybon stojo nenoriai, slapstėsi, bėgo į užsienį. Lietuvos kariuomenę palikdavo mažiausiai kas penktas-šeštas mobilizuotas ar pašauktas vyras. Bendras Lietuvos kariuomenės dezertyrų skaičius 1919-1920 m. viršijo 20 000. Didelis pabėgimų iš karo tarnybos karių skaičius buvo sąlygotas, tiek išorinių, tiek vidinių aplinkybių – išorės priešų grėsmė, karių paruošimo ir aprūpinimo klausimas, tautinių kadrų trūkumas, tautinės savivokos problema. Įgimtas neigimas valdžios ir antimilitarizmas atsispindėjo ir vykdant mobilizacijas - nemaža dalis pašauktų vyrų karo tarnybon stojo nenoriai, slapstėsi, bėgo į užsienį. Nuo tarnybos bandė išsisukti kas trečias- ketvirtas pašauktas krašto vyras (26-35 %). Daliai Lietuvos gyventojų buvo sunkiai suvokiamas valstybingumo siekis. Nemaža dalis lietuvių tarnavo Lenkijos kariuomenėje - buvo užverbuoti Vokietijos belaisvių stovyklose arba mobilizuoti Lenkijos valdžios. 1920 m. I pusmetį padažnėjo Lenkijos kariuomenės karių perbėgimai į lietuvių pusę. 48% visų Lenkijos kariuomenės perbėgelių lietuvių fronte buvo mobilizuoti iš Suvalkų, Vilniaus ir Gardino apskričių. Nepriklausomybės kovų dezertyravusių karių socialinė priklausomybė buvo pakankamai marga - tai buvo skirtingo amžiaus... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The founding of own army in the years of Wars of Independence was not considered as a necessity for a society, and the volunteer forces of Lithuanian army was poorly organized and could hardly defend the frontiers of the country and consolidate its autonomy. A great number of men did not want to join the army, so were hiding or running away to foreign countries. Every five – six mobilized or called up men refused to join the Lithuanian army. The number of Lithuanian army deserters in years 1919 – 1920 exeeded 20.000. This fact was determined by both interior and exterior reasons: the threat from external enemies, the army preparation and maintenance problems, the lack of national recruiters, the absence of national and political consciousness. Inherent negation of authority and anti – militarism during mobilization was men's prevalent attitude. Every three – four men (26 - 35%) tried to evade th military service. The great part of lithuanians did not realized the significance and necessity of independence. One part of lithuanian men were recruited in the German prisoner – of – war camps or mobilized by the government of Poland and served in the Polish army. In the first half – year of 1920 the great number of soldiers who had gone over to Lithuanian army was noticed. 48% of all Polish army men who had deserted were mobilized from the districts of Suvalkai, Vilnius and Gardin. Deserters in the War if Independence were of different age, different social status and... [to full text]

Darbe analizuojama zooarcheologinė medžiaga iš XIII-XIV a. Viršutinio ir Žemutinio Kernavės miestų dalių. Buvo atliekama rūšinė bei anatominė analizė. Anatominės skeletų dalys buvo suskirstytos į atskiras dalis pagal teorinę kaulų/mėsos vertę. Darbas atskleidė, kad Kernavėje nebuvo pastovaus su skerdimu, išdorojimu ir atliekų šalinimu susijusio mechanizmo. Gyventojai laikė gyvulius šalia savo sodybų, juos patys skersdavo, o atliekomis atsikratydavo čia pat. Laukiniai gyvūnai, skirtingai nei naminiai greičiausiai buvo transportuojami į kitas miesto vietas, kadangi Viršutiniame ir Žemutiniame mieste nustatytos daugiausiai žemos vertės dalys. / Zooarchaeological material from the Upper and Lower town of XIII-XIVth century Kernavė archaeological complex has been analysed. Analysis of taxonomic and anatomical element distributions was taken into consideration. Element parts were separated according the meat value. The study revealed that there were no regulation of slaughtering, butchering, selling, and disposal of animal body waste parts. Residents raised livestock on or near their property and slaughtered the animals and processed the meat near their homes. Cattle were the main domestic animal to be raised. Wild animals were probably transported differently from domestic animals, not all parts (mainly of medium and lower value) were available to the town residents.

No description available.

The present constitution of the Republic of Lithuania is one of the Constitutions in Central and Eastern countries adopted at the end of XX century. There is no doubt that its conception had been influenced both by national and international factors: the countries’ constitutional traditions, the scholarly ideas of M. Romeris, proposals submitted by the Lithuanian and foreign researchers, institutes of former regime, democratic provisions of Western Europe, the experience of Central and Eastern European countries. This work is the analysis of a short, but diverse and complicated both in political and legal sense of the Lithuanian constitutionalism during 1988 – 1992, demonstrating the development of the vision of the constitutional regulation, how the creative process of the present Constitution was influenced by the changing political legal reality and the political life of the constitution process. The complex application of historical-legal and causal methods, using the analysis of normative and non-normative documents as well as applying other legal methods brings to the conclusion of the Master thesis that the preparation of the Constitution is a consecutive and purposeful process of creation and search for the most suitable constitutional model. Despite the fact that during the development process of the Constitution a quite heated political debate was taking place, the present Basic Law can be reasonably referred to as the result of the political and legal compromise... [to full text]

Originally presented as the author's Thesis (doctoral)--Warsaw, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 331-354) and index.

Thèse--Université de Paris. / "Bibliographie": p. [315]-334.

No description available.

This dissertation examines the wooden wayside shrines of Lithuania and the unique role they played in the religious, social and political history of Lithuania from the end of World War II to the 1990s. Two manifestations of performance are discussed: (1) the development of the wayside shrine tradition in the territory of Lithuania itself, and (2) the radicalization of the tradition among émigré artists rebuilding a sense of community in the West. With the annexation of Lithuania into the Soviet Union following World War II, the Communist government aggressively repressed but never completely eradicated the religiously-based wayside shrine tradition. Beginning in the 1970s, the Folk Art Society in Lithuania vigorously generated a renaissance in the folk heritage. Society members turned to the arts and crafts tradition and created over thirty, large-scale ensembles of woodcarvings throughout the countryside. As part of a struggle to assert Lithuanian cultural identity, the ubiquitous wayside shrines composed of roofed poles with chapels containing free-standing religious figures evolved into totemic carvings, which combine religious and secular figures fully engaged on the trunk of the totem pole. In North America, the Lithuanian diaspora recreated the shrines predominantly in miniature form, often using a greater variety of materials and tools. In this radicalized form they became the symbol of the Lithuanian community's identity in all aspects of its visual culture. The dissertation is organized into three sections: (1) an examination of the historical tradition, 1850–1940; (2) an analysis of the metamorphosis of the tradition in Lithuania, 1940–1990; (3) a comparative analysis of production in North America. Extensive fieldwork and interviews in Lithuania and North America, and research in previously unexplored archives inform the dissertation. Prior scholarship on the wayside shrine tradition has remained largely descriptive. This study seeks a broader cultural analysis, including the North American production which has not been documented until now. The contribution of this dissertation is to synthesize the significance of this art form by applying a variety of scholarly disciplines: art history, religion, anthropology, history, material culture, and immigration studies.