Submitted by Rachel Miranda (raccastro@hotmail.com) on 2011-11-23T13:40:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Rachel de Castro Miranda.docx: 337441 bytes, checksum: 94f1e6451f160efde1272e5e88bab440 (MD5) / Rejected by Gisele Isaura Hannickel (gisele.hannickel@fgv.br), reason: Prezada Rachel, O documento precisa ser postado no formato pdf, constando a ficha catalográfica com o código emitodo pela biblioteca. Em caso de dúvidas estamos à disposição. Att, Secretaria de Registro on 2011-11-23T18:19:25Z (GMT) / Submitted by Rachel Miranda (raccastro@hotmail.com) on 2011-11-24T14:50:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Rachel de Castro Miranda.docx: 337441 bytes, checksum: 94f1e6451f160efde1272e5e88bab440 (MD5) / Rejected by Gisele Isaura Hannickel (gisele.hannickel@fgv.br), reason: Prezada Rachel, O arquivo postado deve ser no formato pdf e a ficha catalográfica deve constar o código emitido pela biblioteca. Para confecção da ficha catalográfica entre no seguinte link: http://bibliotecadigital.fgv.br/site/bkab/form_ficha_catalografica - Biblioteca 3799-7728 Att, Secretaria de Registro on 2011-11-24T15:00:11Z (GMT) / Submitted by Rachel Miranda (raccastro@hotmail.com) on 2011-11-25T02:53:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Rachel_V Final.pdf: 422572 bytes, checksum: c23a8c853e8c82accf0772ee78dcc4fd (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Gisele Isaura Hannickel (gisele.hannickel@fgv.br) on 2011-11-25T11:10:24Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Rachel_V Final.pdf: 422572 bytes, checksum: c23a8c853e8c82accf0772ee78dcc4fd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2011-11-25T11:49:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rachel_V Final.pdf: 422572 bytes, checksum: c23a8c853e8c82accf0772ee78dcc4fd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-11-28 / The purpose of this study is to perform an empirical analysis of lawsuits involving the main regulatory agencies and the Administrative Council for Economic Defense (CADE) and verify the existence of incentives to litigate, when lawsuit claims require penalty payments. The incentive to litigate would be mainly motivated by economic benefits and is supposed to worsen Brazilian judiciary problems, leading to slowness and lawsuits piling up. In order to perform the proposed empirical analysis, a database built for a research of the National Justice Council (CNJ) was used. Due to database limitations, the approach adopted was to verify the existence of a positive conditional correlation between judicial decisions imposing penalties and the probability of first instance decision be favorable to the regulatory agency. This study found evidences that confirm this hypothesis of positive conditional correlation. In this case, individuals or companies would be recurring to the judiciary merely in order to postpone the payment of penalties, even being aware of this relatively high probability of maintenance of the agency’s initial decision. This concern in postpone payments is motivated by financial benefits, such as spreads between market interest rates and judicial monetary indexation or fines actualization. / O objetivo deste trabalho é realizar uma análise empírica dos processos judiciais envolvendo as principais agências reguladoras e o Conselho Administrativo de Defesa Econômica (CADE) e verificar se existe incentivo ao litígio quando estes processos envolvem uma decisão punitiva, ou seja, que requer o pagamento de multas. Este incentivo à litigar seria motivado, principalmente, por benefícios econômicos e estaria contribuindo para agravar os problemas do judiciário brasileiro, tais como morosidade e acúmulo de processos. Para a realização do estudo empírico proposto, foi utilizada uma base de dados construída especialmente para uma pesquisa do Conselho Nacional de Justiça (CNJ). Dadas as limitações desta base de dados, a estratégia adotada foi de verificar se existe uma correlação condicional positiva entre o fato de a decisão envolver multa e a probabilidade do resultado em primeira instância ser favorável à agência. Os resultados encontrados indicam que essa correlação condicional é realmente positiva. Nesse caso, os indivíduos ou empresas estariam recorrendo à justiça com o mero intuito de protelar o pagamento, mesmo sabendo que a probabilidade de que a decisão inicial da agência seja mantida é relativamente elevada. Este interesse em protelar seria motivado por ganhos financeiros, como diferenciais da taxa de juros de mercado e a correção monetária ou atualização da multa na justiça.

The child’s participation in any legal matter involving him/her is crucial whether received directly or indirectly through a legal representative. The significance of the child’s views in legal matters is accepted internationally and is entrenched in South African law. This is the main feature of the present research. In Roman law the paterfamilias was the complete antithesis of the best interest of the child with his paternal power entirely serving his own interests. The best interests of the child progressively improved his/her participatory rights and the dominance of paternal authority in Roman, Germanic, and Frankish law eventually gave way to parental authority and assistance in Roman-Dutch law. This advanced the child’s participation in legal matters and under Roman-Dutch law, his/her right of participation included legal representation by way of a curator ad litem. The child’s best interests were consistently viewed from an adult’s perspective and resulted in an adult-centred assessment of his/her best interests. Statutory intervention increased the child’s participatory and representation rights, however, the tenor of these items of legislation remained parent-centred. The Appeal Court later dispelled any uncertainty regarding the paramountcy with respect to the best interests of the child. During the 1970s in South Africa, the emphasis began shifting from a parent-centred to a child-centred approach in litigation between parents in cases involving their children. An open-ended list of factors comprising the best interests of the child accentuated this shift. Courts were encouraged to apply the paramountcy rule in legal matters concerning children and to consider the views of children in determining their best interests. The new democratic constitutional dispensation in South Africa, followed by the ratification of the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the African Charter, obligated South Africa to align children’s rights with international law and standards. The South African Law Reform Commission set out to investigate and to formulate a single comprehensive children’s statute. The resultant Children’s Act 38 of 2005 is the most important item of legislation for children in private law in South Africa. The Children’s Act provides for the widest possible form of child participation in legal matters involving the child. It revolutionises child participation requiring no lower age limit as a determining factor when allowing the child, able to form a view, to express that view. The child’s right to access a court and to be assisted in doing so further enhances his/her participatory right. Effective legal representation is the key in ensuring that children enjoy the fundamental right of participation equal to that of adults in legal matters involving children. Comparative research of child laws in Australia, Kenya, New Zealand and United Kingdom confirms that South Africa is well on the way in enhancing children’s participatory and legal representation rights in legal matters concerning them. This illustrates that only the child’s best interests should serve as a requirement for the legal representation of children in legal matters. Continued training is essential to ensure the implementation of the Children’s Act and requires a concerted effort from all role-players. / Thesis (LLD)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Private Law / unrestricted

No description available.

The study sought to determine, first, what the rules of the Hananwa family law were and, second, whether those rules were compatible with the Constitution. First, it documented the rules of the official family law. The problem that the study countenanced is that customary law is "corrupted, inauthentic and lacking authority".1 Second, it established and documented the rules of the Hananwa family law. The problem that the study countenanced in respect of Hananwa law was that it was difficult to ascertain the content of the rules of the "living" Hananwa law in order to determine their compatibility with the provisions of the Bill of Rights. Moreover, the traditional Hananwa community is inegalitarian and patriarchal. Section 9 of the Constitution provides that everyone is equal before the law and enjoys equal and full protection and benefit of the law. The study found that the Hananwas still observe their system of customary law. However, there are visible changes. For instance, nowadays the spousal consent is a validity requirement for all customary marriages. A parent or legal guardian must consent to a customary marriage of a minor. The individual spouses, not their families, are parties to their own customary marriages. African women enjoy equal status. This development is consistent with section 9 of the Constitution read with section 6 of the Recognition of Customary Marriages Act 120 of 1998. According to the Constitutional Court, in MM v MN and Another 2013 4 SA 415 (CC), the first wife must consent to her husband's customary marriage to another woman in addition to her customary marriage to him. However, some rules of the Hananwa law do not comply with the provisions of the Bill of Rights. For instance, according to the Hananwa law, extramarital children do not enjoy equal inheritance rights and maintenance rights yet. This discrimination is inconsistent with the constitutional right to equality and the provisions of the Reform of Customary Laws of Succession and Regulations of Related Matters Act 11 of 2009.The Constitution puts common law and customary law on a par. However, the courts have often replaced customary law dispute resolution rules with the common law rules. For instance, the Constitutional Court in Bhe and Others v Magistrate, Khayelitsha and Others; Shibi v Sithole and South African Human Rights Commission and Another v President of the Republic of South Africa and Another 2005 1 SA 580 (CC) and the High Court in Maluleke v Minister of Home Affairs 2008 JDR 0426 (W) substituted the rules of common law for those of customary law in order to resolve customary law disputes. The legislature could not be outdone. A meticulous study of the Recognition of Customary Marriages Act 120 of 1998 and the Reform of Customary Laws of Succession and Regulations of Related Matters Act 11 of 2009 reveals that their provisions almost appropriately reflect the common law marriage and intestate succession rules respectively. The Recognition of Customary Marriages Act has, furthermore, adopted the provisions of the Divorce Act of 1979. Section 28 of the Constitution read with the Children's Act 38 of 2005 has generally substituted the fundamental human rights for the unequal rights provided by the customary law of parent and child. The Maintenance Act 99 of 1998 has substituted the communal form of maintenance under customary law. / Public, Constitutional, & International Law / LLD (International and Constitutional Law)

The study sought to determine, first, what the rules of the Hananwa family law were and, second, whether those rules were compatible with the Constitution. First, it documented the rules of the official family law. The problem that the study countenanced is that customary law is "corrupted, inauthentic and lacking authority".1 Second, it established and documented the rules of the Hananwa family law. The problem that the study countenanced in respect of Hananwa law was that it was difficult to ascertain the content of the rules of the "living" Hananwa law in order to determine their compatibility with the provisions of the Bill of Rights. Moreover, the traditional Hananwa community is inegalitarian and patriarchal. Section 9 of the Constitution provides that everyone is equal before the law and enjoys equal and full protection and benefit of the law. The study found that the Hananwas still observe their system of customary law. However, there are visible changes. For instance, nowadays the spousal consent is a validity requirement for all customary marriages. A parent or legal guardian must consent to a customary marriage of a minor. The individual spouses, not their families, are parties to their own customary marriages. African women enjoy equal status. This development is consistent with section 9 of the Constitution read with section 6 of the Recognition of Customary Marriages Act 120 of 1998. According to the Constitutional Court, in MM v MN and Another 2013 4 SA 415 (CC), the first wife must consent to her husband's customary marriage to another woman in addition to her customary marriage to him. However, some rules of the Hananwa law do not comply with the provisions of the Bill of Rights. For instance, according to the Hananwa law, extramarital children do not enjoy equal inheritance rights and maintenance rights yet. This discrimination is inconsistent with the constitutional right to equality and the provisions of the Reform of Customary Laws of Succession and Regulations of Related Matters Act 11 of 2009.The Constitution puts common law and customary law on a par. However, the courts have often replaced customary law dispute resolution rules with the common law rules. For instance, the Constitutional Court in Bhe and Others v Magistrate, Khayelitsha and Others; Shibi v Sithole and South African Human Rights Commission and Another v President of the Republic of South Africa and Another 2005 1 SA 580 (CC) and the High Court in Maluleke v Minister of Home Affairs 2008 JDR 0426 (W) substituted the rules of common law for those of customary law in order to resolve customary law disputes. The legislature could not be outdone. A meticulous study of the Recognition of Customary Marriages Act 120 of 1998 and the Reform of Customary Laws of Succession and Regulations of Related Matters Act 11 of 2009 reveals that their provisions almost appropriately reflect the common law marriage and intestate succession rules respectively. The Recognition of Customary Marriages Act has, furthermore, adopted the provisions of the Divorce Act of 1979. Section 28 of the Constitution read with the Children's Act 38 of 2005 has generally substituted the fundamental human rights for the unequal rights provided by the customary law of parent and child. The Maintenance Act 99 of 1998 has substituted the communal form of maintenance under customary law. / Public, Constitutional, and International Law / LLD (International and Constitutional Law)