Afrikaans: Dit is nou byna honderd jaar gelede dat A. Kuyper sy waardevolle boek oor die erediens begin met 'n klag. Hy verwoord die gevoelens van vele ander oor die besef van wat die Christelike erediens is of beter gesê behoort te wees: "Jarenlang heerschte op dit punt grenzenlooze verwarring, ... " (Kuyper 1911 :7). Daarmee wil hy geen regverdiging gee vir die pleidooi vir slegs een strakke en onwisselbare vorm van liturgie nie. My sorg is dat die samekomste van die gemeente van die Here nie meer gesien en beleef word binne die raamwerk van God se verbond met sy gemeente nie. In die praktyk kom allerlei liturgiese vraagstukke aan die orde. Dit is egter my oortuiging dat die vraagstukke te veel bespreek word (en 'n plek kry in die erediens) as los- en opsigself staande aspekte van ons aanbidding. 'n Helder insig in dit wat beheersend is vir die erediens, is soek. Vraagstukke oor ons liturgie is geweldig belangrik, aangesien dit nie los staan van ons lewe van elke dag nie. Daar word gesê dat iemand leef soos hy bid. Tereg. Met eweveel goeie reg kan gesê word dat iemand voor die Here leef, soos wat die erediens beleef en ingevul word. Een sprekende voorbeeld behoort duidelik te maak wat hiermee bedoel word. In die Oosters-Ortodokse kerke word die kerkgebou gesien as 'n heiligdom. In hierdie heiligdom word die liturgie afgespeel as 'n heilige drama waarin die lewe van Christus uitgebeeld word. Hierdie drama moet die lidmate help om 'n mistieke ervaring en ontmoeting met God te ervaar. Die manier waarop Christus in so 'n erediens teenwoordig is, is nie deur sy Heilige Gees wat deur geloof in die harte van sy kinders leef en werk nie. Die prediking van die Woord van genade moes grootliks plek maak vir die drama van die goddelike. Geloofsvertroue in die Woord van Christus wat bedien word in die prediking, maak plek vir die belewing van 'n hemelse drama. Die erediens word 'n stuk hemel op aarde. Laasgenoemde word onderstreep deurdat die kerkdeure letterlik gesluit word om 'n ruimte te skep wat afgesluit is van die wêreld. Die lewe en wêreld van elke dag moet verlaat word om gemeenskap met God te kan hê. Vanwee hierdie mistiek in die erediens, kon die kerk in Rusland in die verlede ook heel maklik haar oë toesluit vir 'n daaglikse heilige lewenswandel en sosiale onreg wat die kerk spraakloos gelaat het. In 'n gereformeerde liturgiese besef, is die uitgangspunt nie dat die erediens los staan van die daaglikse lewe nie. Lewe in die erediens en in die lewenspraktyk van elke dag is 'n lewe voor die aangesig van God (coram Deo). Die praktyk van 'n lewe voor die aangesig van God word egter wei gevoed vanuit die erediens en het ook daar sy bron. God se Naam moet weer aangeroep word (Gen 4:26), ons afhanklikheid van die Here se genade vir elke dag en oomblik van ons lewens moet bely word, vanuit die Woord moet ons (geloof) gevoed word sodat ons met lofprysing tot die Here kan sing. In die erediens gaan dit daarom om 'n lewende, aktuele ontmoeting tussen die Lewende Here en sy verbondsgemeente binne 'n spesifieke tyd en konteks. Die liefde tussen die hemelse Bruidegom en sy bruid word gevier en gevoed. Die erediens moet daarom 'n struktuur hê van 'n dialoog - gesprek en reaksie van die een op die ander. Daarmee het ons nie gesê dat die prediking 'n dialoog is nie! In die prediking is dit nou juis die Bruidegom wat tot die hart van sy (sondige) bruid spreek. Die preek is liefdesverklaring van die Bruidegom. Daarin praat die gemeente nie saam nie, maar mag sy deur haar houding laat sien wat dit beteken om uit genade te leef. 'n Reseptiewe/ontvanklike houding van geloof pas by die gemeente. Natuurlik lok die liefdesverklaring lof op in die harte van die gemeente. Die lof van die gemeente is dan eerder 'n belydenis en dankoffer (Hebr 13:15) as wat dit deel is van dialoog in die prediking. Prediking is per definisie monoloog - eenrigtingsgeskenk van Christus aan sy gemeente. Wie wil en kan daarin saampraat? Sinergisme (medewerking tussen God en mens) in die prediking is net so onvanpas as wat dit in ons wedergeboorte is. Die boek Openbaring maak ons attent op die wesenlike eenheid tussen die erediens in die hemel rondom die troon van die Lam en die erediens van die gemeente hier op aarde (Op 4:6-11). Die diens rondom die hemelse troon is niks anders as 'n voortsetting van die diens hier op aarde nie. Dit het daarom veel te sê vir ons belewing van ons aardse erediens wanneer die gemeente van Christus saamkom. In die hemel is 'n erediens aan die gang waaraan nie alleen mense nie, maar ook engele deel het en waarvan die middelpunt ingeneem word deur die Lam wat geslag is vir ons sondes. Hy is die Een wat werd is om die boek met sy seëIs oop te maak, Hy is die Een wat waardig is om die lof van mense en engele te ontvang. Op die minste kan en moet daarom vanuit die Skrif gesê word dat ons erediens elke Sondag (of ander dae van die week) niks minder behoort te wees as 'n aardse samekoms wat reg laat geskied aan die hemelse samekoms (wat reeds aan die gang is en tot in alle ewigheid sal voortduur) nie. Die middelpunt van die hemelse erediens is die Lam wat in die allerheiligsle van die hemel ingegaan het met sy bloed ter wille van Sy verbondsgemeente. Met sy bloed pleit Hy as Hoëpriesler vir die gemeenle by die Vader. Dit doen Hy nie as bedelaar nie, maar as oorwinnaar en gestuurde van die Vader. Daarom die onstuitbare lof van die wat hulle klere gewas het in die bloed van die Lam wal rondom die troon staan. Wal ook al verder in 'n erediens gebeur, Iyk dit onontwykbaar dat bogenoemde die basis vorm van enige erediens wal Christelik wil wees. Binne so 'n erediens aileen kry die doopsformulier en nagmaalsformulier en bevestiging van ampsdraers 'n waardige plek as gawes van die Here. Sonder die leef vanuit die Lam op sy (genade)troon as middelpunt van ons erediens, word al ons sang slegs 'n klinkende metaal en Iuidende simbaal; ons gebede word mistieke en emosionele gesprekke met onsself of op sy meeste met ons naaste; die prediking word 'n uitroep om hulp van die een mens aan die ander. Dit Iyk vir my nie te veel gesê nie, dat die erediens niks minder mag wees as die viering van God se genadeverbond met sy gemeente nie. Los van hierdie besef word alle liturgiese besinning grepe in die lug waarin die een wat die hardste stem het of die langste sy argument kan volhou, die oorwinnaar gaan wees. Dan het die fees van die oorwinning van die Lam verdwyn. Dan laat die erediens in so baie van ons gemeentes my dink aan die laaste vers van Rigters: " ... elkeen het gedoen wat reg is in sy eie oe" (21 :25, vgl. ook 17:6). Van 'n "gesonde ontplooiing van die erediens (waarin) ... die liturgiese ordes kerklik vasgestel en eerbiedig word ... " is daar nie altyd 'n getuienis van nie. (Vergelyk: Handboek vir die Erediens:5). Oor die jare heen is reeds baie uitsprake - positief sowel as negatief - oor die erediens gemaak wat tot gevolg gehad het dat daar ook dan reeds verskeie boeke oor die erediens die lig gesien het wat aan die einde van die dag blote pogings was om die erediens óf af te kraak, óf heeltemal te omvorm. Pogings om die erediens te verdedig het ongelukkig gefaal omrede dit meestal sonder 'n diepgaande begronding van die wese, die doel en die inrigting van die erediens was. Hierdie uitsprake kan in twee kategorieë verdeel word. Die eerste kategorie is beskrywend van aard: Die erediens word beskryf as "die lewensaar van die kerk se lewe" (Barnard, 1981:3) en dat dit 'n "eeu-oue barometer" (Barnard, 1981:3) vir die lewe en arbeid van die kerk is. Die tweede kategorie is meer emosioneel van aard wat juis sinspeel op die gevoel en ervaring: "Die stemming van die eredienste is te somber, kleurloos en onbesield" (Barnard, 1981 :4). Voorts word die erediens getipeer as sonder sorg, dood of styf en dat dit vasgevang is in die kleed van gereformeerdheid. Dit is veral hierdie tweede kategorie uitspraak, nl. die emosionele, wat in ons dag die botoon voer. Ongelukkig bly dit nie by woorde nie, want ons verneem telkens van gevalle waar lidmate van ons kerk oorgaan na ander kerke of groepe waar daar 'n "warmer" atmosfeer SOU heers, of waar daar iets sou "gebeur". Wat meer is, diegene wat oorstap kom nie net uit ons lidmate-korps nie, maar ook uit ons regerende en lerende ampte. Nog 'n ontstellende feit is dat sosiologiese berekeninge daarop dui dat die gereformeerde kerke in die jaar 2000 soos eilandjies in 'n see van Charismatiese groepe sal wees! AI die bogenoemde feite is uiters ontstellend, en dit noodsaak beslis nadere besinning. Een van die faktore wat vir die bogenoemde oorstappers verantwoordelik is, is sonder twyfel die gebrek aan emosionele belewenis (ervaring) in die erediens. Daar dan die rede vir die keuse van die tema van hierdie verhandeling: "Die belewing van God se teenwoordigheid in die erediens." In gereformeerde kringe is daar egter 'n groot gereserveerdheid ten opsigte van en selfs vrees vir enige vorm van emosie in die erediens. Voeg daarby die tradisionele houding dat emosie 'n negatiewe of pejoratiewe verskynsel is, en 'n mens kom te staan voor die verwronge mensbeskouing: die mens is 'n rasionele wese wat wel 'n wil van sy eie het, maar geen emosie nie: as hy wel emosie het, moet hy dit liefs onderdruk! Waar mense egter tot geloof in Christus kom, het mense die behoefte - "voel hulle geroepe" (Barnard, 1981:3) - om die erediens by te woon en God se teenwoordigheid emosionele te beleef. Sodoende het Christenwees feitlik sinoniem geword aan erediensbywoning - iets wat ononderbroke gehandhaaf is vir baie eeue - ongeag die omstandighede. "Dikwels was daar die dreiging van die dood en vervolging, maar dit het nie die Christene afgeskrik nie. Baie martelare, soos byvoorbeeld die van Abitina, het verklaar dat hulle eerder bereid is om die marteldood te sterf as om die Nagmaalsdiens na te laat, want het hulle gesê: "Ons kan nie sonder die nagmaal leef nie" (Barnard, 1981 :3). 'n Baie duidelike bewys dat die teenwoordigheid van God in die erediens eens baie intens beleef was. Of dit vandag nog die geval is, is nie so seker nie. Waar mense in die verlede getrou eredienste bygewoon het, is dit vandag die algemene tendens dat lidmate aan die eenkant bloot net wegloop na ander kerke of groepe waar hulle in 'n meer "warmer atmosfeer" God se teenwoordigheid beleef .... of net eenvoudig wegbly van die erediens en hul tyd in die winkels of op die sportveld deurbring. Die moderne mens is van mening dat die erediens nog geklee is in 'n gereformeerde kleed van die verlede wat meebring dat dit nie in pas is met die hede nie. Daarom is die gereformeerde erediens vir hulle verouderd. In 'n postmoderne samelewing hoort die gereformeerde erediens aan die verlede en pas dit nie in by die huidige beweeglikheid. En asof dit nie al erg genoeg is nie, word die gebede in die erediens as irrelevant beskou. So word die erediens afgemaak as 'n passiewe en kragtelose eenrigting verkeer omdat die mens kwansuis nie aktief (met liggaam en siel) daaraan kan deelneem nie. Die middelpunt waarom al die besware teen die gereformeerde erediens draai is die prediking. "Dit word gesien as te monologies, en daar word gesoek na dialoog; dit is abstrak, teoreties, onbegryplik en irrelevant vir die daaglikse lewe" (Barnard, 1981 :5). Die moderne en postmoderne mens voel dat hy homself, sy wêreld, sy stryd, sy vrae, sy probleme en sy toekoms nie in die erediens kan vind nie. Antwoorde op lewensvrae is wetties, moralisties en negatief. Baie kere word onsekere, soms dubbelsinnige, en selfs geen antwoorde, gegee op vrae wat gevra word. Die algemene gevoel is dan ook dat die prediking en erediens nie rekening hou met die mondigheid van die lidmaat nie. Kritiek teen die inhoud en wese van die erediens het vroeër gegaan oor "die foute en misbruike van die erediens, maar die erediens self en die karakter daarvan, is nie bevraagteken nie" (Barnard, 1981 :6). Vroeër is gevra na die wyse van aanbidding en hoe daar saam aanbid moet word. Vandag gaan die nie meer oor wat die regte wyse van aanbidding is nie, maar of die erediens in sy geheel gesien nog enigsins moontlik is. Die erediens as sodanig het vir die postmoderne mens problematies geword. Nie net die vorm nie, maar die erediens self is verouderd. "There is no modern form of public worship because the modern world is secular" (C. Davis, soos aangehaal deur Barnard, 1981 :7). So word die erediens al stadig maar seker as oorbodig beskou. Volgens Barnard (1981 :7) word beweer dat ons God "alleen nog in die ontmoeting met die naaste" ken en dat die erediens dan alleenlik betekenis het deurdat die naaste in sy nood gedien word. "Daar word beweer dat Christus aileen in die dorstiges en hongeriges te vinde is. God staan nie teenoor ons nie, maar ons ontmoet Hom as lemand wat meely met die Iydendes. Die onvermoë van die moderne mens tot gebed en verering, tot meditasie en Bybellees, word nie as 'n gebrek gesien nie, maar juis as 'n bevryding" (Barnard (1981 :7). Die oomblik wanneer die mens God slegs kan vind in die werklikheid waarin hyself lewe, dan kan jy nie anders as om die gevoel te kry dat daar nie meer plek vir God is in die lewe en wêreld van die moderne mens nie. Na my mening Iê die antwoord in die mens se belewing van God se teenwoordigheid in die erediens. Maar dan moet ook onmiddelik gesê word dat indien die mens nie God se teenwoordigheid in sy/haar eie lewe, op 'n daaglikse basis, beleef nie, hy/sy ook nie God in die erediens sal beleef nie. AI word daar nou ook watter liturgiese model gebruik, hetsy van 'n eng konserwatiewe liturgie tot 'n "way out entertainment" liturgie, as jy nie God se teenwoordigheid in jou eie persoonlike lewe ervaar nie, sal jy dit baie beslis ook nie in die erediens ervaar nie. Hoe pragtig Lied 159 ("God is hier teenwoordig, ...... ), wat soms in die erediens gesing word, ookal mag klink, is die vraag egter nie "of God in die erediens teenwoordig is nie", - ons weet dat God in die erediens teenwoordig is, daaroor is daar geen twyfel nie. God belowe immers in sy Woord dat: ...... waar twee of drie in my Naam saam is, daar is Ek by hulle" (Matt 18:20). Nee, die vraag is eerder "of ek as mens God se teenwoordigheid in die erediens ervaar, en walter impak het dit op my persoonlike lewe." Dit is dus duidelik dat daar iewers ernstige fout is. Daarom is dit belangrik om na te gaan waarom mense die eredienste bywoon, of nie bywoon nie. Alhoewel baie dinge in die erediens (Iiturgie) verander (vernuwe) het, blyk dit tog dat die erediens iets van die bekoring van God se teenwoordigheid in die erediens verloor het. Daar dan die moontlike rede dat die erediens die brandpunt van kritiek, aan die een kant, en vernuwing, aan die ander kant, is nie. Die stroom van kritiek word net sterker en radikaler. Mense bly ontevrede oor die erediens. Maak nie saak hoe die erediens ingerig word nie, daar is altyd mense wat van mening is dat die erediens nie hulle behoeftes aanspreek nie. Daar sal dus opnuut gekyk moet word na wat die erediens werklik is, waarom mense dit bywoon, en hoe dit op 'n sinvolle wyse moet plaasvind. Die doel van hierdie studie is drieledig van aard: (a) om vas te stel of mense werklik God se teenwoordigheid in die erediens ervaar, al dan nie; (b) om vas te stel walter impak (invloed) die belewing of nie-belewing van God se teenwoordigheid in die erediens op die daaglikse lewe van die lidmaat het, en (c) om vas te stel of die belewing van die teenwoordigheid van God in die erediens enigsins verband hou met die lidmaat se persoonlike verhouding met God. Die motivering vir hierdie studie is geleë in die baie variasies in die liturgie, asook in die verskillende "modelle" wat deesdae in die erediens gebruik word dat 'n mens soms wonder waaroor dit werklik gaan in die erediens. Gaan dit oor God of gaan die oor die mens? ... Daarom is dit belangrik dat daar gekyk word na die redes hoekom mense die erediens bywoon - is dit omdat hulle God se teenwoordigheid in die erediens ervaar; of omdat dit maar net nog 'n ritueel (tradisie) is? Of moontlik Iê die rede daarin omdat dit alles oor my eie prestasies gaan (bv. die Fariseers) of omdat hulle wan hoop aan hulleself en heil by God soek (bv. die Tollenaar). Om 'n geheelbeeld van bogenoemde te kry, sal daar ook gekyk moet word na die redes waarom mense nie die erediens bywoon nie - het dit dalk iets te doen moet die nie-ervaring van God se teenwoordigheid in die erediens, al dan nie? Kort-kort lees en hoor jy dat die erediens "user-friendly" - die taal van die nuwe millennium? - moet wees. Die kerk wat God se teenwoordigheid simboliseer, word gereduseer tot 'n "showroom" waar die mens ge-"entertain" moet word deur die "entertainer" die liturg. So gesien, blyk dit vir my asof God se teenwoordigheid in die erediens afgewater word na 'n "skouspel" en "entertainment". Die belang van so 'n navorsing is geleë in die soeke na 'n erediens "styl" of "model" wat, aan die een kant, die mens help om werklik God se teenwoordigheid in die erediens te beleef sonder dat dit nodig is om 'n "skouspel" van die erediens te maak; en, aan die ander kant, om weer aan God sy regmatige plek in die erediens te gee waar Hy alleen verheerlik en gedien kan word. Hopelik sal die navorsing daartoe bydra dat mense weer nuut na die erediens sal kyk en God se teenwoordigheid in die erediens as onontbeerlik vir die Christelike lewe sal besef. Daar is van twee navorsingsmetodes gebruik gemaak, nl. (a) 'n Literatuur ondersoek om te poog om die vraag na 'n Gereformeerde erediens te beantwoord, asook om die belang van God se teenwoordigheid in die erediens opnuut weer te beklemtoon; en .... (b) 'n Kwalitatiewe empiriese ondersoek waar persoonlike onderhoude met tussen 10-15 mense gevoer is aan die hand van vooraf opgestelde vrae in 'n poging om antwoorde op genoemde probleemstellings te kry. English: It is nearly a hundred year ago that A. Kuyper started his book on worship with a complaint, addressing many scholars feelings regarding worship, what it is or should be: "Jarenlang heerschte op dit punt grenzenlooze verwarring, ... " (Kuyper 1911 :7). With this he does not plea for a fixed and immovable liturgy. It is my concern that the gathering of the congregation of the Lord are not seen and experienced within the frame of Gods covenant with his congregation. Many positive and negative have been said about worship over the years. Attempts to defend the liturgy have failed because it lack of a deep found definition of the essence, purpose and establishment of worship. These attempts can be divided into two categories. The one category describes the sermon as the lifeline of the church and that it is a barometer for the work and life of the church. The second category is concentrate more on the emotional - the feeling and experiencing - side thereof. Furthermore it is said that the worship is without any concern, it is dead and has been caught up in the old reformed tradition. In a reformed liturgy the starting point is that worship does not stand apart from the daily life. Life in worship and life in the day-to-day living-practice is life in the face of God (coram Deo). In worship it al come down to a life, actual meeting between the Living God and his covenant church in a specific time and context. Therefore the experiencing of God's presence in the worship of the church is vital to the personal everyday life. This brings the whole question on how God's presence in the worship of the church can be experienced on the theological table. The author has looked at the experiencing of God's presence in the worship of the church by in an attempt to answering the question regarding Reformed worshiping (chapter 1) and how does member of the church really experience the presence of God in the worship (chapter 3). He did this by means of a quality empirical survey on the one hand, and suggests a way of thinking about the presence of God by comparing the different views, e.g. the traditional, the modernism, the postmodernism and contemporary cultures. The presence of God in worship is something different from the omnipresence of God; that it is perceived in faith and that it interrupts the faithful's everyday life by addressing him or her on the self-sacrificing love of Christ for the world in need. God is then present in worship as He is in everyday life, which is in the face of need, and His presence can be more appropriately depicted as a confrontation reelle than a praesentia realis. / Dissertation (MA(Theology))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Practical Theology / unrestricted

This thesis expresses a thorough conceptual and theoretical investigation of the liturgical challenges a liturgist (preacher) faces to address worshippers of all MBTI® (Myers-Briggs Type Indicator®) personality types effectively in public sermons. The investigation is focused on the conceptualizing of psychological factors and the effects thereof that need to be taken into account by liturgists in a public worship service. The scientific aim of the thesis is to give liturgists a theoretical grasp on the hermeneutical factors, liturgical demands and homiletical challenges that any preacher should calculate in addressing worshippers with different and often ‘conflicting’ personality types and needs in a public sermon. I have chosen the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator® as psychometric instrument which consists out of sixteen unique and different personality types that are described in a four letter combination. This combination describes a person’s preferred orientation to the world (extroversion or introversion), his/her preferred way of gathering information (sensing or intuition), his/her preferred way of decision making (thinking or feeling) and the preferred lifestyle he/she adopts (judging or perceiving). The MBTI® builds on the insights of the well-known Swiss psychiatrist Carl Gustav Jung, the father of analytical psychology as well as the efforts of the formidable mother and daughter combination, Isabel Myers and Katharine Briggs. The reason for this choice is because the MBTI® proofs to be the most distinctive and effective instrument for comprehensively addressing spirituality and type. On the one hand the MBTI® is ‘friendly’ and intelligible enough to be taken into account by any congregation and liturgist while on the other hand it is a thorough and comprehensive psychometric instrument with sound subjacent psychological and scientific principles. Jung distinguished two opposite energizing orientations to the world, extraversion and introversion and four mental functions, the two opposite ways of taking in information (sensing and intuition) and the two opposite ways of ordering (organizing) the information that’s been taken in (thinking and feeling). In addition, Isabel Myers and Katharine Briggs added two preferred opposite lifestyles, an organized planned lifestyle (judging) and an adaptive spontaneous lifestyle (perceiving). Out of these combined distinctions the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator® was born. The investigation is conveyed in two distinct phases namely a theoretical- and a conclusive phase. The thesis consists out of four parts. Part 1 (Chapters 1 and 2) covers the introduction, an explanation of the methodology and the preliminary description of the concepts in the title of the thesis and other relevant concepts for example ‘liturgy’. The title of the thesis is: Personality types in worshippers: A practical-theological investigation of the challenges a preacher faces to address worshippers of all MBTI® (Myers-Briggs Type Indicator®) personality types effectively in sermons. A bilingual list of keywords is included at the beginning of the thesis to enhance continuous research and investigation. Part 2 encompasses the rest of the theoretical phase of the investigation. It consists out of a theoretical exposition of practical-theological principles like hermeneutics and homiletics (Chapter 3), an explanation of three important hermeneutical exponents Gadamer, Habermas and Ricoeur (Chapter 4), other distinctive factors that should be taken into account by the liturgist in the construction and presentation of a worship service (Chapter 5), the discussion of personality and personality types (Chapter 6), the evaluation of several psychological and psychometric instruments that could contribute to the investigation (Chapter 7), the exposition of Jung’s psychological model subjacent to the MBTI® (Chapter 8), an explanation of the theoretical foundation of the MBTI® (Chapter 9) and a comprehensive and extensive exposition of the sixteen distinctive MBTI® personality types (Chapter 10). Part 3 of the thesis consists out of Chapters 11 and 12 and encompasses the conclusive phase of the investigation. The aim of the investigation was to foster appreciation and insight in the dynamics, interaction and co-operation of the MBTI® factors, -combinations and sixteen -personality types in worshippers, so that liturgists and congregations can plan the composition and presentation of worship services accordingly. It will help to lessen the communication hindrances in the presenting and accepting of the Gospel in a worship service. The following practical question is answered in Part 3: What knowledge and insight needs to be fostered within preachers, church councils and congregations in order to accommodate and utilize the needs and strengths of the different personality types so that effective communication of the Gospel can take place in die worship service, where all personality types are potentially included? Preachers and congregations are helped to practically and liturgically address worshippers of all 16 MBTI® personality types. In Chapter 11 general challenges and demands that a liturgist (preacher) faces to address worshippers of all the MBTI® personality types effectively in a public sermon, are addressed. Other determining factors like needs, expectations, theological-anthropological perspectives, spirituality, conflicting timeframes, different generations, stages of psychological- and faith development, selective moments, politics, relationships, social contexts, clothing, moods, language, culture, sexuality, gender roles and defence meganisms are also calculated. The determining and role of personality types (in liturgist and worshippers) and the practical implications and challenges of distinct MBTI® factors and -combinations are addressed. The hermeneutical-, liturgical- and homiletical challenges and demands of the various factors are calculated. The chapter ends by calculating other practical demands and suggestions like different types of worship sermons, alternating worship services, the alternating of liturgical elements in one sermon and the developing of a specific and deliberate style and identity in a worship service. In Chapter 12 the specific demands and challenges that the liturgist faces to effectively address worshippers of all sixteen MBTI® personality types in sermons, are addressed. Hermeneutical-, liturgical- and homiletical challenges and demands with regard to each of the sixteen MBTI® personality types are taken practically into account in a communicative theory of practice. Hermeneutical challenges helps liturgists to spiritually understand each personality type better. With regard to liturgical presentation and construction, the liturgical suggestions enhance the accommodation and involvement of every personality type in the public sermon. Homiletical proposals contribute to the effective preaching, heralding and receiving of the Gospel in the public worship service, so that worshippers of every personality style can be addressed in the public worship service. Other liturgists are invited to freely add their experience and insight in the practical application of the hermeneutical-, liturgical- and homiletical suggestions and proposals. Part 4 concludes the thesis with a short summary and an extensive exposition of literature references in a Bibliography according to an adapted Harvard method. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Practical Theology / unrestricted

The Gnostic Mass of the Ecclesia Gnostica Catholica (E.G.C.) suggests a heterosexual gender binary in which the female Priestess seated on the altar as the sexual and fertile image of the divine feminine is directed by the male Priest’s activity, desire and speech. The apparent contradiction between the empowered individual and the polarized gender role was examined by comparing the ritual symbolism of the feminine with the interpretations of four Priestesses and three Priests (three pairs plus one). Findings suggest that the Priestess’ role in the Gnostic Mass is associated with channeling, receptivity, womb, cup, and fertility, while the Priest’s role is associated with enthusiasm, activity, phallus, lance, and virility. Despite this strong gender duality, the Priestesses asserted that their role was personally and spiritually empowering, and they maintained heterosexual and polarized gendered roles are necessary in a transformative ritual which ultimately reveals the godlike unified individual.

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The design of the Church “Seslání Ducha Svatého” with the spiritual center in Líšeň, Brno answers the question: "How should the contemporary church look like?" Analysis of the site, awareness of the character and requirements of today's time, historical and cultural continuity and liturgical changes of the last century gave rise to 7 points of the architecture of the new church. This program describes the new liturgy, defines the form of the subordinate community of believers, characterizes the work with the material envelope of the inner space, establishes the relation between the horizontal and the vertical and the curved and rectangular, explains the theme of orientation and work with the interior. The final urban and architectural solution is based on these assumptions. The spiritual center, consisting of a multifunctional hall, a classroom, a club-room, a rectory, a cafeteria with a library, and underground garages with technology, is geometrically rigid, layered and precisely fitted, while church is completely different in its shape and scale, indicating functional and sacral differences. The abstract form of the church refers to the inviolability of God. The interior of the Church is a place of silence, a pure and noble space, formed by higher order principles. Another important way of expression becomes light as the creator of the spiritual space. An important part of the proposal is also the principle of organizing a church with a spiritual center around the inner square opened to the south by a wide entrance staircase.

Theme of this project is new building proposal of The Sword of the Holy Spirit church and spiritual center, located in Brno-Líšeň. This part of the Brno is 6 km northeast away from the city center. This proposal include building or construction of the church with rectory. Main goal was to create a dignified place for worship and also for meetings of parish comunity. This place should to point out on spiritual importance of whole building with its architecture, construction engineering, dispositions and artistic solution. The church is connected with congregation of the Selesians of Don Bosca in Líšeň, whose main goal is education of youth in the spirit of Christian traditions. One of the requirements was to create modern church not only for the comunity of Selesians, but also for the general public. The church which will benefit its surroundings and gives new life into this place. Architectural solution of church is trying to follow an idea of proposal based not only from character of the sacral building, but also from biblical motives. The church should remind hug of the God, who is in love to the people. The ring describes one of the main principles of Selesians – looking for everything what connects people, education in faith, comunity. In proposal is calculated with spiritual center including multifunctional hall, classrooms, adoration chapel, offices, apartment for pastor and also with occasional accommodation. Parish center is geometrically accurate, rectangular and precisely fitted. While building of church is different by its shape and character. It creates a dominant of the in surrounding panel housing estate. This dominant does not disturb surrounding because of its clean lines and used materials – white concrete.

The topic of the diploma thesis is the design of the Roman Catholic Church of the Descent of the Holy Spirit in Brno Líšeň. The building will complement the needs of the Salesian community, which has been operating in the nearby Salesko youth house for almost 30 years and focuses on educating young people using methods from Don Bosco. The design of the church also envisages the construction of facilities for parishioners and accommodation for Salesians. It should also serve not only the current community, but also the general public. The design offers a solution how to modernize a building of these dimensions into an urban complex such as a housing estate in modern times. All this with an emphasis on minimizing the negative impacts on existing residents who use the surrounding areas for recreation. The building will consist of two functional units. The first will consist of a church building with a capacity of 300 seated and 100 standing parishioners. The second part will be a parish center with a community hall for 100 people. There will also be apartments for priests, a hobby workshop and parish offices.

The principle purpose of the study was to investigate the role of women in the mission and ministry of The Lutheran Church in Southern Africa (LCSA). The researcher raised the question of why women are viewed as inferior within the LCSA, and whether this is Biblically supported. I investigated the distinction between men and women with regard to the church culture, tradition, pastoral office, priesthood, and authority within the LCSA. As a general theoretical framework, I used two theories in church mission: (1) The unity of the Church and apostolic practice as propounded by Schenk in 1983. (2) Paradigm shifts in theology: mission as ministry by the whole people of God as propounded by Bosch in 1991. These theories explain the mission of proclaiming the Gospel of God as belonging to everyone (both male and female) as His servants in the Church. To obtain people’s views and interpretations of Scriptures, culture, church practice, and the social reality of women’s roles in the LCSA, focus-group and individual interviews were used to gather qualitative data from 525 respondents. The data was collected and analyzed using the descriptive qualitative research approach. Based on the research findings in Chapter 2 (pages 37-42), Chapter 6 (page140) presents proposals for the involvement of women in the LCSA. The findings show that participants were concerned about the topic and those women’s rights and voices are not yet acknowledged in many societies in Southern Africa. However, the scope of the study is limited to the LCSA, and its findings cannot be generalized. Valuable insights were gained into the church’s traditional construction of women’s roles in the LCSA, not allowing women to preach the Gospel and to administer the Sacraments in the Church mission work. From a missiological study perspective, the researcher recommended that women should be allowed to participate fully in the Church mission work. Therefore, the Involvement of Women in Mission in LCSA was an important dissertation research topic, affecting women in Southern Africa particularly, and potentially, in the African continent at large. / Dissertation (MA Theol)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Science of Religion and Missiology / unrestricted

The thesis deals with the Czech Christmas spiritual music, wants to point out and pick up her beauty, popularity and popularity across the public and in the circles of the Church and in the wider public. The method is the research the available literature and handouts for this topic, which is evident in the Division of the individual chapters. The introduction will include music and history of music. In the next part we will spend Christmas spiritual music, we close its emergence, history, Christian context, familiar carols and songs and their lyrics with a spiritual focus, some of the selected authors and their works both from the past and from the present. We also in our surroundings, to learn more about the Christmas music of our neighbors, or some European countries. In the next part of the main chapters refer to the positive influence of the Christmas music on the evangelization of pastoration and also on Ecumenism - attitude to Christmas music in some churches, and on its place in the broader public. The conclusion should answer the question of why is Christmas music and in particular the Czech Christmas music so much popular and popular among both artists and in the Christian churches and the public, with an interference fit and why it appears almost as a phenomenon. Keywords Christmas,...