The control of ticks, and to some extent tick-borne diseases, over much of South Africa is currently dependent on acaricides and will probably remain so for the foreseeable future. Resistance to these chemicals by ticks thus poses a major threat to the livestock industry especially as these chemicals constitute an ever-diminishing resource with fewer being discovered and the cost of their development becoming prohibitive. In order to determine the extent of acaricide resistance in the eastern region of the Eastern Cape Province one-, two- and three-host ticks were collected from cattle at 58 dip-tanks over a period of 2 years. The one-host tick selected was Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, the two-host tick Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi and the three-host tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatus. The ticks were tested for resistance to three compounds, namely amitraz, cypermethrin and chlorfenvinphos. The Shaw Larval Immersion Test detected emerging resistance to amitraz in the one-host tick R. (Boophilus) microplus at two dip-tanks and resistance at a third. It also revealed resistance in this tick to cypermethrin at one dip-tank, and emerging resistance to chlorfenvinphos at eight dip-tanks and resistance at two. The two-host tick R. evertsi evertsi was susceptible to amitraz and cypermethrin at all dip-tanks, but showed emerging resistance to chlorfenvinphos at seven dip-tanks and resistance at four. The three-host tick R. appendiculatus was susceptible to amitraz and chlorfenvinphos at all dip-tanks and demonstrated emerging resistance to cypermethrin at one. With the exception of R. (Boophilus) microplus, in which emerging resistance to amitraz was detected at one dip-tank by the Reproductive Estimate Test, all three tick species at all dip-tanks at which sufficient numbers of ticks had been collected, were susceptible to the three acaracides in both the Egg Laying Test and the Reproductive Estimate Test. Thus despite its fairly long and widespread use in the eastern region of the Eastern Cape Province very little or no resistance to amitraz was detected in three tick species regularly encountered on cattle in this region, namely R. (Boophilus) microplus, R. evertsi evertsi and R. appendiculatus. On the other hand resistance to chlorfenvinphos was detected in both R. (Boophilus) microplus and R. evertsi evertsi at a number of dip-tanks even though it, or other organophosphorous-based compounds, had probably not been used for tick control in the region for a number of years. The localities at which ticks were collected had already been mapped and the localities at which acaricide resistant ticks were encountered were mapped during this study. The three tick species that were targeted for acaricide resistance testing were widespread throughout the study region, but no pattern of geographic distribution for the acaricide resistant strains of these species that were detected, emerged. The rapidity of selection for acaricide resistance appeared to be closely related to the life cycles of the three ticks and the number of days that they theoretically would spend annually on their preferred host animals. Thus a greater number of acaricide resistant strains were encountered amongst the one-host tickR. (Boophilus) microplus and the two-host tick R. evertsi evertsi than the three-host tick R. appendiculatus. The fist two ticks both complete more than one life cycle a year and hence spend a longer time on their cattle hosts than the three-host tick R. appendiculatus, which completes only one life cycle a year and in addition is a rapid feeder in all its stages of development. To counter selection for acaricide resistance it is proposed that regular testing for resistance should be carried out, and that as soon as emerging resistance is detected in ticks on cattle at a particular dip-tank, that the acaricide in use at that dip-tank should be changed to a compound belonging to a completely different group of chemicals. Copyright / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Veterinary Tropical Diseases / unrestricted

For any food systems to be sustainable, it needs to contribute to society and economic growth, in addition to being environmentally conscious. Sustainable eating is defined as choosing and consuming “food to meet current dietary needs while maintaining ecosystems that can also provide food for generations to come with minimal negative impact to the environment”. Livestock production and the consumption of the red meat produced are often criticised as being unsustainable due to the large carbon footprint attributed to this food commodity. However, what is often excluded from these arguments and debates is the potential beneficial role which animal source foods can play in meeting the dietary requirements of human populations, both in developed and developing countries and communities. The recent Global Nutrition Report (2014) emphasizes nutrition as being central to sustainable development. Within the post-2015 development agenda, improvements in nutritional status could make large contributions to the draft Sustainable Development Goals on poverty, hunger, health, education, gender and employment. This thesis presents the sustainability of red meat consumption from a nutrition perspective. Forming the scientific foundation for this argument was the analytical determination of the updated nutritional profile of South African beef as currently consumed, as well as a review of the composition of South African lamb and mutton as published in 2007 and 2010 (Chapter 3). The data obtained reflects the impact of South Africa’s unique classification and production systems on the composition of locally produced red meat. These animal source foods can be considered good sources of high quantity and quality nutrients, including protein, minerals and essential fatty acids. Trimming of the visible subcutaneous and intermuscular fat deposits from the meat has an even greater impact on nutritional profile (Chapter 4). Fat generally dilutes other essential nutrients, while the beneficial fatty acids (omega 3s and conjugated linoleic acids) are found in the intramuscular fat deposits between muscle cells which are not removed through trimming (Chapter 5). Consequently, red meat products can play a positive role in human nutrition and health. Sustainable food-based interventions to combat under nutrition require the accessibility and availability of nutrient dense foods, and adding even small amounts of red meat could play a significant role in improving the nutritional quality of the starch based staple diets of these individuals. Over nutrition, or the excessive consumption of nutrients and energy, has resulted in a significant rise in the incidence of overweight and obesity globally. In South Africa, more than 65% of women are considered to be overweight or obese, with the incidence in children increasing. Many of these overweight individuals are also suffering from a deficiency of other essential nutrients such as iron. This co-existence of under and over nutrition in the same individual justifies the necessity to promote the consumption of foods higher in nutrients, and lower in energy. Trimmed red meat thus has the potential to play a beneficial role as part of a food-based intervention (Chapter 6). To increase the impact of the findings of the research beyond scientific publications, the results of the analytical study were incorporated into influential outputs, including forming part of the scientific background paper to the Department of Health’s revision of the national Food-Based Dietary Guidelines (Chapter 7). The arguments of this thesis also feed into the consumer education campaign of Lamb and Mutton South Africa which endeavours to influence social perceptions surrounding the sustainability of red meat consumption (Chapter 8). A short communication of the findings was also selected as one of only 28 science writing pieces which was published in the Mail & Guardian newspaper, entitled “Meatless Mondays might be harmful in South Africa” (Addendum 1). The South African policy landscape promotes and supports the sustainable production of livestock (Chapter 2). Numerous research projects are exploring ways to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions by livestock to improve the environmental impact of the industry. However, as the concerns of sustainable development include economic and social aspects in addition to environmental concerns, the data and arguments generated through this thesis could be used as tools when social concerns within sustainability in particular are voiced. Red meat can play a beneficial role in the nutrition and health of humans by providing high quality nutrients per portion, without necessarily contributing to excessive amounts of fat (and thus energy intake). The updated nutritional profile of South African beef provides evidence for the industry to present the sustainability of red meat consumption from a nutrition perspective. Recommendations for future research include the extrapolation of the findings into quantitative models to depict the nutrient density of specific food products compared to their carbon footprints. Research on the degree of food waste in the context of sustainable diets could also contribute notably to related arguments in the future, keeping in mind that as meat is the most expensive item in the food basket, waste in this food category is less than in the other food groups. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2015. / gm2015 / Animal and Wildlife Sciences / PhD / Unrestricted

Orientador: Nelson Eduardo Durán Caballero / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T11:57:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 BerniNeto_EliasAntonio_D.pdf: 2747484 bytes, checksum: 572541fe31adfbc199cbcb02da6c1cbe (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: O Brasil se destaca por ter uma das maiores pecuárias bovinas do mundo,movimentando cerca de R$ 164 bilhões ao ano. Contudo, este setor apresenta ainda algumas dificuldades, principalmente relacionadas com a sanidade dos animais. Dentre as principais patologias responsáveis por perdas podemoscitar o ataque de ectoparasitas,como o Boophilumicroplus, que gera perdas da ordem de US$ 4 bilhão ao ano, e a mastite bovina (inflamação no ubre de vacas) causada por microorganismos como Staphylococcus aureus e a Escherichia colie que gera perdas nos valores de U$ 185 por animal ao ano. Baseado nesses fatos, a área de nanoliberação ou drug release foi escolhida como alternativa para aumentar a eficácia dos carrapaticidas e dos medicamentos usados no combate a mastite. Com o uso de nanopartículas poliméricas de poli(?-caprolactona) (PCL) eutilizando a técnica de nanoprecipitação ou deslocamento do solvente recobertas com o polímero quitosana, foi possível aumentar tanto a estabilidade como asolubilidade dos ativos, bem como diminuir sua toxicidade contra células 3T3. Foram estudados 4 sistemas distintos, QS_PCLnp (sem ativo), QS_PCLnp _ami (contendo o ativo amitraz), QS_PCLnp_flu (contendo o ativo fluazuron) e QS_PCLnp_vio (contendo o ativo violaceína). O sistema QS_PCLnp_vioapresentou um tamanho de 260±10 nm e carga superficial de +30±2 mV, com uma concentração final de violaceína de 180 ?g mL-1eeficiência de 91±1% para uma capacidade de encapsulamento de 11±1% em relação a massa de PCL, sendo testado contra as bactérias E. coli e S. aureus no combate a Mastite bovina. O sistemaQS_PCLnp_amiapresentou o tamanho de 275±30 nm e carga superficial de +43±7 mV, com uma concentração final de amitraz de 1,0 mg mL-1e eficiência de 77±1% para uma capacidade de encapsulamento de 39±1% com relação a massa de PCL. Já o sistema QS_PCLnp_flu apresentou o tamanho de 295±35nm com um potencial zeta de +44±10econcentração de 0,5 mg mL-1 de fluazurono, onde obteve-se uma eficiência de 89±1% para uma capacidade de encapsulamento de 22±1% com relação a massa de PCL. Sendo que os sistemas QS_PCLnp_ami e QS_PCLnp_flu foram usados no combate ao carrapato B. microplus. Em todos os sistemas contendo ativos foi observado que os mesmos estavam dispersos molecularmente na matriz polimérica interna de PCL bem como na camada superficial de quitosana, influenciando na estabilidade estérica das nanopartículas no pH acima de 7. Todos os sistemas se mostraram estáveis em soluções salinas deconcentração de 1,25 mol L-1de NaCl e com o aumento da temperatura até 50°C. No estudo da mastite,o sistema QS_PCLnp_vio mostrou uma maior ação contra a S. aureus, enquanto que a violaceína pura se mostrou mais eficaz contra a E. coli,resultados que possibilitam um estudo de um sistema híbrido contendoQS_PCLnp_vio e violaceína pura. No caso do combate ao carrapato B. microplus o uso dos sistemas QS_PCLnp_ami e QS_PCLnp_flu em conjunto, possibilitou uma dose menor do ativo fluazuron do que a praticada comercialmente, deixando o animal livre de carrapatos por um período de 28 dias, necessitando de espaços maiores entre os banhos daqueles praticados atualmente / Abstract: Brazil plays a pivotal role in livestock market, moving around R$ 164 billions per year. However, this market shows yet some difficulties, mainly related to the health of animals being the main pathologies which affect the ectoparasites such as Boophilus microplus that generates losses of US$ 4 billion per year, and bovine mastitis (inflammation of the udders of cows) caused by microorganisms such as Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, that generates losses in the amounts of US$ 185 per cow per year. For this reason the drug release was chosen as an alternative to increase the effectiveness of acaricides and drugs used against bovine mastitis. Using polymeric nanoparticles of poly (?-caprolactone) (PCL) coated with the polymer chitosan, and synthesized by displacement solvent technique was possible to increase both stability and solubility assets as well as decreasing its toxicity against 3T3 cells. In this work, 4 different systems were studied, QS_PCLnp (without assets), QS_PCLnp_vio (containing the active violacein) QS_PCLnp_ami (containing the active amitraz) and QS_PCLnp_flu (containing the active fluazuron). The QS_PCLnp_vio system showed a size of 260±10 nm and surface charge of +30±2 mV, with a final concentration of 180 mg mL-1 of violacein and efficiency of 91±1% for a loading capacity of 11±1% compared with PCL mass, this system were being tested against the bacteria S. aureus and E. coli against bovine mastitis. The QS_PCLnp_ami system shows a size of 275±30 nm and surface charge of +43±7 mV, with a final concentration of 1.0 mg mL-1 of amitraz, and an efficiency of 77±1% for a loading capacity of 39±1 % compared with PCL mass, while QS_PCLnp_flu shows a size of 295±35 nm and surface charge of +44±10 mV and 0.5 mg ml-1 of fluazuron, which gave an efficiency of 89±1% for a loading capacity of 22±1% compared with PCL mass. Both system QS_PCLnp_ami and QS_PCLnp_flu were used against B. microplus. All systems shows molecularly dispersed active compound in the polymer matrix of PCL inside and the surface layer of chitosan influencing the steric stability of nanoparticles in pH above 7. All systems were stable in saline concentration of 1.25 mol L-1 of NaCl and with temperature increase up to 50°C. In the study of mastitis, the QS_PCLnp_vio system showed greater activity against S. aureus, while the pure violacein is more effective against E. coli. This result motivates a study of a hybrid system contain QS_PCLnp_vio and pure violacein. In the case of B. microplus tick were used QS_PCLnp_ami and QS_PCLnp_flu together, which provided a lower dose of the active fluazuron than commercially practiced, leaving the animal free of ticks for a period of 28 days, requiring larger spaces between the bathing those currently practiced nowadays / Doutorado / Físico-Química / Doutor em Ciências

A method of continuously monitoring weight would aid producers by ensuring all pigs are gaining weight and increasing the precision of marketing pigs thus saving money. Electronically monitoring weight without moving the pigs to the scale would eliminate a stress-generating source. Therefore, the development of methods for monitoring the physical conditions of animals from a distance appears as a necessity for obtaining data with higher quality. In pigs\' production, animals\' weighing is a practice that represents an important role in the control of the factors that affect the performance of the herd and it is an important factor on the production\'s monitoring. Therefore, this research aimed to extract weight data of pigs through depth images. First, a validation of 5 Kinect &reg; depth sensors was completed to understand the accuracy of the depth sensors. In addition, equations were generated to correct the dimensions\' data (length, area and volume) provided by these sensors for any distance between the sensor and the animals. Depth images and weights of finishing pigs (gilts and barrows) of three commercial lines (Landrace, Duroc and Yorkshire based) were acquired. Then, the images were analyzed with the MATLAB software (2016a). The pigs on the images were selected by depth differences and their volumes were calculated and then adjusted using the correction equation developed. Also, pigs\' dimensions were acquired for updating existing data. Curves of weight versus corrected volumes and corrected dimensions versus weight were adjusted. Equations for weight predictions through volume were adjusted for gilts and barrows and for each of the three commercial lines used. A reduced equation for all the data, without considering differences between sexes and genetic lines was also adjusted and compared with the individual equations using the Efroymson\'s algorithm. The result showed that there was no significant difference between the reduced equation and the individual equations for barrows and gilts (p<0.05), and the global equation was also no different than individual equations for each of the three sire lines (p<0.05). The global equation can predict weights from a depth sensor with an R2 of 0,9905. Therefore, the results of this study show that the depth sensor would be a reasonable approach to continuously monitor weights. / Um método de monitoramento contínuo da massa corporal de suínos auxiliaria os produtores, assegurando que todos os animais estão ganhando massa e aumentando a sua precisão de comercialização, reduzindo-se perdas. Obter eletronicamente a massa corporal sem mover os animais para a balança eliminaria uma fonte geradora de estresse. Portanto, o desenvolvimento de métodos para monitorar as condições físicas dos animais à distância se mostra necessário para a obtenção de dados com maior qualidade. Na produção de suínos, a pesagem dos animais é uma prática que representa um papel importante no controle dos fatores que afetam o desempenho do rebanho e o monitoramento da produção. Portanto, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo extrair, automaticamente, dados de massa de suínos por meio de imagens em profundidade. Foi feita, primeiramente, uma validação de 5 sensores de profundidade Kinect &reg; para compreender seu comportamento. Além disso, foram geradas equações para corrigir os dados de dimensões (comprimento, área e volume) fornecidos por estes sensores para qualquer distância entre o sensor e os animais. Foram obtidas imagens de profundidade e massas corporais de suínos e crescimento e terminação (fêmeas e machos castrados) de três linhagens comerciais (Landrace, Duroc e Yorkshire). Em seguida, as imagens foram analisadas com o software MATLAB (2016a). Os animais nas imagens foram selecionados por diferenças de profundidade e seus volumes foram calculados e depois ajustados utilizando a equação de correção desenvolvida. Foram coletadas, ainda, dimensões dos animais para atualização de dados existentes. Curvas de massa versus volumes corrigidos e de dimensões corrigidas versus massa, foram ajustadas. Equações para predição de massa a partir do volume foram ajustadas para os dois sexos e para as três linhagens comerciais. Uma equação reduzida, sem considerar as diferenças entre sexos e linhagens, também foi ajustada e comparada com as equações individuais utilizando o algoritmo de Efroymson. O resultado mostrou que não houve diferença significativa entre a equação reduzida e as equações individuais tanto para sexo (p <0,05), quanto para linhagens (p <0,05). A equação global pode predizer massas a partir do volume obtido com o sensor, com um R2 de 0,9905. Portanto, os resultados deste estudo mostram que o sensor de profundidade é uma abordagem razoável para monitorar as massas dos animais.

A mensuração do peso corporal de frangos de corte é uma das métricas mais importantes e simultaneamente mais trabalhosas a ser acompanhada ao longo do desenvolvimento de um lote. Essa pesquisa foi conduzida com o objetivo de avaliar comparativamente dois sistemas de pesagem de frangos de corte: o sistema de pesagem automática com o uso de plataforma suspensa e o sistema de pesagem manual. O sucesso da utilização da tecnologia de pesagem automática está relacionado às características da balança adotada e também ao comportamento das aves frente à plataforma de pesagem, uma vez que estas precisam utilizar o equipamento voluntariamente. A parte experimental desse estudo foi dividida em dois capítulos. No primeiro, avaliou-se em condições controladas os fatores intrínsecos aos animais que influenciam no comportamento de subir voluntariamente na plataforma de pesagem. Esses fatores foram: idade, sexo e características de cada indivíduo. No segundo capítulo, o peso de seis lotes comerciais de frangos de corte foi mensurado semanalmente por meio da pesagem manual e automática e seus resultados comparados. Os resultados evidenciaram que idade e sexo influenciam nos comportamentos relacionados a utilização da plataforma de pesagem, mas não foi possível identificar a relação desses comportamentos com características individuais. Assim, pode-se assumir que todas as aves utilizam o sistema de pesagem automática de forma igualitária. No entanto verificou-se que um fator de correção é indispensável para que se obtenha uma estimativa adequada do peso do lote. No experimento em condições controladas a correção de 5% recomendada pelo fabricante, foi suficiente para garantir que não houvesse diferenças significativas entre as formas de pesagem. Entretanto, em condições comerciais mesmo uma correção de 7% não foi suficiente para garantir que não houvesse diferenças significativas entre as formas de pesagem, sugerindo-se correções diferenciadas a cada semana. Foram encontradas diferenças de peso entre as regiões dos galpões para a pesagem automática, o que demonstra que é necessária a utilização de uma balança automática por divisão. Para as pesagens manuais, as diferenças foram encontradas somente na ultima semana de criação, sugerindo que ao longo do ciclo, as pesagens podem ser realizadas em um único quadrante representando o galpão. / Measurement of body weights of broilers is one of the most important and at the same time difficult metrics to obtain during the production cycle. The objective of this research was to evaluate comparatively two broiler weighing systems: manual and automatic through the use of a suspended platform. Success in using this technology is related to characteristics of the selected scale as well as the behavior of the birds, once they must use the weighing platform voluntarily. The experimental part of this study was divided into two chapters: first, under controlled environmental conditions, intrinsic factors that influenced the birds\' behavior toward a weighing platform were evaluated. These factors included age, sex and the individual behavior of each bird. Secondly, the weights of six commercial broiler flocks were compared by manual and automatic weighing systems. Results showed that age and sex influenced the behavior of the broilers toward the weighing platform. Individual characteristics of the birds did not influence their behavior. Consequently we can assume that all birds use the weighing system equally. However, it was verified that the use of a correction factor is essential in order to obtain a correct estimate of the average weight of the flock. In the controlled environment experiment the 5% correction curve recommended by the manufacturer was enough to guarantee that there weren\'t significant differences among the two weighing forms. However, in commercial conditions even a correction of 7% was not able to ensure that weights obtained by manual and automatic weighing were equal statistically. This suggests there should be a different correction factor for each week. Weight differences among sections inside the barns were found in the automatic weighing, which demonstrates that it is necessary to have one scale per barn section. On manual weighing, differences among sections inside the barn were found only in the last week of the production period, suggesting that during the growth of a flock sampling weights in only one of the sections would be enough to represent the whole flock.

Os fatores físicos que envolvem a incubação artificial são determinantes no desenvolvimento embrionário, eclosão e desempenho das aves. Muitos deles são bem-conceituados, mas acredita-se que ainda existem questões que possam prover melhorias ou adaptar este processo as novas demandas da produção animal. Nesta pesquisa, a bioacústica é colocada como uma dessas questões, motivando a investigação da estimulação sonora na incubação artificial, dados os efeitos do ruído dos incubatórios comerciais e a adição de vocalizações da espécie em respostas fisiológicas, produtivas e comportamentais de pintos de corte. Inicialmente, o Capítulo 3 apresenta a mensuração do nível de pressão sonora (NPS) no interior dos ovos. Para isso, desenvolveu-se um sensor de tamanho reduzido (decibelímetro-miniaturizado) utilizando a plataforma Arduíno&reg;. O sensor foi calibrado e testado, o que forneceu informações como o isolamento da onda sonora pela casca dos ovos e valores de NPS próximos aos embriões. Em sequência realizaram-se incubações experimentais com a aplicação de tratamentos determinados pela associação de dois NPS do ruído de incubadoras [70 ou 90 dB (A)] com ou sem a adição de vocalizações da espécie (estímulos naturais). Estes tratamentos foram avaliados no crescimento embrionário e em respostas da eclosão (Capítulo 4) e no desempenho de pintos de corte na primeira semana (Capítulo 5). Diferente do esperado, a exposição ao maior NPS, que simulava o ruído de incubatórios comerciais, adiantou o tempo para o início das eclosões, aumentou a eclodibilidade e a qualidade do umbigo e jarretes dos pintos. Todavia, as vocalizações da espécie só se mostraram influentes se associadas ao NPS de 70 dB (A). Nas respostas de desempenho a exposição ao NPS inferior resultou em um maior consumo de ração e em uma pior conversão alimentar, com melhores resultados na exposição a 90 dB (A) ou na presença das vocalizações. Por fim, no Capítulo 6, testes comportamentais como o de imobilidade tônica, isolamento social e campo aberto foram realizados com os pintos eclodidos dos tratamentos de incubação descritos anteriormente. Na realização destes testes consideraram-se três períodos no pós-eclosão (24, 72 e 120 horas) e duas condições (testes em silêncio ou com vocalizações ao fundo). Os efeitos da estimulação sonora foram verificados somente em 24 horas pós-eclosão, de modo que a exposição às vocalizações no desenvolvimento embrionário reduziu a movimentação e o nível de vocalização dos pintos, o que foi associado ao menor estresse. Conclui-se que a estimulação sonora na incubação artificial é capaz de alterar respostas produtivas e o comportamento de pintos após a eclosão. / The physical factors that involve artificial incubation are determinant to the embryonic development, hatching and performance of chicks. Although many of them are highly regarded, there are other issues capable of improving or adapting the process to new animal-production demands. The current research addresses the bioacoustics as one of such issues, which motivated the investigation of the sound stimuli in artificial incubation, relating the noise of the commercial hatcheries and the addition of vocalizations of the species with physiological, productive and behavioral of chicks. Initially, the Chapter 3 presents the measuring the sound pressure level (SPL) inside eggs. To do so, a small sensor (miniaturized decibel meter) was developed in the Arduino&reg; platform. The sensor was calibrated and tested under specific conditions to collect information, such as sound wave isolation by egg shells and SPL values close to the embryos. Experimental incubations with treatments based on the association between two noise SPLs of the hatcheries [70 or 90 dB (A)] with, or without, the addition of species-specific vocalizations (natural stimulus). These treatments were evaluated on embryo growth and hatch responses (Chapter 4) and chicks performance in the first week of life (Chapter 5). Against all expectations, egg exposure to the highest SPL, which simulated the noise of commercial hatcheries, reduced the time necessary for hatching, besides increasing the hatchability, as well as the quality of the navel and hocks, of chicks. On the other hand, species-specific vocalizations were only influential when they were associated with 70 dB SPL (A). The exposure to lower NPS resulted in higher feed intake and lower feed conversion with better results in exposure to 90 dB (A) or in the presence of vocalizations. Finally, in Chapter 6, behavioral tests such as tonic immobility, social isolation and open field tests applied to chicks hatching from the incubation treatments described above. The tests comprised three post-hatching periods (24, 72 and 120 hours) and two conditions (silence or species-specific vocalizations in the background). The effects of incubation treatments were just observed in some responses and 24 hours after hatching. The exposure to the vocalizations during embryonic development reduced chicks\' movement and vocalization level, which was associated with lower stress. It is concluded that sound stimulation in hatcheries can alter productive responses and behavior of chicks after hatching.

Orientador: Marcelo Andreotti / Resumo: O milho é a cultura mais utilizada para produção de silagem em monocultivo, mas o seu consórcio com forrageiras tropicais (gramíneas) e adubos verdes (leguminosas), como guandu-anão, em sistemas integrados de produção agropecuários (SIPA), tem sido uma opção vantajosa para aumentar a produção de matéria seca e a qualidade bromatológica do material vegetal a ser ensilado. Assim, o objetivo da pesquisa foi avaliar, em um LATOSSOLO VERMELHO Distrófico, de textura argilosa, por dois anos, a produtividade de matéria seca, teor de proteína bruta, cinzas, extrato etéreo, fibra em detergente neutro e ácido, hemicelulose, celulose, lignina, nitrogênio insolúvel em detergente neutro e ácido de silagens do consórcio milho e guandu-anão em diferentes densidades de semeadura com ou sem o capim Marandu em sistema integrado de produção agropecuária sob Sistema Plantio Direto. O trabalho foi desenvolvido na FEPE, pertencente à Unesp, Campus de Ilha Solteira, localizada em Selvíria-MS. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 2 x 5, com quatro repetições, sendo milho consorciado ou não com capim Marandu, com espaçamento entrelinhas de 0,45m, e cinco densidades de semeadura do guandu-anão (0, 6, 12, 18 e 24 sementes m-1). O consórcio de milho com capim Marandu e guandu-anão na safrinha proporciona maior produtividade de matéria seca para ensilagem. O consórcio triplo propicia maiores teores de proteína bruta na silagem de planta inteira de milho, com até 15 se... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The corn is the crop more used for silage production in single crop, but this intercrop with tropical forage and green fertilizers, as dwarf pigeon pea, in crop livestock systems, has been an advantageous option to increase the dry matter yield and the chemical quality of the vegetable to be ensiled. Thus, the objective of the research was to evaluate the dry matter yield, the crude protein content, ash, ethereal extract, neutral and acid detergent fiber, hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin, neutral and acid Detergent Insoluble Nitrogen content of silage from corn in consortium with dwarf pigeon pea at different seeding densities with or without Marandu grass in crop livestock system under no-tillage for a two years. The work was developed at Cerrado area, belonging to Unesp - Ilha Solteira, located in Selvíria-MS, Brazil. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design in a 2 x 5 factorial scheme with four replicates, being corn intercropped with Marandu grass, with row spacing of 0.45m, and five dwarf pigeon pea densities (0, 6, 12, 18 and 24 seeds per meter). The maize consortium with Marandu grass and dwarf pigeon pea in the interim-harvest provides higher productivity of dry matter for silage. The triple consortium provides higher crude protein levels in whole plant silage of corn, with up to 15 seeds m-1 of dwarf pigeon pea, at seeding. The use of Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu in the consortium with corn and dwarf pigeon pea up to 6 seeds m-1 doesn’t change... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Thesis (M. Dev.) -- University of Limpopo, 2017 / There is a gap in the literature about the role and relevance of Indigenous Knowledge and beef cattle welfare in many parts of the Limpopo province. This gap is relevant because many marginalised cattle owners use indigenous knowledge in their day to day management of beef cattle. The aim of the study is to investigate the use of IK methods on beef cattle husbandry in Tshebela village in the Capricorn district of the Limpopo province as a contribution to filling the void identified above. The objectives of the study were as follows:  -To investigate the IK methods used in beef cattle husbandry in the area of the study;  -To assess if beef farmers use IK to identify medicinal plants to cure beef cattle;  -To investigate farmers‘ perceptions and attitudes on the use of IKS on beef cattle husbandry in the area of study. A qualitative methodology that was used was primarily phenomenological in design. A purposive sampling technique was used and twenty seven (27) traditional beef farmers, two (2) local herbalists were recruited as participants. Data was collected through focus group discussions, key informant interviews, and observations. An interpretative phenomenological-based analysis was used to surface the role and relevance of indigenous knowledge in beef cattle husbandry. The findings suggest that indigenous knowledge is used by cattle owners alongside modern knowledge and that communal farming posed some challenges to the farmers.

The aim with this research is to investigate if there is a relationship between import of meat and the price on livestock in Sweden. It also investigates if the Swedish membership of the European Union has affected both the price on livestock and the quantity of import of meat to Sweden. The research is based on a publication from Swedish Board of Agriculture, which indicates that the membership of the European Union has affected the consumer price on agricultural products. This gave the idea that this could have happened on prices of livestock as well. The data is collected from Swedish Board of Agriculture and SCB, for the years of 1970-2019. Regression analysis and paired t-test were supposed to be used for data analysis. The results of stationarity tests implies that regression analysis should not be used regarding the non-stationary result. Therefor were only the stationarity tests and the t-test used. The result of t-test showed that the membership of European Union has affected both price and import in Sweden. To exclude other reasons for the price decrease and the increase of import than the membership is not possible. When comparing the data with other factors and literature the conclusion is that events in the end of the 20th century did affect the price level of livestock and the increased demand for imported meat. Key

This thesis examines the numerous roles that nonhumans (and especially livestock) played in the creation, maintenance, and reproduction of settler space in the colonial city of Victoria, British Columbia, and details the gradual processes by which city space paradoxically became designated as such through the selective removal of animal life over the turn of the twentieth century. I use extensive archival material, newspaper coverage, and secondary analysis to explore the varied roles nonhumans played in the establishment of settler society, and investigate the ways that animals were paradoxically fundamental and antithetical to modernizing and industrializing settler space across nearly a century of urban history. In the earliest days of colonial settlement, when Victoria was established as a fur-trading post and depot for the Hudson’s Bay Company’s Columbia Department, animals played crucial dispossessive roles in forcibly reorganizing Indigenous territory and establishing settler space, and were indeed vital to the broader British colonizing project. As the city experienced dramatic demographic growth and tightening urban space across two gold rushes in the mid-nineteenth century, Victoria’s livestock faced increased scrutiny from legislators and citizens through the application of the common law category of “public nuisance.” Urban subsistence strategies such as pig-keeping and free-range grazing began to encroach on settler property and offend nascent middle-class ratepayers as the city grew in population and density, causing a selective process of removal, even as some livestock (such as milk-producing cattle) remained vital to many of the city’s households. Yet new understandings of disease transmission and sanitation sparked the gradual removal of domestic milch cows from Victoria’s backyards and lots, as medical scrutiny began to view the city’s dairy supply as a potential vector for the spread of the “White Plague,” bovine tuberculosis. The resulting consolidation of privately-owned and co-operative dairies would largely spell the end to urban livestock husbandry in the city, relocating nonhuman bodies out of sight and out of mind. Meanwhile, the extension of a cattle frontier into the mainland Interior Plateau continued a process of dispossession instigated on Lekwungen territories in Victoria, inflicting devastation on grassland ecologies and Indigenous livelihoods in the arid interior of British Columbia, while the injection of outside capital and advances in transportation, retail and supply chain infrastructure placed consumers at a greater and greater spatial and conceptual divide from the animals with whom they had formerly shared their urban spaces. / Graduate / 2022-08-30