京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第25349号 / 農博第2615号 / 新制||農||1108(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科地域環境科学専攻 / (主査)教授 近藤 直, 准教授 小川 雄一, 教授 飯田 訓久 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

The current South African tax system offers livestock farmers a variety of forms of relief. There are also certain aspects that do not make it so advantageous to be regarded as a farmer by the tax collector. A large number of farmers emigrate to other countries without knowing how the tax systems of those countries function or how much tax they will have to pay. With these factors in mind the question arises concerning how other countries tax their livestock farmers and what relief is provided to them. The objective of this research is to examine and compare the theoretical tax legislation of South Africa, Australia and New Zealand, where after it will be applied in a case study. Finally conclusions and recommendations will be made based on the results of the research. It was found that, although the relief provided to South African livestock farmers regarding some aspects exceeds the relief provided in Australia and New Zealand, there are certain aspects that could be adjusted in order to make it more advantageous for livestock farmers to stay in South Africa. These proposed adjustments can indirectly stimulate the national economy. / Thesis (M.Com. (Tax))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

The current South African tax system offers livestock farmers a variety of forms of relief. There are also certain aspects that do not make it so advantageous to be regarded as a farmer by the tax collector. A large number of farmers emigrate to other countries without knowing how the tax systems of those countries function or how much tax they will have to pay. With these factors in mind the question arises concerning how other countries tax their livestock farmers and what relief is provided to them. The objective of this research is to examine and compare the theoretical tax legislation of South Africa, Australia and New Zealand, where after it will be applied in a case study. Finally conclusions and recommendations will be made based on the results of the research. It was found that, although the relief provided to South African livestock farmers regarding some aspects exceeds the relief provided in Australia and New Zealand, there are certain aspects that could be adjusted in order to make it more advantageous for livestock farmers to stay in South Africa. These proposed adjustments can indirectly stimulate the national economy. / Thesis (M.Com. (Tax))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / The intensification of agricultural production systems is increasing in the current agriculture. In this sense, the simultaneous planting forage to grain crops, constitutes an alternative in the intensification of the production system, which can increase or not the productivity of the main crop, and produce straw for mulching. In order to check the occurrence of changes in the physical properties of the soil and in corn yield and dry matter production due to the corn consortium / forage in two sowing dates, this study was conducted in the experimental area of the Department of Agricultural Engineering of the Federal University of CearÃ. The design was used in a randomized block design in a factorial scheme (3x2) + 1 with four replications, totaling 28 experimental units. The treatments consisted of three forages: Brachiaria, Panicum maximum cv. MombaÃa and Crotalaria spectabilis intercropped with maize in two of fodder sowing dates, between the lines of simultaneous sowing maize (season 1 - E1) and corn leading the V4 stage of corn (season 2 - E2), and the control. The results showed that intercropping maize / forage did not interfere in phytotechnical characteristics of corn, nor in productivity, however produced changes in soil physical properties when the day of sowing in season 1. Despite the changes that have occurred in the soil, they were not sufficient to enhance the productivity of maize, which could possibly be related assessments on only one crop cycle. But when the goal was the production of dry straw, it is concluded that fodder Brachiaria brizantha and Mombasa at the time 1 (E1) are recommended / A intensificaÃÃo dos sistemas de produÃÃo agrÃcola à cada vez maior na atual agricultura. Nesse sentido, o plantio simultÃneo de forrageiras com culturas produtoras de grÃos, constitui em uma alternativa na intensificaÃÃo do sistema de produÃÃo, que poderà incrementar ou nÃo a produtividade da cultura principal, alÃm de produzir palha para cobertura do solo. Com o objetivo de verificar a ocorrÃncia de mudanÃas nas propriedades fÃsicas do solo, bem como na produtividade do milho e produÃÃo de matÃria seca em funÃÃo do consÃrcio milho/forrageiras em duas Ãpocas de semeadura, o presente trabalho foi conduzido na Ãrea experimental do Departamento de Engenharia AgrÃcola da Universidade Federal do CearÃ. Foi utilizado o delineamento em blocos ao acaso, no esquema fatorial (3x2) + 1 com quatro repetiÃÃes, totalizando 28 unidades experimentais. Os tratamentos foram constituÃdos por trÃs forrageiras: Brachiaria brizantha, Panicum maximum cv. MombaÃa e CrotalÃria spectabilis consorciadas com o milho em duas Ãpocas de semeadura das forrageiras, na entrelinha do milho simultÃneo a semeadura (Ãpoca 1 â E1) e na entrelinha do milho no estÃdio V4 do milho (Ãpoca 2 â E2), alÃm da testemunha. Os resultados permitiram concluir que a consorciaÃÃo milho/forrageiras nÃo interferiram nas caracterÃsticas fitotÃcnicas do milho, nem tampouco, na produtividade, porÃm proporcionaram modificaÃÃes nas propriedades fÃsicas do solo quando da realizaÃÃo da semeadura na Ãpoca 1. Apesar das modificaÃÃes ocorridas no solo, as mesmas nÃo foram suficientes em incrementar a produtividade do milho, o que possivelmente pode estar relacionado as avaliaÃÃes em apenas um ciclo da cultura. Jà quando o objetivo foi a produÃÃo de matÃria seca de palha, conclui-se que as forrageiras Brachiaria Brizantha e MombaÃa na Ãpoca 1 (E1) sÃo recomendadas

Submitted by Cláudia Bueno (claudiamoura18@gmail.com) on 2016-04-04T20:27:23Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Janaína de Moura Oliveira - 2015.pdf: 1868666 bytes, checksum: 5c342df236d2e6fc6f34b5b3a1245073 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-04-05T10:47:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Janaína de Moura Oliveira - 2015.pdf: 1868666 bytes, checksum: 5c342df236d2e6fc6f34b5b3a1245073 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-05T10:47:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Janaína de Moura Oliveira - 2015.pdf: 1868666 bytes, checksum: 5c342df236d2e6fc6f34b5b3a1245073 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-06-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Integrated crop-livestock (iCL) and integrated crop-livestock-forest (iCLF) systems are pointed out as potential soil carbon sinks. However, there are few scientific studies that evaluated the real contribution of these production systems. This work included two studies. The first was to evaluate soil carbon accumulation and its origin in iCLF in the transition zone of the Cerrado-Amazon biomes; the second aimed to calibrate and validate the CQESTR model for the Cerrado ecosystem and to evaluate the effect of soil management practices, including iCL and various scenarios on soil organic carbon (SOC) over time. For the first study two areas under iCLF (iCLF1 and iCLF3, with one and three rows of Eucalyptus urograndis by hedgerow, respectively) were selected. They were cultivated in this system since 2009 in Nova Canaã do Norte, MT. A continuous pasture was used as reference. Soil samples were taken from eight layers (0.0 to 1.0 m) for the evaluation of the bulk density, texture, total C and N and δ¹³C. The second study was conducted in the Cerrado biome. The evaluated areas (Paddock 4 - P4 and Paddock 5 - P5 has been being managed in iCL since 2000. Bulk density and the organic matter content were determined for the 0.0-0.1 and 0.1-0.3 m layers. The CQESTR is a process based model which simulates the effect of climate, crop rotation and tillage management practices on SOC. The model was calibrated with P5 data and validated with P4 data. Its performance was evaluated using statistical regression analysis and the root mean square deviation (MSD). For the first study, the soil C stocks and isotopic composition were affected by the implementation of the iCLF system. The forest component was an important factor for soil C accumulation for both areas under iCLF. The N can be a limiting factor for C accumulation. We concluded that iCLF affected soil C and N stocks in the short term, however, longer iCLF deployment time would be necessary to elucidate the impact of iCLF in the long-term. In the second study model calibration was performed by adjusting the basic decomposition rate coefficient. The measured and simulated values were significantly correlated with an MSD of 2.11, indicating that the model captured spatial-temporal dynamics of SOC in the topsoil. However, CQESTR underestimated SOC for the 0,1-0,3 m layer, probably due to lack of site specific grass or crop root biomass and distribution data under tropical conditions. Additional calibration is required to improve prediction of SOC stabilization process in the subsoil layers of tropical soils. In the long term (20 years), for the superficial (0,0-0,1 m) soil layer, the model simulated C accumulation in iCL and C loss in soybean/corn grain production system independently of the use of zero-tillage or conventional tillage in either of these systems under Cerrado conditions. / Os sistemas de integração lavoura-pecuária (iLP) e integração lavourapecuária- floresta (iLPF) são apontados como potenciais acumuladores de carbono no solo. Entretanto, ainda há poucos estudos científicos que avaliaram a real contribuição desses sistemas de produção. O presente trabalho incluiu dois estudos para avaliação desses sistemas. O primeiro teve por objetivo avaliar a acumulação e a origem do carbono do solo em iLPF na região de transição dos biomas Cerrado-Amazônia; e o segundo estudo teve por objetivo calibrar e validar o modelo CQESTR para o ecossistema Cerrado bem como avaliar o efeito de práticas de manejo do solo, incluindo iLP e vários cenários no carbono orgânico do solo (COS) ao longo do tempo. Para o primeiro estudo foram selecionadas duas áreas sob iLPF (iLPF1 e iLPF3, sistemas com uma linha e três linhas de Eucalyptus urograndis por renque, respectivamente) cultivadas nesse sistema desde 2009 e uma pastagem no município de Nova Canaã do Norte, MT. Amostras de oito camadas (0,0-1,0 m) foram tomadas para avaliação da densidade, textura, teor de C e N total e δ¹³C. O segundo estudo foi conduzido no bioma Cerrado, em área que vem sendo manejada em iLP desde 2000. Foram avaliadas duas áreas, os Piquete 4 (P4) e Piquete 5 (P5). A densidade do solo e o teor de matéria orgânica foram determinados para as camadas 0,0-0,1 e 0,1-0,3 m. O CQESTR é um modelo de simulação de C baseado em processos que simula o efeito do clima, rotações de cultura e práticas de manejo no COS. O modelo foi calibrado com dados do P5 e validado com P4. Seu desempenho foi avaliado usando análise estatística de regressão e o desvio médio quadrático (MSD). No primeiro estudo, a composição isotópica do solo e os estoques de C foram afetados pela implantação do sistema iLPF. O componente florestal foi importante fator na acumulação de C em ambas as áreas sob iLPF. O N pode ser um fator limitante para a acumulação de C. Conclui-se que o iLPF afeta os estoques de C e N do solo no curto prazo, entretanto, novas avaliações com maior tempo de implantação do iLPF poderiam auxiliar na elucidação do comportamento desses elementos no sistema em longo prazo. No segundo estudo, a calibração do modelo foi realizada pelo ajuste do coeficiente da taxa de decomposição básica. Os valores simulados e medidos foram significativamente correlacionados com um MSD de 2,11, indicando que o modelo capturou satisfatoriamente a dinâmica temporal do COS na camada superficial. Entretanto, o CQESTR subestimou o COS para a camada subsequente 0,1-0,3 m, provavelmente devido às diferenças na biomassa e distribuição de raízes de gramíneas de clima tropical e temperado. Calibração adicional é requerida para melhorar a predição do COS e processos de estabilização nas camadas subsuperficiais de solos tropicais. Para a camada 0,0-0,1 m, em longo prazo (20 anos), o modelo simulou acumulação de C em iLP e decréscimo de C em sistema de produção com sucessão soja/milho, tanto sob plantio direto quanto preparo convencional em condições do Cerrado.

Human-wildlife conflict continues to grow as a concern across the world. The conflict is experienced in many different forms and it has become persistent on the pastoral lands that are situated closer to the boundaries of protected areas with livestock predation being the most prevalent form of conflict. The type and severity of the conflict is largely dependent on the predator involved and the efficiency of the mitigation techniques employed. In an attempt to minimise human-wildlife interactions, many countries have set aside pieces of land for biodiversity conservation and management of wildlife species. However, the majority of these protected areas are too small to meet the ecological requirements of resident medium-large predator species. This results in some species dispersing into the neighbouring unprotected land where they come into contact with domestic animals, killing them and sometimes causing injuries. These livestock attacks ultimately trigger indiscriminate killing of predators that is fuelled by economic losses that are accrued through livestock predation and communities‟ I ABSTRACT Human-wildlife conflict continues to grow as a concern across the world. The conflict is experienced in many different forms and it has become persistent on the pastoral lands that are situated closer to the boundaries of protected areas with livestock predation being the most prevalent form of conflict. The type and severity of the conflict is largely dependent on the predator involved and the efficiency of the mitigation techniques employed. In an attempt to minimise human-wildlife interactions, many countries have set aside pieces of land for biodiversity conservation and management of wildlife species. However, the majority of these protected areas are too small to meet the ecological requirements of resident medium-large predator species. This results in some species dispersing into the neighbouring unprotected land where they come into contact with domestic animals, killing them and sometimes causing injuries. These livestock attacks ultimately trigger indiscriminate killing of predators that is fuelled by economic losses that are accrued through livestock predation and communities‟ negative perceptions towards predators. Camera trapping and spoor count techniques were used to study the occupancy of medium-large predator species and their movement in and out of Jwana Game Park through the holes that occur under the park‟s perimeter fence. In addition, a questionnaire survey was conducted in the cattle posts that are situated adjacent to Jwana Game Park. Seven medium-large predator species were detected within the boundaries of the park. Occupancy estimates varied among the predator species within the different sections of the game park. Predators also exhibited movement between the park and adjacent pastoral land using holes that occurred under the park‟s boundary fence. A total of 128 active holes were recorded under the park‟s perimeter fence with the majority (62%) of the intensively used holes occurring in the south-west section of the park. A total of 185 predator images were recorded at the various holes under the boundary fence with black-backed jackal (Canis mesomelas) constituting the majority (45%) of capture events. Human wildlife conflict is common on the neighbouring farmlands and jackal was perceived to be responsible for the majority of the livestock depredation incidents of small stock (mainly goats), whereas leopard was perceived as the most problematic predator species on the commercial cattle ranches where it accounted for 63% of livestock losses. There was no association between the occupancy of predators inside the park and the use of holes that occur under the park‟s the boundary fence. Conflict mitigation techniques were not efficiently practiced by communities farming in the vicinity of the game park, which potentially contributed to increased livestock attacks. The incapability of the boundary fence to restrict animal movement could also contribute to increased unwanted predator-livestock interactions. / College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences / M. Sc. (Environmental Science)

Master of Science / Department of Agronomy / Walter H. Fick / Patch-burn grazing is a relatively new concept in terms of rangeland management. While numerous benefits have been associated with this system, in the tallgrass prairie of Kansas, cattle production and sustainability of rangeland are critical. In 2006, 253 ha at the KSU Bressner Range Research Unit in Woodson County, Kansas were subjected to spring patch-burn grazing (using one-third portions) and traditional full-burn grazing. Each treatment within the split-block design was replicated four times for 3 years. The objectives were to evaluate whether livestock performance would be compromised under this grazing system, to monitor the health of the rangeland, and to observe the usefulness of this tool as a potential control of the invasive plant sericea lespedeza [Lespedeza cuneata (Dumont) G. Don]. In regards to cattle performance, burn treatments had no significant difference in average daily gain (p≥0.10) in any of the 3 years. On average, cattle utilized 61% of the current year’s forage production in patch-burned portions, which was higher (p≤0.10) than that of unburned (30%) and full-burn (41%) portions. Results of the botanical composition show forb and woody plant composition did not differ between treatments, however differences (p≤0.10) were present in grass composition. Total annual grasses increased 19.1 percentage units under patch-burn and 2.1 units under full-burn, while total perennial grasses decreased 18.4 and 1.1 units, respectively. When evaluated by treatment area (one-third portion), results indicated that the 3-year cycle did allow enough time for recovery. At 2 years after treatment (2-YAT), no significant difference in composition(p≥0.10) was present between initial patch-burn portions and the full-burn pastures. Finally, in only 1 year of the study did cattle statistically consume a greater percentage of sericea lespedeza plants (p≤0.10) in the patch-burned portions (92%) than in full-burned pastures (35%). Biomass utilization did not differ (p≥0.10) between burn treatments. Surprisingly, there was a trend for the number of plants in the sampled areas of the patch-burn portions to decrease throughout the cycle. However, at the conclusion of the 3-year cycle, sericea densities did not differ(p≥0.10) between treatments. Patch-burn grazing shows promise as a potential management tool for Kansas land managers.

No description available.

Os sistemas de integração lavoura-pecuária-floresta têm se apresentado promissores, e são apontados como alternativas mais sustentáveis de uso da terra, assim como ferramentas para mitigar as emissões de gases de efeito estufa e diminuir os efeitos que as mudanças climáticas possam gerar na produção agropecuária. Contudo, devido à complexidade desses sistemas, existem ainda muitas limitações técnicas que dificultam a otimização da produção de forragem. O componente arbóreo reduz a quantidade e qualidade da luz, modificando o microclima, e interferindo em processos morfofisiológicos das plantas essenciais para produção de biomassa. Visando entender essas modificações e gerar informações sobre acumulo de biomassa de plantas forrageiras e produção animal em ambientes sombreados, o objetivo geral com este estudo foi avaliar as alterações no microclima do sub-bosque florestal e seus efeitos sobre a produção de forragem, o desempenho animal, e as características morfofisiológicas e estruturais de gramíneas tropicais em diferentes arranjos florestais de sistemas ILPF.. A Brachiaria brizantha cv. Piatã avaliada em dois sistemas de integração lavoura-pecuária-floresta, com espaçamento entre linhas simples de árvores de eucalipto de 14 m (ILPF14) e de 22 m (ILPF22), comparados a um sistema de integração lavoura-pecuária (ILP, a pleno sol), com estratégia de rotação de culturas de 4 anos, sendo 1 ano de lavoura e 3 de pasto. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos casualizados, em esquema de faixas subdivididas, com 4 repetições. Avaliou-se a produção de forragem e o desempenho novilhas nelore, durante 2 ciclo de rotação, no período de 2009 a 2016, comparando as estações de cada ano. No último ano do segundo ciclo, no período de julho de 2015 a junho de 2016, com as árvores adultas e sombreamento intenso, foram realizadas avaliações das respostas morfofisiológicas e estruturais do capim-piatã, no sub-bosque florestal, conforme a distancia das árvores, e estações do ano. / The crop-livestock-forest integrated systems have been pointed out as sustainable alternatives to land use, as well as a tool to mitigate greenhouse gases emissions and to reduce the effects that climate change can generate on agricultural production. However, due the complexity of these systems, there are still many technical limitations that hamper the optimization of forage production. The arboreal component reduces the quantity and quality of light, and modifies the microclimate, interfering in morphophysiological processes essential for biomass accumulation in forage species. The objective of this study was to evaluate the shading effect of different densities of trees on microclimate, and how their interactions influence physiological and structural characteristics of forage plants, and forage production, along the seasons andcrop rotation cycle. Brachiaria brizantha cv. Piatã was evaluated in two crop-livestock-forest integration systems, with single lines of eucalyptus trees spacing by 14 m (ILPF14) and 22 m (ILPF22) (ILPF22), compared to a crop-livestock integration system (ILP; sun), with a crop rotation strategy of 4 years, with 1 year of crop cultivation and 3 years of pasture. A randomized complete blocks design, arranged in a split strips scheme, with 4 replicates was adopted. The forage production and performance of nellore heifers were evaluated during 2 rotation cycles between 2009 and 2016, comparing the seasons of each year. In the last year of the second cycle, from July 2015 to June 2016, with adult trees and intense shading, evaluations of the morphophysiological and structural responses of the piatã palisadegrass were carried out in the sub-forest, according to the distance of the trees, and seasons of the year.

Orientador: Luis Roberto Almeida Gabriel Filho / Coorientador: Fernando Ferrari Putti / Coorientador: Marcelo George Mundai Chacur / Resumo: Diante da competitividade do mercado de carnes, a busca por maior produtividade, por meio de novas tecnologias e a melhor classificação das carcaças de bovinos podem ser um diferencial que aumenta a rentabilidade para produtores e frigoríficos, além de entregar carnes de qualidade superior para o consumidor. Com esse fundamento o presente trabalho buscou analisar quais os efeitos nos parâmetros produtivos dos bovinos com a ingestão da água tratada magneticamente. Assim neste trabalho realizou primeiro uma Revisão Bibliográfica Sistemática (RBS) sobre o uso água tratada magneticamente (ATM) em animais, que permitiu uma contextualização teórica sobre a metodologia e os principais resultados obtidos em pesquisas de relevância da área em estudo. Posteriormente verificou-se os efeitos do uso da água tratada magneticamente, na bioquímica sanguínea de bovinos de corte, peso final e qualidade do acabamento da carcaça. Os resultados iniciais mostraram que a água tratada magneticamente não apresentou inferência nos índices bioquímicos de K, iCa, Cl e Colesterol, assim como não alterou o peso final ou o acabamento de gordura de machos não castrados. Por fim desenvolveu-se um sistema de apoio à tomada de decisão, com base em modelagem com lógica fuzzy, para avaliação da carcaça de bovinos de corte. Esse sistema permitiu uma modelagem objetiva, que pode levar aos frigoríficos uma melhoria nos critérios de avaliação, permitindo que as carcaças tenham pontuações mais especificas com melhor qualidade atribuída. / Abstract: In face of the competitiveness of the meat market, the search for greater productivity through new technologies and the better classification of bovine carcasses can be a differential that increases profitability for producers and slaughterhouses, as well as delivering superior meat to the consumer . With this foundation the present work sought to analyze the effects on the productive parameters of cattle with the intake of magnetically treated water. Thus, in this work, the authors first carried out a Systematic Bibliographic Review (RBS) on the use of magnetically treated water (ATM) in animals, which allowed a theoretical contextualization about the methodology and the main results obtained in researches of relevance of the study area. Subsequently, the effects of the use of magnetically treated water in the blood biochemistry of beef cattle, final weight and finishing quality of the carcass were verified. The initial results showed that the magnetically treated water had no inference on the biochemical indexes of K, iCa, Cl and Cholesterol, nor did it alter the final weight or fat finishing of uncastrated males. Finally, a decision support system was developed, based on fuzzy logic modeling, to evaluate the carcass of beef cattle. This system allowed an objective modeling, which can lead the refrigerators an improvement in the evaluation criteria, allowing the carcasses to have more specific scores with better quality attributed. / Mestre