Annedal is a brand new neighborhood in the Bromma part of Stockholm. The neighborhood construction has now reached its halfway point. When finished, 5000 people are estimated to live in Annedal. The focus for the new area is variation. Both housing co-operatives and rented apartments have been built and more are under construction. A study about the valuation of town quality in the Stockholm region was produced by the Stockholm County Council in 2011. The aim of the study was to develop the knowledge of what town qualities that are sought when purchasing housing co-operative. With the help of the study’s result they hope to meet the needs of the city planning for the future. "The valuation of town quality in the Stockholm region" has received criticism for being too limited in their approach and not considering the individual values and also only focusing their research on housing co-operatives. For this reason I chose to analyze if rental apartment tenants base their valuation of town quality on the same basis as the housing co-operatives. I also wanted to know how much the ongoing construction affected the residents’ perceived town quality. The opportunity to compare rental tenants living expenses with housing co-operative owners was also taken. In order to gather this information I have interviewed residents of Annedal. The result I reach is that the residents of Annedal base their valuation of the town quality on the same basis, no matter how they live. The construction affects the perceived perception of attractiveness in a negative way. Of the household’s disposable income, an average of 26 % of is paid for housing. There is in reality no significant difference in this between housing co-operative owners and rental tenants. / Annedal är en helt nybyggd stadsdel i Bromma. Byggnationen av området har nu nått halvvägs. När Annedal är klart beräknas 5000 människor bo i området. Fokus i den nya stadsdelen är variation. Här finns och byggs bostadsrätter, hyresrätter och kooperativa hyresrätter. En studie togs 2011 fram av Stockholms läns landsting om värdering av stadskvaliteter i Stockholmsregionen. Studien syftar till att utveckla kunskapen om vilka stadskvaliteter som efterfrågas vid köp av bostadsrätt . Med hjälp av denna studies resultat hoppas de kunna möta det behov som framtidens stadsplanering medför. "Värdering av stadskvaliteter i Stockholmsregionen" har fått kritik för att vara för begränsad och inte ta hänsyn till de individuella värdena samt ha för snäv fokus genom att endast titta på bostadsrätter. Därför valde jag att undersöka om hyresgäster värderar stadskvaliteten på samma grunder som bostadsrättsägarna. Dessutom ville jag ta reda på om den pågående byggproduktionen i området påverkar de boendes värdering av stadskvaliteten. Jämförelse mellan boendekostnader för bostadsrättsägare och hyresgäster var också en intresseväckande fråga som jag valde att behandla i denna uppsats. För att få tag i denna information så har jag intervjuat boende i Annedal. Resultatet jag kommit fram till är att Annedalsborna värderar stadskvaliteten på samma grunder, oavsett boendeform. Byggproduktionen påverkar stadsdelens attraktivitet på ett negativt sätt. Av hushållets disponibla inkomst så erläggs årligen i genomsnitt 26 % av denna på boendekostnader. Skillnaden mellan hyresgäster och bostadsrättsägare i detta avseende visade sig inte vara betydande.

There are an increasing number of unaccompanied children coming to Sweden. Sweden is one of the countries in the world that receive many of them. This awoke my interest to investigate the assessment of financial assistance and “other living expenses” considering unaccompanied children. My approach was a qualitative study including interviewing five social secretaries working in five different districts in Malmö. Theories used to analyze collected data were: organization theory, bureaucracy school, decision making and cognition and Sence of Coherence. Eight themes were identified: briefing profession, knowledge, values, the individual needs in centrum, assessment of "other living expenses", Malmö City Guidelines, Framework as working tool and finally labour division. These together increase our understanding of the assessment of financial assistance.The result of my study shows that three factors contribute to the assessment of financial support. 1) Social Service law which is a frame law. 2) The national and local rule tools that complement the law. 3) The social secretaries personal view of the law, frameworks and unaccompanied children. The social workers did not have an internal or external education about the unaccompanied children’s situation or the child perspective. They rather took personal responsibility to help them.

本文分析現在的退休金制度和老年經濟安全保障的情形，同時討論家庭所得來源的趨勢，並推估未來退休後所需的費用。最後提供予個人儘早為自己做一些規劃與準備的建議。老年經濟安全保障在台灣地區因為各項因素的影響，顯得十分不足，經由收集資料並分析比較後，以15～64歲的人口來看老年經濟安全三層的保障情況，其中佔4％的軍公教人員有較完整的退休保障制度；佔50％的勞工人口，在第一層的保障中，於2000年平均勞保老年給付每人658,273元。又因為制度未臻完善，第二層之保障只有1～2％的人可以領到退休金。此外，佔有7％的農民在年滿65歲之後，只有不完整的第一層保障，即每月3,000元的老農津貼可領。其他39％的人是未參加公保、勞保或農保等任一項社會保險的。也就是有95％的人是需要儘早規劃退休後的經濟準備。面對大環境中的財政赤字及個人平均壽命的增長，子女親朋經濟支援的減少等等因素，更顯得及早規劃老年經濟安全的迫切性。 關鍵詞：老年經濟安全保障、退休金、國民年金、生活費用推估、所得替代率 / This study focused on investigation and evaluation of the pension system and economic security program in Taiwan. For indviduals, the trend on home income and the required expense for the future retirement were discussed and estimated. Becaurs of several factors, the program of old-age economic security in Taiwan area seems not sound. For this topic, the work force, between 15 and 64 ears old, are taken into account, There are three tiers for the program of old-age economic security, which anr social security and benefit, pension, and individual saving. One of hte finding was that public officials, about four percent of the work force, benefit much more form the pension system and old-age economic security program. The labores, about 50 percent of the work force, have the everage amount NT$658,273 for the 1^st-tier social security and benefit in 2000. Due to the unsound system and the qualiication problem, less than two percent of the laborers can obtain the 2^nd-tier pension. Beside, farmers, about seven percent of the work force, can obtain the 1^st-tier social security and benefit until they are 65 years old or more. Those qualified farmers can obtain NT$3,000 each month. Other individuals are not enrolled in any social insurance and pension program. The public welfare system can hardly cover the economic needs for the aged individuals. Therefore, 95 percent of the work force should plan their own retirement welfare programs in advance to secure thir economic safety. Key words: Old-age Economic Security, Pension, Citizen Beneficiary, Living Expensee Estimate, income replacement rate

The purpose of this thesis was to examine the municipal guidelines regarding the construction of the prerequisite "other living expenses", and how the construction of the prerequisite was constructed in relation to the legislation. The sample of the thesis was the municipalities in Stockholm’s county. The empirical result was compiled with the hermeneutical method, and analyzed through a legal perspective and three different theoretical perspectives, as well as compared with previous studies. The theoretical perspectives were legal pluralism, bureaucracy, legitimacy and rule of law. The results of the thesis pointed out differences between the municipalities concerning the assessment of social assistance to purposes included in "other living expenses". The differences that appeared in the thesis was due to that the social services act is as a framework law, which allows local adjustments and has a general construction with vague concepts. The differences between municipalities make the administration of the social assistance turn out different for the client depending in which municipality he/she lives in. The results of the thesis showed that municipal guidelines did neither contribute to uniform the assessment of social assistance in Sweden, as intended nor raised the rule of law.