Cette thèse part du constat de l’incorporation d’objets appelés « fablab », « hackerspace » ou « living lab » dans les politiques publiques. Le déploiement démultiplié de ces nouveaux « lieux » au coeur ou aux marges de l'action publique des collectivités, s’accompagne d'une sémantique associant l'innovation, l'entrepreneuriat, la flexibilité et la créativité. Cette thèse démontre qu'au-delà de ces effets rhétoriques et de la fascination qu'ils exercent (mais qui s'explique), ces objets de politiques publiques constituent une des réalités de l'action métropolitaine, sous différents registres et modalités. En se distançant des discours laudatifs qui accompagnent leur émergence, la thèse fait de l'analyse de leurs rapports au territoire et de leurs prises avec les dynamiques de l'espace urbain son objet central. La prise en compte de la complexité de l’objet de recherche et de son inscription dans une action publique en constant changement impose de s’intéresser auxlogiques de l’espace propres à la géographie et l’aménagement et de recourir aux apports d’autres disciplines, telles que la sociologie et la science politique. L’enquête articule des espaces, des temps et des méthodes d’enquête différentes. À une première enquête en France portant sur les hackerspaces, les fablabs et les living labs succède une enquête comparative à l'échelle européenne (Rennes et Toulouse en France, Gand en Belgique). La thèse expose et décrypte les promesses portées par ces lieux. Des tensions sont mises en évidence, l'une, majeure, les situant entre héritage de la contre-culture, processus de normalisation et de « récupération ». Ces tensions constituent les fils directeurs de la thèse : elles traversent l’inscription des dispositifs d’expérimentation et de fabrication numérique dans un contexte de mutations spécifiques aux villes contemporaines. La thèse éclaire également, en s'appuyant sur les notions de « monde social », de « communs » et de « communs urbains », leurs dynamiques sociales. Démontant en partie les représentationsenthousiastes dont fablabs, hackerspaces et living labs restent majoritairement l’objet, la thèse relativise leur portée en termes d’intégration et d’ouverture, autant que leur rôle dans la transformation des politiques urbaines locales. / The starting point of this doctoral research is the observation of the incorporation of objects called "fablab", "hackerspace" or "living lab" in public policies. The increased expansion of these new "places" at the heart or at the margins of public policies is supported by semantics associated with innovation, entrepreneurship, flexibility and creativity. But beyond these rhetorical effects and their fascination, it is demonstrated that these objects of public policies constitute one of the realities of the metropolitan action, under different modalities. This thesis stays away from the laudatory discourses that accompany the emergence of these objects and mainly focuses on the analysis of their relationships to the territory and the dynamics of the urban space. It has to be taken into account that the complexity of these places and their inclusion in an everevolvingpublic policy requires to use the logics of space, specific to geography and planning, and to resort to other disciplines contributions, such as sociology and political science. The investigation articulates different spaces, time periods, and survey methods. A first investigation in France on hackerspaces, fablabs and living labs was followed by a comparative investigation on a European scale (Rennes and Toulouse in France, Ghent in Belgium). The thesis exposes and interprets the promises driven by these places. Tensions are highlighted. One major tension situates these places between inheritance of the counterculture, process of normalisation and "recovery". These tensions represent the main thread of the thesis: they run through the insertion of places of experimentation and digital manufacturing in a context of changes, inherent to contemporary cities. Based on notions such as "social world", "common" and "urban commons", the thesis also sheds lights on the social dynamics of these places. Partly dismantling the enthusiastic representations regarding fablabs,hackerspaces and living labs, the thesis puts their scope in perspective in terms of integration and openness, as well as their role in the transformation of local urban policies.

In Sweden, it is expected that more than 90% of the population will live in cities by 2040. Therefore, cities have an important role in sustainable development to ensure high quality of life in the face of climate change and social challenges. This thesis uses the framework of Urban Living Labs as a form of experimentation to analyse how evaluation and learning in municipalities take place. Districts identified as sites of experimentation in the six mid-sized municipalities Umeå, Gävle, Jönköping, Borås, Örebro, and Lund are studied using a multiple case study approach. Secondary data is discussed together with findings from interviews. The results show that the aims and challenges of experimentation are similar in all cases. Municipalities aim at increasing their attractivity with these extraordinary districts, but they also contribute to sustainable development through innovation in different sectors (e.g., energy, construction, social life). The importance of structured evaluation for learning is recognized, but only few have (as of now) developed a framework for this. Double-loop learning (or reflectivity) is hinted at in the interviews, but for most projects, it is too early to identify whether it will take place. Experiments are contributing to sustainable development on a larger scale mostly through interactions in networks. Personal Networks, as well as international networks (e.g., initiated by the EU), have a special role as these provide incentives for experimentation, quick informal exchange, as well as spread findings and knowledge to municipalities outside of Sweden.

This cross-departmental initiative bridges Business and IT to establish a nexus for technological innovation, academic research, and tangible retail application, particularly in the realms of Robotics, Sensor Technology, Service Technology, Data Science driven by Artificial Intelligence within a retail setting. Conceived as both a living lab and an innovation hub, this project embodies a fully-operational retail store of the future, furnished with cutting-edge technologies and resourced by experts across varied disciplines and research domains. The overarching objective centers on facilitating knowledge generation and transfer among students, faculty, retailers, and technology companies. By doing so, the lab endeavors to foster collaborative solutions to aptly address the pressing challenges currently being faced by the retail industry, paving the way for sustainable, innovative developments for the future.

生活實驗室(Living Lab)是一種以使用者為中心(User-centric)的研究方法，設立於一多元脈絡(Multi-context)的真實(Real)生活情境中，使所有利益關係人(Stakeholders)主動(Active)參與共同創造(Co-creation)，透過使用者需求研究，測試、驗證新產品服務原型、系統、以及商業模式，並持續給予產品服務提供者回饋，以提供複雜問題的解決方案，創造有價的創新產品服務。 　　本研究選定台灣的四間生活實驗室為研究對象，包括：資策會Living Lab Taiwan、台大INSIGHT Center、交大Eco-City、以及成大TOUCH Center；本研採用Gulliksen等人(2009)所提出的生活實驗室共創原則，並結合Voss(1992)提出的服務創新流程為本研究之研究架構，藉此研究生活實驗室，在不同時期下，與使用者共同創造之達成度，並對分析所見結果的成因，研究結論概述於下： 一、採用本研究所提出的「結合創新服務流程之使用者共創原則」架構，可呈現生活實驗室共創原則，分析各時期是否達成要求，適合做為分析生活實驗室在共創運作上的操作準則。 二、根據本研究分析，資策會Living Lab Taiwan，相較台灣其他三間生活實驗室，與使用者共創的達成度最高。其設立真實生活實驗室場域，並自行開發商業驗證方法論；其他生活實驗室則尚無建立。 三、台灣各生活實驗室在「概念期」與「發展期」尚位涉足。因各生活實驗室仍屬於技術本位，未真正以使用者需求為出發，仍是由產品服務提供者自己的想法進行發展。

Submitted by Rodrigo Bezerra da Silva (bezerra_digo@hotmail.com) on 2016-10-31T12:54:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Texto_do_trabalho_3110 versão final.pdf: 3199820 bytes, checksum: 8f2b8ba6ec336d4337daeee2d95a6d88 (MD5) / Rejected by Fabiana da Silva Segura (fabiana.segura@fgv.br), reason: Boa Tarde, Rodrigo O Titulo do trabalho submetido não é o mesmo do aprovado em ATA, caso tenho sido solicitado alteração a orientadora do grupo deverá encaminhar e-mail informando novo titulo e posteriormente também deverá comparecer na secretaria para anotação do titulo em alta. A ficha catalográfica deve vir na pagina seguinte da contra capa. Peço proceder com as alterações e fazer nova submissão, lembrando que só poderá submeter após e-mail da orientadora informando o novo titulo. Atenciosamente SRA on 2016-10-31T16:33:20Z (GMT) / Submitted by Rodrigo Bezerra da Silva (bezerra_digo@hotmail.com) on 2016-11-03T10:43:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ESTRUTURAÇÃO DE LIVING LABS E SUA GOVERNANÇA POR TEMAS DA CIDADE INTELIGENTE O CASO DA LINHA VERDE EM CURITIBA.pdf: 3309943 bytes, checksum: d6be3ce9b19ddf6ae3f8414772762515 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Fabiana da Silva Segura (fabiana.segura@fgv.br) on 2016-11-03T15:08:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ESTRUTURAÇÃO DE LIVING LABS E SUA GOVERNANÇA POR TEMAS DA CIDADE INTELIGENTE O CASO DA LINHA VERDE EM CURITIBA.pdf: 3309943 bytes, checksum: d6be3ce9b19ddf6ae3f8414772762515 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-03T15:22:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ESTRUTURAÇÃO DE LIVING LABS E SUA GOVERNANÇA POR TEMAS DA CIDADE INTELIGENTE O CASO DA LINHA VERDE EM CURITIBA.pdf: 3309943 bytes, checksum: d6be3ce9b19ddf6ae3f8414772762515 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-10-06 / The purpose of this work is to elaborate a proposal of Living Labs organization on the region known as 'Linha Verde' urban zone of road BR 116, that crosses Curitiba and became the sixth structuring axis of the city. As an old road, it provides low added-value services and has social demands pending of solution, as the same time as it is passing by an urban requalification process aiming the change in this scenario. It is believed that, by transforming this route in a sustainable innovation center, the attractiveness of this zone will be increased, bringing in companies and services intensive in technology and of higher complexity. To accomplish the change in 'Linha Verde' in aaccordance with the Reference Term presented by the City Hall of Curitiba to Fundação Getulio Vargas, a study on Living Labs was conducted – real life experimentation labs that target the creation of innovative products and services through public-private-personal partnerships. The research methods applied in the formulation of the present thesis proposal were national and international experience collection through literature revision, semi-structured interviews with key players of 'Linha Verde' project material analysis and field visits. The Strategic Situational Planning was used to realize scenario diagnosis and proposals to the solution of the case. The proposal developed in the work consists of mapping potential Living Labs for 'Linha Verde' detaling important aspects apprehended in bibliographical review (coordination, participation and network formation and implementation method). It was made the option of suggesting them according to the six interest areas of a smart city (smart environment, smart mobility, smart living, smart people, smart economy and smart governance) given the fact that Curitiba already adopts this concept. In addition to that, the creation of a structure of governance and innovative ideas capitation was suggested, based on researched international experiences. Possible externalities that the Living Labs may bring to the city are also presented. Lastly, the steps of the proposal implemetation are presented. The initiatives presented here can contribute to make the 'Linha Verde' a social and economic development area serving as a laboratory of innovative urban solutions. / O objetivo desse trabalho consiste na elaboração de proposta para estruturação de Living Labs na região da Linha Verde, trecho urbano da BR 116, que cruza Curitiba, e que se tornou o sexto eixo estruturante da cidade. Por ser antiga rodovia, apresenta serviços de baixo valor agregado, com demandas sociais a serem resolvidas, e passa por um processo de requalificação urbana, visando mudar esse cenário. Acredita-se que transformar essa via num centro de inovações urbanas sustentáveis aumentará a atratividade da região, trazendo empresas e serviços intensivos em tecnologia e de maior complexidade. Para realizar essa mudança na Linha Verde, atendendo ao Termo de Referência apresentado à Fundação Getulio Vargas pela Prefeitura de Curitiba, realizou-se estudo de Living Labs – laboratórios de experimentação na vida real, cujo objetivo é criar produtos e serviços inovadores por meio de parcerias público-privada-pessoais. Os métodos de pesquisa utilizados para formulação da proposta dessa dissertação foram: revisão de literatura com levantamento de experiências nacionais e internacionais, entrevistas semiestruturadas com atores do projeto da Linha Verde, análise de materiais e visitas de campo. Utilizou-se o Planejamento Estratégico Situacional para diagnóstico do cenário e proposição das soluções para o caso. A proposta elaborada no trabalho consiste no mapeamento de potenciais Living Labs para a Linha Verde, com detalhamento de aspectos importantes identificados na revisão bibliográfica (coordenação, participação, formação da rede e método de implementação). Optou-se por sugeri-los de acordo com as seis áreas de interesse de uma cidade inteligente (smart environment, smart mobility, smart living, smart people, smart economy e smart governance), visto que Curitiba já adota esse conceito. Adicionalmente, sugeriu-se a criação de estrutura de governança e de captação de ideias inovadoras, baseadas em experiências internacionais pesquisadas. Apresentam-se também possíveis externalidades que os Living Labs podem trazer à cidade. Por fim, apresentam-se as etapas de implantação da proposta. As iniciativas aqui propostas podem contribuir para tornar a Linha Verde uma área de desenvolvimento econômico e social, servindo como um laboratório de soluções urbanas inovadoras.

Rural development is a priority for poverty alleviation and development in developing countries, as the majority of the poor live in rural areas. Information and knowledge are key strategic resources for social and economic development as they empower rural communities with the ability to expand their choices through knowing what works best in their communities. Information and communication technologies (ICT) play a significant role in supporting rural development activities through providing supportive development information and creating essential interconnectivities between rural areas and more developed regions. However, rural ICT for development (ICT4D) is still at best a ‘working hypothesis’, faced with barriers and challenges associated with implementation and use in the rural environment; which threaten the success, sustainability or relevance of an ICT intervention. Many key questions remain largely unanswered, with no concrete or credible data to support a wide range of claims concerning the use of ICT for development. The evaluation of rural ICT projects is indispensable as it determines the need, effectiveness, impact, sustainability and extent of the awareness of the contribution such projects or programmes can make in poverty alleviation and development. Even so, existing ICT4D evaluations are confrontedwith shortcomings and challenges which influence the accuracy and reliability of evaluation conclusions. These shortcomings highlight the need to embark on a more comprehensive evaluation approach, sensitive to the rural environment. This research study was aimed at developing a comprehensive rural ICT evaluation framework to assess ICT projects and interventions that work toward supporting poverty eradication in rural communities. A multi-method approach was used to determine the multiple variables and components associated with rural ICT evaluation, and then to determine how these variables interrelate. The approach is founded on programme evaluation, ICT for development evaluation, and information systems evaluation. Firstly, key domains of programme evaluations combined with an exploration of the need and shortcomings of ICT4D evaluation, contributed to the development of a template to analyse existing ICT4D evaluation frameworks and information systems frameworks, based on a selection of criteria. The combined analysis of the two groups of frameworks compares and contrasts key characteristics that form the structure of a comprehensive evaluation. This analysis and a review of programme evaluation enabled the development of a Rural ICT Comprehensive Evaluation Framework (RICT-CEF) that encompasses the key components essential for a comprehensive evaluation of rural ICT projects. The theoretical framework aims to inform ICT intervention to improve and support rural development, through the application of fundamental and interconnected evaluation domains sensitive to the rural environment, throughout the project’s lifecycle. In order to obtain a better understanding and application of the RICT-CEF, a real-life case study investigation of the Siyakhula Living Lab reveals the lessons learned (shortcomings and suitability) from applying a prototype of the framework in a rural environment. The study is characteristically a rich case study, as the investigation occurs at two levels: 1) The actual evaluation of the project to obtain results to improve or guide the project, through applying domains of the RICT-CEF, and 2) Observing and investigating the application of the RICT-CEF framework to learn lessons from its evaluation process in a real-life context. The research study reveals the compatibility of the RICT-CEF framework in a real-life rural ICT intervention case, and builds lessons learned for enhancing the framework and guiding future evaluations in ICT4D. The RICT-CEF can possibly be viewed as a platform for the key domains and processes essential for the evaluation of ICT4D interventions; which can be customised for a variety of ICT projects, such that a comparative assessment of projects can provide measurement and further awareness of the impact of rural ICT in developing countries.

Jamais nos modes de vie et les produits qui nous entourent n'ont évolué aussi rapidement. Cette évolution est un facteur nouveau à prendre en compte dans le développement de produits pour s'assurer de leur appropriation par les utilisateurs. C'est ainsi que les approches de conception s'orientent petit à petit vers l'intégration des usages. L'approche Living Lab est axée autour de quatre principes : le réalisme de la situation d'usage étudiée ; la continuité de la collaboration avec les utilisateurs ; la collecte de données d'usage spontanées ; l'augmentation de la capacité des utilisateurs à influencer le développement du produit. Ces principes facilitent le passage de la conception centrée-utilisateurs vers la conception centrée-usages, mais sont difficiles à réaliser concrètement. Pour accompagner et inspirer les concepteurs, nous proposons une méthode de pilotage de projet Living Lab composée de dix-huit opérations visant chacune l'atteinte d'un de ces principes. La méthode proposée est représentée sous forme de diagrammes NIAM-ORM, facilement compréhensibles car proche du langage naturel binaire. Deux projets urbains et deux projets industriels ont permis de tester notre méthode. La pertinence des opérations sur l'atteinte des principes est évaluée par le biais des réseaux bayésiens : selon les résultats obtenus, les opérations sont validées, ajustées ou reformulées puis ré-implémentées dans le modèle NIAM-ORM / Our way of life and the products that surround us have never evolved so quickly. This evolution is a new factor to take into account in the product development to ensure the product appropriation by the users. For that reason the design approaches try to integrate usages. The Living Lab approach is organised around four principles: the realism of the studied situation; the continuity in the collaboration with the users; the collection of spontaneous usage data; the empowerment of users in the design process. These principles facilitate the path from "user-centred design" to "usage-centred design" but are difficult to realise practically. To guide and inspire the designers we propose a Living Lab project method made of eighteen operations; each operation is supposed to reach one of the four principles. The proposed method is represented with NIAM-ORM diagrams which are easily understandable because of its similarity with natural language. We tested our method on two urban projects and two industrial projects. The relevance of the tested operations on the principle realisation is evaluated according to bayesian networks: depending on the results the operations are validated, adjusted or rephrased and implemented again in the NIAM-ORM model

Rural development can be supported by information and knowledge which are key strategic resources for socio economic development. ICTs enable the facilitation and communication of information between remotely dispersed individuals or groups and more developed regions. While it has become common place that ICTs possess capabilities to potentially support rural development, the concept of ICT for development (ICT4D) is still fraught with challenges and barriers, which impede the success and sustainability of ICT4D projects. It is therefore essential to evaluate rural ICT projects, as such an analysis may aid in revealing information related to the need, effectiveness, impact, and sustainability of these projects. This research seeks to further the implementation and exploration of the Rural ICT Comprehensive Evaluation Framework (RICT-CEF), through the application of the Process Assessment domain in a real life rural ICT project environment. The RICT-CEF framework consisting of 7 evaluation domains has the primary objective of evaluating rural ICT projects from their inception stages to post implementation. A process assessment seeks to determine whether or not a rural ICT project is operating to implement its intended functions in the intended way specified in the projects plan. Such an assessment is invaluable to a comprehensive evaluation. Evaluation questions for a process assessment are centred around critical themes of project performance. Critical themes are aspects of a programme or projects implementation which must be enacted in order to achieve desired project outcomes. This research study is aimed at identifying critical themes of process assessment relevant to rural ICT4D projects. To identify critical themes, assessment approaches on social programme process assessments, evaluation of information systems in use, and rural ICT4D project evaluation case studies are comparatively analysed. Fourteen assessment approaches from these three categories are selected based on criteria. To analyse selected assessment approaches, a template is created based on the research questions, foundational literature on process assessment and identified challenges applicable to process assessments of rural ICT4D projects. Comparing and contrasting critical themes from these assessment approaches highlight critical themes essential to assess in the iterative implementation phase of rural ICT projects. Accentuated critical themes include, service utilization, organizational function and external project factors. These themes, along with suggested guiding principles from literature for conducting process assessments enable the creation of a framework for conducting process assessments of rural ICT projects. The framework is labelled "the Rural ICT Project Process Assessment Framework (RICTP-PAF)". The application of the RICTP-PAF in a real life rural ICT project through a design science case study provides lessons learned (suitability and shortcomings) from applying the framework. This essentially demonstrates the sensitivity of the RICTP-PAF to rural contexts in which it is implemented in. For instance, the implemented prototype of the RICTP-PAF reveals that the framework places a great deal of emphasis on rural beneficiary perspectives. A practice which has been lacking in such evaluation exercises. Furthermore, the guiding principles elucidated, bring to mind best practices to deal with issues such as stakeholder conflict, unreliable data elicitation and unethical assessment practices. The RICTP-PAF represents a fundamental tool for process assessments of rural ICT projects, and may be adopted and customized to various rural ICT project contexts in developing countries.

Many Information and Communication Technologies for Development (ICTD) projects are established with the overall aim of positively developing the communities they are implemented in. However, the solutions that are provided are often commonly developed without the needs of these communities being sufficiently investigated beforehand. As a result the ICTD strategy of the project ends up not well aligned with the aims and targets of the needs of the community. As a result of this, an appropriate programme theory for the project and relevant impact indicators fail to be adequately developed. Consequently, when an impact assessment is conducted it is often found that the intended effects are not directly linked to the needs of the community or what the community had hoped to gain from the ICTD initiative. The purpose of this research serves to develop a needs-ICTD strategy alignment foundation that supports the identification and formulation of impact assessment indicators. Through this research, a framework is developed to support the alignment of ICTD strategy, the development and the promotion of contextual needs of rural communities and other frequently marginalized areas. The Needs-ICTD strategy alignment framework is composed of eight main components that describe the process that can be used to align ICTD strategy with community needs. These components include: collaboration between the internal and external stakeholders, the development of the community, conducting baseline studies, the needs assessment, the ICTD strategy, linking of the needs-ICTD strategy, and lastly the identification of impact indicators. An interpretive research approach is used to explore and inform the framework through a multi-case study investigation of the Siyakhula Living Lab and two projects in the Systems Application Products (SAP) Living Lab. Two main case study questions drive the exploration of the framework, that being: 1) How are the needs of the community elicited and how is the ICTD strategy aligned to the needs of the community? 2) And, why were the selected approaches chosen for aligning the needs of the community and ICTD strategy? Data for this research was collected qualitatively through interviews, document analysis and participant observation. Key findings indicate that the involvement of internal (local) stakeholders in the development and alignment of ICTD strategy to the needs of the community is still lacking. As a consequence, many community members end up not fully understanding the project objectives and how these objectives aims are to be achieved. The research also finds that ‘solution specific’ projects also fail communities as they focus specifically on one target group and repeatedly fail to assist the community holistically in supporting their information and their community development needs.

This thesis explores the contribution of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in rural development processes. Within the framework of social capital theory, and in the context of the information society, the study examines how the collaborative and innovative model of ICT for Development (ICT4D) can enhance social networks and information channels in rural communities, thereby enabling the active participation of rural community members in their own development processes. The study examines networks and information channels both within the rural communities under investigation and between these communities and other sectors in the society. The thesis studies the case of the Siyakhula Living Lab (SLL), an ICT4D initiative in the Mbashe Municipality of the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. During the investigation, four types of networks were identified: local organisations, social institutions, collective community projects and social ties. It was found that the Living Lab has so far influenced the creation of new forms of networks through the common spaces (computer labs) which have been made available by the Living Lab. The study further showed that the use of computers has enabled other community members to partake in the wider community of online/virtual social networks, allowing them to communicate and share information with those outside their own communities. The study also showed that the Living Lab has enabled the networking of these communities with other sectors such as academia. It was, however, found that so far the existence of the Living Lab has not influenced the already existing local networks in these communities. Also, the study showed that the relationship between these rural communities and their government and industry partners as stakeholders in the Living Lab is currently ineffective. Nevertheless, this situation has a potential to change in the future as there are ICT applications which have been developed through collaboration with rural community members, which will assist in enhancing communication between these rural communities and other stakeholders. The study finally revealed that social networks do contribute to the functioning of communities by providing both monetary and social support to community members, even though, in effect, the monetary benefits are somewhat limited by a number of factors. It is revealed that the engagement of ICT could go a long way in improving social and economic activities, governance and service delivery, as well as education in these communities.