Unlike other regenerative organs such as the liver, the adult mammalian heart does not regenerate tissue lost following injury such as myocardial infarction (MI). Instead a non-contractile fibrous scar develops that in the longer term leads to the development of heart failure (HF). In contrast to the adult, neonatal mammals, including mice and man, retain potent cardiac regenerative capacities and can replace myocardium lost following injury. Understanding the mechanisms underlying scar free repair in the neonate may help in development of new approaches to reduce the impact of myocardial injury in adults. In this thesis MI was induced by coronary artery ligation in mice at post-natal day 1 (P1). Novel electrocardiogram gated high resolution cardiac ultrasound was developed to permit non-invasive confirmation of injury 1 day later and regeneration 21 days later by loss, then restoration, of contractile function. Macrophages (MФ) play important roles in organ growth and homeostasis, and are required for scar-free regeneration of the neonatal mouse heart following MI. WNTs are secreted lipophilic proteins with multiple roles in development. MФ-derived WNTs are essential for scar free tissue regeneration following injury in the kidney, liver, and gut, but their role in the heart is unknown. The primary aim of this thesis was to investigate the role of MФ, and in particular MФ-derived WNTs in determining normal growth of the myocardium from neonate to adult and also in regeneration of the neonatal heart following injury. In wild-type neonatal mouse hearts, Csf1r-expressing cells density (mostly macrophages) was consistent across all time points studied. Three populations of resident cardiac mononuclear phagocytes were identified by flow cytometry: F4/80hi, CD11blo, Ly6C-ve - F4/80lo, CD11bhi, Ly6C-ve - F4/80lo, CD11bhi, Ly6C+ve. F4/80hi, CD11blo, Ly6C-ve cells were hypothesised to correspond to yolk-sac derived mononuclear phagocytes and F4/80lo, CD11bhi, Ly6C-ve - F4/80lo, CD11bhi, Ly6C+ve to foetal liver/bone marrow derived mononuclear phagocytes. Three phases of myocardial growth were identified by ultrasound and histological techniques: hyperplastic (P2-P8, with increased Ki67 and cardiac troponin immunopositive cells), hypertrophic/reorganisation (P8-P21, with increasing cardiomyocyte size and no change in left ventricle wall thickness), and finally hypertrophic solely (P21-P42, with increasing cardiomyocyte size and left ventricle wall thickness). Average coronary vessel size was shown to decrease between P2 and P8 whilst vessel density was increased. The number of α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA) coated vessels greatly increased between P8 and P42, indicating vessel maturation. Throughout all phases cardiac systolic function was maintained at steady state. Diastolic function was however shown to mature from a foetal to an adult pattern between P2 and P8, with reversal of the E:A wave ratio on Doppler ultrasound. In mice globally deficient in MФ due to a germline knock-out of the Csf1r gene (Csf1rnull mice), both body and heart weights were decreased from P7 onwards. The number of proliferating (Ki67+ve) cardiomyocytes at P1 and P7 was unchanged in Csf1r-null mice but there was a trend towards decreased cardiomyocyte size at P7, suggesting an influence on hypertrophic rather than hyperplastic growth of the myocardium. There was also a trend for slowed vascular network maturation, with a delay in the shift from large to smaller vessels in hearts from Csf1r-null mice. In mice with MФ-directed (Csf1r-icre mediated) depletion of Porcupine (Porcn), a gene encoding an enzyme required for WNT acylation and secretion cardiac growth, vascularisation, fibrosis and function were all similar in Cre-ve and Cre+ve animals until P41, when cardiomyocyte size and cardiac systolic function were both significantly increased in Cre+ve animals. However, the underlying mechanism is unknown. In the neonatal mice, Csf1r expressing cells, mostly MФ, were identified in association with regenerating myocardium after induction of MI at P1. Flow cytometry data showed that by P7 the putative resident yolk-sac derived population had mostly disappeared from the heart and was replaced by F4/80lo cells, similar to the pattern reported in the adult. In the regenerating myocardium, Axin2 expression was increased consistent with activation of canonical Wnt signalling. Expression of Wnt5b and Fzd2 receptor, both associated with fibrosis, was significantly increased relative to age matched uninjured hearts. MФ-directed depletion of Porcn did not influence either the functional decrease at day 1 or recovery at day 21 following induction of MI at P1. Coronary re-vascularisation was also unaffected by the genotype. However, retention of intra-myocardial fibrosis (picrosirius red staining) was significantly increased in hearts at day 21 post-MI from mice with MФ-directed depletion of Porcn. MФ-derived WNTs are therefore required for scar-free wound healing in the heart, as they are in the liver and the kidney where they regulate matrix metalloproteinase activity. In summary, novel ECG-gated high-resolution in vivo ultrasound developed in this project has allowed characterisation of cardiac structure and function during early post-natal growth and following injury and regeneration in neonatal mice. The resident MФ population of the heart is established pre-natally, and may play a role in determining maturation of the developing vascular network, although this does not involve MФ-derived Wnt signalling. Following MI, the MФ population may expand from bone marrow cells and MФ accumulate around the regenerating tissue. MФ derived WNTs are not required for regeneration of the neonatal myocardium but do have a role in ensuring scar free wound healing and this merits further investigation.

Orientador: Iracilda Zeppone Carlos / Banca: Antonio Eduardo Mauro / Banca: Denise Fecchio / Resumo: O câncer, manifestação originada pelo crescimento descontrolado de células, afeta milhões de indivíduos. Os macrófagos são as primeiras células a serem ativadas para participar de uma resposta imunológica propriamente dita, são células capazes de secretar mais de cem produtos biologicamente ativos, entre esses, espécies reativas de nitrogênio e citocinas que atuam no contexto da resposta imunológica e/ou inflamatória. Sabendo que compostos de paládio (II) podem apresentar potenciais atividades anti - tumorais, neste trabalho foram testado os compostos de fórmula geral [Pd(dmba)(Cl)tu] e [Pd(dmba)(N3)tu], nos quais dmba = N,N-dimetilbenzilamina e tu = tiouréia quanto a atividade antiinflamatória, antitumoral e mutagênica dos mesmos.Como droga padrão das reações realizadas foi utilizada a cis-platina. Foi determinada a ação destes compostos frente ao sistema imunológico através, de ensaios de determinação de citotoxicidade mediano (IC50) pela técnica de MTT, óxido nítrico (NO), peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2), determinação das citocinas IL-1, IL-6, IL-12, TNF-α e IL-10. Além disso, foi determinado a atividade antitumoral dos compostos frente à célula tumoral de Ehrlich, assim como a atividade mutagênica pelo teste de Ames e Ensaio com plasmídio pUC 9.1. Os resultados mostraram produção de NO e das citocinas IL-1, IL-6, IL-12 e TNF-α; moderada produção de H2O2 pelos macrófagos peritoneais de animais normais e animais portadores do tumor de Ehrlich na sua forma sólida, estimulados com os compostos e seus ligantes, assim como a cis-platina. Por outro lado, de maneira contrária às outras citocinas testadas, não houve a produção de IL-10. No que se refere à atividade antitumoral dos compostos testados, estes mostraram efeito citotóxico sobre a linhagen tumoral testada. Com relação à atividade mutagênica, os compostos... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The cancer, manifestation originated by the growth not controlled of cells, affects million of individuals. Macrophages are the first cells to be activated to participate in an immune response itself, are cells to able to secreting more than one hundred biologically active products, among these, reactive nitrogen species and cytokines that act in the context of the immune response and / or inflammatory. Knowing that compounds of palladium (II) can be potential activities anti - tumor in this study was tested compounds of general formula [Pd (Pd) (Cl) tu] and [Pd (Pd) (N3) tu], where Pd = N, N-dimetilbenzilamina and tu = thiourea as the anti-inflammatory, antitumor and mutagenic of the same. As standard was used the cis-platinum. We determining the action of these compounds against the immune system, for tests to determine the median cytotoxicity (IC50) by the MTT technique, nitric oxide (NO), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), determination of IL-1, IL-6 , IL-12, TNF-α and IL-10. Moreover, it was determined the antitumor activity of compounds against the Ehrlich tumor cell, as well as mutagenic by the Ames test and test with plasmid pUC 9.1. The results showed NO production and the IL-1, IL-6, IL-12 and TNF-α, by peritoneal macrophages from normal animals and animals with Ehrlich tumor in solid form was stimulated by the compounds and their ligands as well as cis-platinum. Moreover, in contrary manner to other cytokines tested, there wasn't production of IL-10, and H2O2. With regard to the antitumor activity of the compounds tested, these showed cytotoxic effect on tumor lineage tested. With respect to mutagenic activity, compounds and ligands weren't mutagenic in vitro, unlike cis-platinum was shown to be mutagenic, causing mutations in the DNA of Salmonella typhimurium by the Ames test. The compounds and ligants were not also to induce DNA breaks in the plasmid... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

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Submitted by Ana Maria Fiscina Sampaio (fiscina@bahia.fiocruz.br) on 2012-11-27T18:25:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Djalma Gomes Ferrão Carvalhal Um ensaio de adesao... 2001.pdf: 31649822 bytes, checksum: cea5fde124b280c0b60a4b69bc0b6cb3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-11-27T18:25:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Djalma Gomes Ferrão Carvalhal Um ensaio de adesao... 2001.pdf: 31649822 bytes, checksum: cea5fde124b280c0b60a4b69bc0b6cb3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2001 / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, Bahia, Brasil / O objetivo deste trabalho é desenvolver um ensaio de adesão, baseado no ensaio de Stamper- Woodruff, para o estudo das interações entre macrófagos e matriz conjuntiva. Foram induzidos bolsões inflamatórios em camundongos da linhagem BALB/c para obtenção de secções de pele inflamada, e células macrofágicas da linhagem J774G.8 foram utilizadas na padronização do ensaio. Secções de 7 i^m de espessura foram colocadas em lâminas de vidro, fixadas com acetona e bloqueadas com BSA. Foi estabelecida a concentração de 10® células/100 fil como a mais apropriada para a realização do ensaio, através de diluições seriadas. Células J774G.8 sem tratamento prévio ou tratadas com: ácido tetraacético diamino etileno, Mn++, lipopolissacarídeo, forbol miristato acetato, zimosan, os peptídios CS-1 e RGD, os anticorpos anti-CD49d ou contra a cadeia (32 de integrinas, foram adicionadas ás secções e incubadas por 30 minutos á temperatura ambiente. Como resultado, as células macrofágicas aderem preferencialmente ás áreas de inflamação. A adesão das células é dependente de cátions divalentes e pode ser modulada por substâncias que promovam a ativação celular. Além disso, a adesão mediada por integrinas pode ser inibida por peptídios RGD e CS-1 ou com anticorpos contra integrinas da família (31 e (32. A adesão das células macrofágicas é inibida mais intensivamente pela infecção com Leishmania mas não com a infecção por Mycobacterium ou por fagocitose de partículas de látex. Desta forma, o ensaio desenvolvido foi capaz de demonstrar a especificidade da adesão de células macrofágicas pela matriz conjuntiva bem como de sugerir a existência de mecanismos específicos de regulação das interações entre macrófagos e a matriz conjuntiva durante a infecção por Leishmania. / The aim of this work was to develop an adhesion assay, based on the Stamper-Woodruff’s assay to study the interactions between macrophages and the connective matrix. Inflammatory pouches were produced in BALB/c mice to obtain inflammed skin sections, and J774G.8 macrophage cell line was applied to standardize the assay. Sections of 7|im thick were placed onto glass slides, fixed with acetone and blocked with bovine serum albumin. The cell concentration of 10®/100 |xl was proved to be most appropriate for the assay, through serial dilutions. J774G.8 cells, with or without ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid, Mn'"'", Lipopolysaccharide, phorbol myristate acetate, zymosan, CS- 1, RGD peptide, antibodies anti-CD49d or against (32 chain integrin treatment, were added onto the sections and incubated for 30 minutes at room temperature. Macrophage cells adhered preferentially to inflammed areas. The adhesion of cells was dependent on divalent ions and could be modulated by substances that promote cell activation. Moreover, the adhesion mediated by integrin can be inhibited either by RGD or CS-1 peptides or by antibodies against integrins of the |31 or |32 sub-family. Adhesion of macrophage cells was intensively inhibited by infection with Leishmania and was not affected by infection with Mycobacterium or by endocytosis of latex beads. Thus, the developed assay was able to show the specific adhesion of macrophages to connective matrix, as well to illustrate a specific downregulation of macrophage adhesion to inflammed skin in Leishmania infection.

Submitted by Ana Maria Fiscina Sampaio (fiscina@bahia.fiocruz.br) on 2016-08-09T19:14:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Camila Victória Sousa Oliveira Avaliaçao do papel... 2015.pdf: 3464299 bytes, checksum: ca91c962ae5b021bf250ea2db05e1dd6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Maria Fiscina Sampaio (fiscina@bahia.fiocruz.br) on 2016-08-09T19:21:45Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Camila Victória Sousa Oliveira Avaliaçao do papel... 2015.pdf: 3464299 bytes, checksum: ca91c962ae5b021bf250ea2db05e1dd6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-09T19:21:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Camila Victória Sousa Oliveira Avaliaçao do papel... 2015.pdf: 3464299 bytes, checksum: ca91c962ae5b021bf250ea2db05e1dd6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-25 / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, Brasil / A leishmaniose é uma antropozoonose causada por protozoários do gênero Leishmania e é considerada uma das principais doenças negligenciadas. Modelos experimentais são amplamente utilizados para uma melhor compreensão da doença e dos mecanismos relacionados à resistência e susceptibilidade à infecção. Macrófagos de camundongos CBA controlam a infecção por Leishmania major ao passo que são permissivos a Leishmania amazonensis. Além disso, estudos baseados em abordagem proteômica demonstraram padrões distintos de expressão proteica em macrófagos derivados de medula óssea (BMMΦ) infectados por essas espécies de Leishmania. Dentre as proteínas diferentemente expressas, foram identificadas proteínas envolvidas no metabolismo de ferro moduladas positivamente em macrófagos infectados por L. amazonensis. Adicionalmente, embora ainda existam controvérsias, diversos estudos têm abordado a participação do elemento ferro na interação parasito-hospedeiro e no estabelecimento das infecções por tripanossomatídeos, incluindo Leishmania. Assim, para melhor compreender os mecanismos envolvidos nessa doença, o presente estudo buscou explorar o modelo comparativo de resistência e suscetibilidade do camundongo CBA para determinar o papel do ferro na infecção por Leishmania. Nossa hipótese é que a expressão de proteínas envolvidas no metabolismo de ferro é modulada diferentemente em macrófagos de camundongos CBA infectados por L. amazonensis, em comparação à L. major, favorecendo a sobrevivência intracelular do parasito. Nosso objetivo foi avaliar a expressão de proteínas que participam do metabolismo de ferro, como receptor de transferrina (Tf), CD71, e heme oxigenasse-1, HO-1, e determinar o efeito da modulação da disponibilidade de ferro na infecção por Leishmania. Observamos maior expressão de HO-1 em BMMΦ infectados por L. amazonensis (18,34 ± SD ng/mL), quando comparados a BMMΦ infectados por L. major (7,07 ± SD ng/mL), utilizando ELISA. Maior expressão de CD71 também foi observada na infecção por L. amazonensis (MFI 2.103) em comparação à infecção por L. major (MFI 472), utilizando FACS, além de uma maior ligação e captação de HoloTf (Tf carregada com ferro). Embora tenha sido observado que essas proteínas encontram-se diferentemente expressas em BMMΦ infectados por essas duas espécies de Leishmania, não foram observadas diferenças significativas na concentração intracelular do ferro. Em seguida, ensaios funcionais a partir da modulação da disponibilidade intracelular de ferro foram realizados com o objetivo de avaliar seu papel no desfecho da infecção por Leishmania. Os resultados mostraram que a depleção de ferro reduz em 90% o percentual de BMMΦ infectados por L. amazonensis e 70% dos infectados por L. major. Adicionalmente, a suplementação de ferro aumenta o percentual de BMMΦ infectados por L. amazonensis, de 69,64 para 82,79%, e a carga parasitária, de 2,996 para 4,001 parasitos/célula, assim como a viabilidade intracelular de L. amazonensis e L. major. Em conjunto, os dados obtidos nesse estudo indicam que, apesar de L. amazonensis modular positivamente a expressão de proteínas envolvidas no metabolismo de ferro, esse metal apresenta um papel importante na infecção pelas duas espécies de Leishmania, favorecendo a sobrevivência intracelular desse parasito. / Leishmaniasis is an anthropozoonosis caused by the protozoan parasite Leishmania and is considered one of the main neglected diseases. Animal models are widely used to better understand the disease and the mechanisms involved in resistance and susceptibility to infection. CBA mouse macrophages control the infection by L. major, while are permissive to L. amazonensis. Proteomic studies showed different protein profiles in bone marrow macrophages (BMMΦ) infected these species of Leishmania. We also observed that proteins involved in iron metabolism were positively modulated in L. amazonensis-infected macrophages. In addition, although literature review showed controverse data, several studies have addressed the role iron plays in host-parasite interaction and the establishment of trypanosomatids infections, including Leishmania. To better understand the mechanisms of the disease, this study sought to evaluate in a comparative model of resistance and susceptibility, using CBA macrophages, the role iron plays in Leishmania infection. Our hypothesis is that the expression of proteins involved in iron metabolism is differently modulated in CBA mice macrophages infected with L. amazonensis in comparison to L. major, favoring the intracellular survival of the parasite. Our goal was to evaluate the expression of proteins involved in iron metabolism of CBA mice macrophages, such as transferrin receptor (Tf), CD71, and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) and determine the effect of the modulation of intracellular iron in Leishmania infection. Using ELISA, we confirmed a higher expression of HO-1 in L. amazonensis- (18.34 ng/mL) compared to L. major-infected CBA macrophages (7.07 ng/mL). Using FACS analysis, CD71 showed to be higher expressed in L. amazonensis- (MFI 2.103) than in L. major-infected macrophages (MFI 472), in addition to higher binding and take up of HoloTf in these cells. Although it has been observed that proteins involved in iron metabolism were differently expressed in BMMΦ infected with these Leishmania species, no significant differences were observed in intracellular iron concentration. To further evaluate the role iron plays in the outcome of Leishmania infection, we modulated iron availability to Leishmania-infected cells using iron chelates or iron supplements. The results show that iron depletion reduces in 90% L. amazonensis infection and in 70% L. major infection. In addition, iron supplementation increased the percentage of L. amazonensis-infected cells from 69.64 to 82.79% and parasite load from 2,996 to 4,001 Leishmania/cell, as well as in the intracellular viability of both Leishmania species. In sum, these data indicate that although there is a positive modulation of proteins involved in iron metabolism in L. amazonensis infection, this metal seems to favor the survival of both parasite species in CBA macrophages.

O Transtorno Bipolar (TB) é uma doença psiquiátrica grave, altamente incapacitante que está associada com diversas comorbidades médicas e altas taxas de suicídio. Embora sua fisiopatologia não esteja completamente elucidada, inúmeros estudos têm mostrado alterações no sistema imune de indivíduos com TB. A resposta crônica destes indivíduos ao estresse parece gerar um aumento da inflamação sistêmica bem como da neuroinflamação. A micróglia ativada devido aos estímulos inflamatórios contínuos deve ocasionar diferentes prejuízos tanto bioquímicos quanto funcionas. Os macrófagos, primeira linha de defesa, são células de característica plástica de extrema importância do sistema imune e podem ser estimulados a polarizar para diferentes formas com liberação de fatores pró e antiinflamatórios, estimulando ou mantendo a homeostase no ambiente agredido de alguma forma. Desta forma, nosso trabalho buscou investigar a resposta fenotípica dos macrófagos contra o meio ambiente pró-inflamatório sistêmico observado no plasma de pacientes bipolares eutímicos, maníacos e depressivos em comparação aos controles. A amostra incluiu 5 controles saudáveis, 8 pacientes bipolares remetidos, 5 pacientes maníacos e 5 pacientes depressivos. As citocinas e quimiocinas de RNAm em células U937 tratadas com plasma mostraram um padrão de expressão diferente relativo entre controles saudáveis e pacientes com TB. As citoquinas inflamatórias tais como IL-1β e TNF-α, em pacientes bipolares maníacos e depressivos demonstram maiores quantidades de IL-1β mRNA do que os pacientes eutímicos e pacientes depressivos induziram maiores quantidades de RNAm de TNF-α do que os pacientes eutímicos em células U937. Já a expressão das quimiocinas CXCL9 e CXCL10 no plasma de pacientes com TB depressivos, demostraram ser de menor expressão significativa no grupo de pacientes maníacos quando comparados a controles e pacientes bipolares eutímicos. Nossos resultados sugerem que as citocinas periféticas devem modular a polarização M1 ou M2 de macrófagos no TB. / Bipolar Disorder (BD) is a severe and highly incapacitating psychiatric disorder which is associated with the presence of medical comorbidities. The progression of BD is related to an important cognitive deficit and also to biological and clinical manifestations that lead to treatment resistance and worse prognosis. Immune disturbances have been widely observed and investigated in BD patients. Chronic inflammatory responses induce neuroinflammation, mainly by pro-inflammatory microglial activation, and result in biochemical and functional impairment. Macrophages are the first line of defense of the immune system and exhibit cell plasticity. As well, microglia represents the resident macrophage of the central nervous system been responsible for its protection. Both cells can be stimulated to polarize into two different phenotypes, mainly pro- and anti-inflammatory, maintaining the homeostasis under physiologic and pathologic conditions. Therefore, we aimed to investigate macrophages phenotypical response when submitted to BD patients plasma in different episodes, which is considered a pro-inflammatory environment, and healthy controls plasma. Subjects included healthy controls (n=5), remitted BD patients (n=8), manic patients (n=5) and depressive patients (n=5). The mRNA expression of chemokynes and cytokines from U937 cells treated with BD patients plasma were different from those submitted to healthy controls plasma. Higher mRNA expression of IL-1β was observed in those cells submitted to manic and depressive BD patients plasma when compared to euthymic patients. Also, depressive BD patients plasma induced higher expression of TNF-α compared to euthymic patients. However, chemokynes expression, such as CXCL9 and CXCL10, were reduced in depressive BD patients. However, chemokynes expression, such as CXCL9 and CXCL10, were reduced in depressive BD patients. Inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β and TNF-α in bipolar manic and depressive patients demonstrate higher amounts of IL-1β mRNA that euthymic patients and depressive patients induced higher amounts of TNF-α mRNA levels than the patients in euthymic U937. Since the expression of CXCL9 and CXCL10 chemokines in plasma from patients with depressive TB, proved less significant expression in the group of manic patients when compared to controls and euthymic bipolar patients.

Fungos patogênicos, como Cryptococcus neoformans e Candida albicans, são uma das mais frequentes causas de infecções oportunistas em todo o mundo, sendo capazes de sobreviver, proliferar e escapar de macrófagos, células de primeira linha da resposta imune de hospedeiros mamíferos. Macrófagos geralmente expõem o patógeno intracelular a um ambiente tóxico, caracterizado por pH ácido, presença de espécies reativas, como também de peptídeos antimicrobianos. Neste contexto, há uma competição entre o patógeno intracelular e o hospedeiro mamífero por nutrientes essenciais, como por exemplo, metais de transição. Cobre é um metal de transição essencial para a vida aeróbica, porém pode ser tóxico em altas concentrações e, devido a isto, diversos organismos desenvolveram mecanismos regulatórios para controlar suas concentrações. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a modulação da homeostase de cobre durante a interação entre macrófagos e células de C. neoformans ou C. albicans. Neste trabalho, foi possível demonstrar que a presença de cobre contribui para uma menor atividade fungicida de macrófagos infectados. Também, o pré-carregamento das células fúngicas com cobre alterou a sensibilidade de ambas leveduras patogênicas à atividade anti-fúngica. Além disso, foi demonstrado que a expressão de transportadores de cobre (CTR1 e ATP7A) e proteínas ligadoras de cobre (ceruloplasmina e metalotioneína 1) de macrófagos foram moduladas em resposta à infecção por estes fungos patogênicos. Entretanto, essa regulação pode envolver mecanismos mais complexos, como estratégias do patógeno para subverter a ação antimicrobiana de macrófagos. / Pathogenic yeasts, such as Cryptococcus neoformans and Candida albicans, are one of the most frequent causes of the opportunistic infections worldwide, being able to survive, proliferate and escape from macrophages, the first line cells engaged in the immune defense of the mammalian host. Macrophages generally expose the intracellular pathogen to a toxic environment, which is characterized by acid pH, presence of reactive species, as well the presence of antimicrobial peptides. In this context, there is a competition between intracellular pathogen and mammalian host for essential nutrients, such as transition metals. Copper is an essential transition metal for aerobic life, but can be toxic at high concentrations and, therefore, many organisms have evolved highly regulated mechanisms for controlling its concentration. In this work, we aim is evaluate a modulation of copper homeostasis during interaction between macrophages and C. neoformans or C. albicans cells. This work demonstrated that the presence of copper resulted in a lower fungicidal activity of infected macrophages. Also, the pre-loading of fungal cells with copper can alter the sensitivity of both pathogenic yeasts to an antifungal activity. In addition, we showed that the expression of macrophage copper transporters (CTR1 and ATP7A) and copper-binding proteins (ceruloplasmin and metallothionein 1) are modulated in response infection by pathogenic fungi. However, this regulation may involve more complex mechanisms, such as strategies of pathogen to subvert the antimicrobial action of macrophages.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-01-25Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:34:31Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 souza_tp_me_arafcf.pdf: 2625945 bytes, checksum: 1db91800580287c4786df2ee6a0192b3 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Os receptores scavenger (SR) são os principais receptores de reconhecimento padrão (PRR) envolvidos na fagocitose de Streptococcus pneumoniae por macrófagos alveolares (AMs), células estas consideradas a primeira linha de defesa no pulmão. Sabe-se que indivíduos acometidos por doenças pulmonares obstrutivas crônicas (DPOC) são susceptíveis a infecções bacterianas recorrentes e apresentam um intenso acúmulo de células apoptóticas (ACs) no parênquima pulmonar. A hipótese deste estudo fundamenta-se em que o acúmulo de ACs e a fagocitose destas por AMs poderia suprimir as funções efetores destas células, através da liberação de mediadores anti-inflamatórios, tais como TGF- e PGE2. No entanto, nada se sabe quanto aos mecanismos pelos quais PGE2 poderia suprimir esses mecanismos efetores de macrófagos alveolares contra S. pneumoniae, via SR. Nossos resultados demonstram que a presença de ACs promove a inibição da fagocitose e a atividade microbicida de AMs contra S. pneumoniae. A inibição da fagocitose de S. pneumoniae mediada pela eferocitose foi revertida pela inibição da síntese de PGE2 endógena, assim como pelo tratamento com antagonistas deEP2 e pela inibição da enzimaadenililciclase. No entanto, estes efeitos supressores de PGE2 decorrentes da eferocitose por AMs foram independentes da ação de PKA. Desta forma, podemos sugerir que a presença de ACs no pulmão de indivíduos com DPOC poderia desencadear a síntese exacerbada de PGE2 e contribuir na supressão das funções efetoras de AMs contra infecções bacterianas, como S. pneumoniae. Portanto, o tratamento com inibidores da COX, concomitante à terapia antimicrobiana, poderia levar a uma melhora no quadro de imunossupressão desencadeado pela ação de PGE2 no microambiente pulmonar e, portanto, restauração das funções efetoras de AMs / The scavenger receptors (SR) are the major receptors involved in the Streptococcus pneumonia phagocytosis by alveolar macrophages (AMs) that act as the first line of defense in the lung. The increase of susceptibility to bacterial infections has been demonstrated in chronic inflammatory pulmonary disease in which there is an intense accumulation of apoptotic cells (ACs). Our hypothesis is that the uptake of ACs by macrophages could suppress immune responses by releasing anti-inflammatory mediators, such as TGF- and PGE2. However, the way in which PGE2 suppress the effector mechanisms against Streptococcus pneumonia by SR in alveolar macrophages is unclear. We found that the preincubation with AC inhibited the ingestion and killing of S. pneumonia by AMs. The inhibition of S. pneumonia phagocytosis by efferocytosis was partially reverted when endogenous PGE2 production was repressed with a COX inhibitor, EP2 antagonist and likewise with an adenylate cyclase inhibitor. However, this suppressive effect was PKA independent. Moreover, we demonstrated that the inhibition of S. pneumonia phagocytosis by efferocytosis was more pronounced in scavenger receptors class B (SR-B). Thus, we suggest that the presence of ACs in the lungs of patients with COPD could trigger the synthesis of PGE2 and promote the suppression of effector functions of AMs against bacterial infections, such as S. pneumoniae. Therefore, treatment with COX inhibitors, concomitant-microbial therapy, could lead to an improvement in the immunosuppression triggered by the action of PGE2 in the lung microenvironment and thus restoration of effector functions of AMs

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-01-29Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:15:33Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 quilles_mb_me_arafcf.pdf: 1069792 bytes, checksum: 9a998cb3ab50238cd5eb1029bf618292 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O câncer, manifestação originada pelo crescimento descontrolado de células, afeta milhões de indivíduos. Os macrófagos são as primeiras células a serem ativadas para participar de uma resposta imunológica propriamente dita, são células capazes de secretar mais de cem produtos biologicamente ativos, entre esses, espécies reativas de nitrogênio e citocinas que atuam no contexto da resposta imunológica e/ou inflamatória. Sabendo que compostos de paládio (II) podem apresentar potenciais atividades anti - tumorais, neste trabalho foram testado os compostos de fórmula geral [Pd(dmba)(Cl)tu] e [Pd(dmba)(N3)tu], nos quais dmba = N,N-dimetilbenzilamina e tu = tiouréia quanto a atividade antiinflamatória, antitumoral e mutagênica dos mesmos.Como droga padrão das reações realizadas foi utilizada a cis-platina. Foi determinada a ação destes compostos frente ao sistema imunológico através, de ensaios de determinação de citotoxicidade mediano (IC50) pela técnica de MTT, óxido nítrico (NO), peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2), determinação das citocinas IL-1, IL-6, IL-12, TNF-α e IL-10. Além disso, foi determinado a atividade antitumoral dos compostos frente à célula tumoral de Ehrlich, assim como a atividade mutagênica pelo teste de Ames e Ensaio com plasmídio pUC 9.1. Os resultados mostraram produção de NO e das citocinas IL-1, IL-6, IL-12 e TNF-α; moderada produção de H2O2 pelos macrófagos peritoneais de animais normais e animais portadores do tumor de Ehrlich na sua forma sólida, estimulados com os compostos e seus ligantes, assim como a cis-platina. Por outro lado, de maneira contrária às outras citocinas testadas, não houve a produção de IL-10. No que se refere à atividade antitumoral dos compostos testados, estes mostraram efeito citotóxico sobre a linhagen tumoral testada. Com relação à atividade mutagênica, os compostos... / The cancer, manifestation originated by the growth not controlled of cells, affects million of individuals. Macrophages are the first cells to be activated to participate in an immune response itself, are cells to able to secreting more than one hundred biologically active products, among these, reactive nitrogen species and cytokines that act in the context of the immune response and / or inflammatory. Knowing that compounds of palladium (II) can be potential activities anti - tumor in this study was tested compounds of general formula [Pd (Pd) (Cl) tu] and [Pd (Pd) (N3) tu], where Pd = N, N-dimetilbenzilamina and tu = thiourea as the anti-inflammatory, antitumor and mutagenic of the same. As standard was used the cis-platinum. We determining the action of these compounds against the immune system, for tests to determine the median cytotoxicity (IC50) by the MTT technique, nitric oxide (NO), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), determination of IL-1, IL-6 , IL-12, TNF-α and IL-10. Moreover, it was determined the antitumor activity of compounds against the Ehrlich tumor cell, as well as mutagenic by the Ames test and test with plasmid pUC 9.1. The results showed NO production and the IL-1, IL-6, IL-12 and TNF-α, by peritoneal macrophages from normal animals and animals with Ehrlich tumor in solid form was stimulated by the compounds and their ligands as well as cis-platinum. Moreover, in contrary manner to other cytokines tested, there wasn’t production of IL-10, and H2O2. With regard to the antitumor activity of the compounds tested, these showed cytotoxic effect on tumor lineage tested. With respect to mutagenic activity, compounds and ligands weren’t mutagenic in vitro, unlike cis-platinum was shown to be mutagenic, causing mutations in the DNA of Salmonella typhimurium by the Ames test. The compounds and ligants were not also to induce DNA breaks in the plasmid... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

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