No description available.

Atlikus literatūros apžvalgą, remiantis teoriniais ir eksperimentiniais tyrimais, įsitikinta, kad elektromagnetiniai laukai turi įtakos žmogui ir aplinkai. Elektromagnetinio lauko poveikiui daugiausiai jautri centrinė nervinė ir neuroendokrininė sistemos. Didžiausi elektromagnetinių laukų šaltiniai, gyvenamojoje ir darbo aplinkoje, yra buitiniai prietaisai, elektros perdavimo, transformavimo ir skirstomieji įrenginiai. Elektros įrengimų kuriami elektromagnetiniai laukai, erdvėje sklinda pagal 1/r3; 1/r2 ir 1/r dėsnius. Tai charakteringa tiek elektrinių, tiek magnetinių laukų verčių kitimui. Elektromagnetinių laukų parametrų vertę apsprendžia elektros įrenginių įtampa, srovė ir tiriamo taško padėtis įrenginių atžvilgiu. Įvertinant labai platų mūsų šalies energetikos tinklą, naudojamų elektros įrenginių, kuriančių elektromagnetinius laukus gyvenamoje ir darbo aplinkoje, duomenys apie tai įgauna ženklią socialinę prasmę, sudaroma galimybė prognozuoti galimas silpnų elektromagnetinių laukų poveikio reikšmes, numatyti priemones joms pašalinti. / Literary review, according to theoretical and experimental researches, it was noticed that electromagnetic fields of industrial frequency influence the human and environment. The most sensitive parts to the effect of electromagnetic fields are the nervous system and the neuroendocrine system. The biggest sources of electromagnetic fields are the domestic appliances, the installations of electricity transmission, transference and the distributing installations in residential and working places. Electromagnetic fields are generated with electric installations and spread in space by 1/r3; 1/r2 and 1/r law. It is typical of the value change of electric and magnetic fields. Parameter value of electromagnetic fields is solved with electricity installations tension, stream and the location of analyzed point in point of installations. Summing up the wide energetic net of our country, the fact of usable electric installations (which create electromagnetic fields in residential and working places) assume the marked social signification, there is posed the opportunity to forecast the available values of low electromagnetic fields effect, and to forecast means to remove it.

Magnetic fields play a key role in a wide variety of phenomena found on the Sun. One such phenomena is the Coronal Mass Ejection (CME) where a large amount of material is ejected from the Sun. CME’s may directly affect the earth, therefore understanding their origin is of key importance for space weather and the near-Earth environment. In this thesis, the nature and evolution of solar magnetic fields is considered through a combination of Magnetic Flux Transport Simulations and Potential Field Source Surface Models. The Magnetic Flux Transport Simulations produce a realistic description of the evolution and distribution of the radial magnetic field at the level of the solar photosphere. This is then applied as a lower boundary condition for the Potential Field Source Surface Models which prescribe a coronal magnetic field. Using these two techniques, the location and variation of coronal null points, a key element in the Magnetic Breakout Model of CMEs, are determined. Results show that the number of coronal null points follow a cyclic variation in phase with the solar cycle. In addition, they preferentially form at lower latitudes as a result of the complex active latitude field. Although a significant number of coronal nulls may exist at any one time (≈ 17), it is shown that only half may satisfy the necessary condition for breakout. From this it is concluded that while the Magnetic Breakout Model of CMEs is an important model in understanding the origin of the CMEs, other processes must occur in order to explain the observed number of CMEs. Finally, the Magnetic Flux Transport Simulations are applied to stellar magnetic fields and in particular to the fast rotating star HD171488. From this speculative study it is shown that the Magnetic Flux Transport Simulations constructed for the Sun may be applied in very different stellar circumstances and that for HD171488 a significantly higher rate of meridional flow (1200-1400 ms⁻¹) is required to match observed magnetic field distributions.

L’actualité des travaux de recherche dans le domaine des moteurs électriques repose en partie sur des machines utilisant des matériaux supraconducteurs. En effet, ces matériaux des caractéristiques intéressantes pour des applications à champ magnétique et courant élevés, en étant refroidis à très basse température, en général de 4 à 77K. Ce qui est un paramètre important pour développer des machines de fortes puissances avec un encombrement minimal. Nous proposons d’utiliser les caractéristiques de fort courant et fort champ magnétique des fils supraconducteurs ainsi que les capacités de blindage magnétique des supraconducteurs massifs pour le développement de moteurs supraconducteurs. Nous avons développé et réalisé les essais d’une machine synchrone supraconductrice de 250kW, à inducteur supraconducteur tournant. Nous continuons les travaux sur les machines supraconductrices à topologies originales, avec la modélisation 3D d’un nouvel inducteur, à pans coupés. Mais également par de nouveaux essais et développements de la machine à concentration de flux magnétique réalisée dans des travaux précédents / An important part of electrical machines research activities focus on superconducting motors. In fact, an important magnetic field and high current are possible with these materials, used at low temperature, generally 4 to 77K. These two parameters allow an interesting motor development, with higher electrical power and a minimal overcrowding. In front of high magnetic flux and high current superconducting caracteristics and bulk screening effect, we suggest several superconducting motors development. We developed and realized a 250kW synchronous superconducting motor, with a rotating superconducting inductor. Then, using 3D finite element software, we introduce an original superconducting inductor topology, nammed "pan coupé". Besides, we show new test and development of the magnetic flux concentration motor constructed 4 years ago

Le principe du contrôle non destructif par Flux de Fuite Magnétique (FFM) consiste à magnétiser une pièce à contrôler par un champ magnétique intense et à détecter à l’aide d’un capteur magnétique les fuites des lignes de champ qui résultent de la présence d’un défaut dans la pièce. Les méthodes de contrôle FFM sont très employées notamment lors du processus de fabrication des tubes ferromagnétiques par la société Vallourec, le leader mondial des fabricants de tube. Dans le but d’améliorer les performances des systèmes de contrôle installés en usine, le CEA LIST et le centre de recherches de Vallourec (VRA) collaborent pour développer des outils de simulation rapides dédiés au contrôle virtuel des tubes ferromagnétiques. Le système expérimental existant concerne plus particulièrement la détection des défauts longitudinaux. Le problème de modélisation se pose en termes de modélisation d’un système électromagnétique à géométrie complexe en régime magnétostatique non-linéaire. Les courants de Foucault induits par le mouvement relatif entre la pièce et le circuit magnétique sont négligés. Dans ce contexte, une approche semi-analytique reposant sur le formalisme des équations intégrales (EI) a été choisie. Les travaux effectués dans cette thèse ont pour but de traiter des géométries complexes 3D mais limitées dans une première étape aux matériaux linéaires. Toutefois, le caractère non-linéaire de la relation liant l’induction magnétique et le champ magnétique dans un matériau ferromagnétique doit être envisageable lors du choix de la formulation du problème. Après une étude des paramètres influents du système expérimental existant, menée par des simulations par éléments finis, nous avons considéré deux stratégies de modélisation. La première consiste à proposer un schéma de résolution qui combine un module de calcul 2D et un module d’extension du 2D vers le 3D. Le manque de généralisation de cette première approche simplifiée nous a conduits à proposer une deuxième stratégie qui résout le problème complet de magnétostatique 3D. La formulation par équations intégrales porte sur une quantité scalaire auxiliaire : la densité surfacique de charges magnétiques. Afin de pouvoir résoudre à terme un problème 3D non-linéaire, le schéma numérique proposé considère deux hypothèses : la pièce ferromagnétique est divisée en un ensemble de cellules hexaédriques dans lesquelles la perméabilité magnétique est constante et les inconnues du problème, les densités surfaciques de charge sur les faces de chaque cellule sont projetées sur des fonctions de base d’ordre 0. Le calcul numérique des intégrales singulières s’effectue de manière analytique. Plusieurs résultats de simulation confirment la validité du modèle numérique présenté. Même si le modèle présente encore aujourd’hui quelques limitations notamment sur le manque de précision des calculs en présence de défaut, celui-ci donne satisfaction en absence de défaut. Diverses configurations géométriques ont été traitées grâce à l’emploi du mailleur libre Gmsh. Le travail réalisé débouche sur un modèle 3D linéaire intégrable dans un procédé itératif pour effectuer une simulation en régime non-linéaire. Les inconvénients liés au formalisme des équations intégrales sont aujourd’hui contournables grâce aux méthodes de compression de matrices. Ce modèle est un bon candidat pour servir d’outil de simulation pour le contrôle virtuel des matériaux plans ou cylindriques par flux de fuite. / The principle of Non Destructive Testing (NDT) by using magnetic flux leakage (MFL) consists to magnetize a magnetic component to be inspected by a strong magnetic field and to detect with a magnetic sensor the magnetic flux lines which are leaking from part due to a defect. MFL methods are usually used during the process of manufacture of ferromagnetic pipes by our partner, the Vallourec Group, the leader in the world in manufacturing of pipes. To improve NDT systems in manufacturing plants, the CEA-LIST and the research center of Vallourec are working together to develop fast simulation tools dedicated to virtual testing of ferromagnetic pipes. The main experimental system concerns the detection of longitudinal defect. The modeling problem is to solve an electromagnetism problem with a complex geometry in the magneto-static nonlinear regime. Eddy currents induced by the motion of the pipe with respect to the magnetizing system are neglected.In this context, a semi-analytical approach based on integral equations (IE) has been chosen. The goal of some works which have been carried out in this PHD thesis is to address 3D complex geometries but, in first a step, limited to the linear regime. However, the non-linear behavior of the relationship which links the magnetic flux density and the magnetic field inside a ferromagnetic material must be considered when choosing the 3D formulation of the problem.After a study about influent parameters of the experimental system, carried out by using finite elements computations, we have considered two strategies for modeling. The first one has consisted to build up a strategy which consists to join the 2D numerical model, existing in the laboratory to an extension model from 2D to 3D. This approach was a priori quite simple but the lack of generality of this approach leads us to suggest another strategy which results in solving the complete 3D magneto-static problem. This formulation is based the integral equation formalism implying an auxiliary scalar quantity: the magnetic surface charge density. In order to be able to solve a nonlinear problem in the future, the chosen numerical scheme we have adopted is based on two hypothesis: the ferromagnetic part is firstly divided into a finite number of small hexahedral cells in which the relative magnetic permeability is supposed to be constant and secondly, the unknowns of the problem, the surface charge densities on the facets of each cell are expanded by using basis functions of zero order. Thanks to this limitation, the singular integrals can be analytically computed. Some simulation results confirm the validity of the implemented numerical model. This model presents some limitations at the moment in the cases of a workpiece with a defect but it can provide quite good results without any defect. Several geometries have been addressed by using Gmsh, free meshing software. Moreover, the final numerical model can be included into an iterative process to deal with non-linear cases. The limitations due to the EI formalism can be overcome today by using some compression matrix methods. Presently, this model is a good candidate for virtual NDT for cylindrical and planar geometries by magnetic flux leakage.

[pt] Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de um sensor inovador combinando três técnicas de inspeção utilizadas nos Pigs Instrumentados Geométrico e Magnético, para a detecção e caracterização de defeitos na geometria em tubulações de aço. O sensor GMD, Geométrico Magnético Discriminador, faz a leitura magnética do duto através da técnica de campo de fuga magnético, com a adição da leitura geométrica além da discriminação de defeitos internos de externos. A combinação dessas três tecnologias habilita a construção de uma ferramenta de inspeção de alta resolução compacta e capaz de identificar e quantificar, com apenas uma coroa de sensores, amassamentos, perdas de espessura e além da sua combinação. Este estudo se apresenta em um momento oportuno, já que a Integração de dados é o ponto fundamental da recente norma de gerenciamento de ricos em dutos, API 1160, na qual combinando os resultados das inspeções de geometria e corrosão, tem-se uma melhor avaliação de risco. Testes foram realizados utilizando um PIG Plano com corpos de prova contendo defeitos variados. Os resultados verificaram que o sensor GMD quantifica e discrimina amassamentos com perda de espessura. Aspectos técnicos do desenvolvimento como os detalhes construtivos do sensor, testes de avaliação a resultados de laboratório são apresentados. / [en] This thesis presents the development of an innovative sensor head for detection and characterization of geometric defects in steel pipes that combines three inspection techniques usually employed separately in Caliper and Magnetic Flux Leakage (MFL) PIGs. The novel Geometric Magnetic Discriminator (GMD) sensor performs high- resolution magnetic pipeline readings using MFL with the addition of internal pipe geometry evaluations and discrimination between internal and external defects. The combination of these technologies in a single sensor facilitates characterization of dents and corrosions, while at the same time optimizing the PIG set-up. According to the repair criteria in the standard API1160, combined defects such as a dent with metal loss, which in the past could only be detected through combined data of two different runs (MFL+ Caliper), must be repaired immediately. The GMD sensor was tested in a linear test rig, known as Flat Pig, and data were taken from different defect sets. Evaluation tests demonstrated that the GMD sensor sizes and discriminates a dent with metal loss. Technical aspects of the development, e.g.: the construction details of the sensor, evaluation tests and laboratory results are presented.

Vacuum bags in conjunction with autoclaves are currently employed to generate the consolidation pressures and temperatures required to manufacture aerospace level composites. As the scale of continuous fiber composite structures increases autoclaving becomes prohibitively expensive or impossible. The objective of this work is to develop flexible magnetic clamping structures to increase the consolidation pressure in conventional vacuum bagging of composite laminates, thereby obviating the need for an autoclave. A ferromagnetic rubber, which consists of rubber filled with iron, is being developed as a conformable and reusable vacuum bag that provides increased consolidation through attractive forces produced by electromagnets. Experiments and finite element modeling indicate that consolidation pressure in the range of 100 kPa can be generated by such a device with realistic power requirements. The effects of the magnetic clamping device process parameters on the consolidation pressure magnitude are modeled and characterized. In addition, a method for the efficient design of the magnetic clamping device is developed.

No description available.

The object of the final work is the magnetic field of the synchronous salient-pole reluctance micro motor and distribution of it in the air gap. The analysis of the magnetic field distribution have been made with three rotor variants: an isosceles rotor, a rotor with an arched slot of, a rotor with a rectangular slot, using a specialized field counting program - “QuickField” 4.2 Beta 1 student version. In the study, the influence of the rotor slot and the constructional air spacing to the distribution of the magnetic flux density in the air gap when the angular position of the rotor alternates from 0 to 900, every 300 was analysed. The distribution and the alternation of the magnetic permeability in the mid-cross section of the rotor vertical to its longitudinal axis was looked at. The results of this analysis could be useful for determination of the rotor magnetic reluctance according to the longitudinal and transversal axis.

Detailed, accurate measurements of critical current density and resistivity to determine the upper critical field have been made on a technological NbsAl conductor in magnetic fields up to 15 T, temperatures from 4.2 K up to the critical temperature and in the strain range from -1.8% to 0.7%. The uncertainty in temperature above 4.2 K was equivalent to ± 100 mK with a stability during the measurements of < 5 mK up to a limiting current of 80 A and a typical noise level of 1 µ Vm(^-1).When B(_c2){T,ε) is defined at 5%pn, 50%pn or 95%/%pn, an empirical relation is found where and an approximate relation, holds. The Jε data were parameterised using F(_p) = J(_E)B = A(ε)[Bc(_2)](^n)b(^p)(1-b)(^9) where b = B/B(_c2)(T,ε). When B(_c2)(T,ε) is constrained to be the value at 50%pn or 95%pn, the scaling law for F(_p) breaks down such that p and q are strong functions of temperature and q is also a strong function of strain. However, when B(_c2)(T,ε) is defined at 5%pn, there is good scaling where p and q are constants independent of temperature and strain. F(_p) can also be approximated by a Kramer form where the Ginzburg-Landau constant is γ is the electronic density of states and is interpreted as the average B(_c2) for the bulk where percolative current flow occurs. The critical current density of Hot Isostatic Pressed (HIP'ed) and unHIP'ed Nb(_3)Sn Modified Jelly Roll wires has also been measured at 4.2 K. The critical current and upper critical field were decreased for the HIP'ed sample. The reduced upper critical field of the HIP'ed wire was found to be less sensitive to strain than the unHIP'ed wire. The exponent of B(_c2) in the flux pinning scaling law increased from 0.86 to 2.14 as a result of the HIP processing.