Open Source och relaterade mjukvarukoncept och utvecklingsmodeller är vid det här laget allmänt bekanta och har varit föremål för många studier. Open Source Hardware är mindre spritt och studerat, och så även emergent teknologi som för in traditionellt industriella tekniker som 3D-printing, laserskärare, och CAD-baserade produktionsverktyg i mindre skala i hem- och hobbymiljöer. Dessa ämnen har främst studerats ur mer renodlat tekniska perspektiv, snarare än att sättas i samband i en vidare kontext. Denna kombinerar internet som infrastruktur och socialt medium för kunskaps- och resursdelning; open source-koncept; de möjligheter som tillgängligheten av mer och mer kapabel och överkomlig hårdvara byggd på öppen design bereder; och andra relaterade socio-tekniska fenomen vilka börjat framträda de senaste 5-10 åren. I denna uppsats undersöker jag denna större kontext. Uppsatsen har utförts i form av en litteraturstudie av existerande forskning inom ovanstående diskreta områden, och i den mån de finns även dess inbördes relationer. Denna kontext framträder som ett emergent paradigm kring produktion av hemelektronik, och även som exemplifierande trenden av teknologins fortsatta intåg som allestädes närvarande i våra liv och vår omgivning. Resultaten indikerar en gryende förändring i hur vi interagerar med teknik, vilka som gör det och varför, i vilka kontexter, och ett framträdande av en ny ekonomi. Jag visar på att ytterligare forskning behövs, och att perspektivet bör flyttas från att analyseras enbart i diskreta termer som teknik, open source-principer, DIY et cetera, utan även till vad som framstår som resultatet där dessa konvergerar, den naturliga konsekvensen av ett folkligt anammande av denna teknik och open source-koncept.

Abstract This report accompanies my Master project in the fields of ceramic and glass, the CRAFT! MA program, Konstfack. In this project I fuse my industrial design toolbox and my current engagement in open-source 3D printing technology with my ceramic and glass craft practice. The first pair brings in notions of innovation and an active approach towards technological change, while the second carry ancient craft methods and knowledge. I develop and make 3D printers for clay and use them as an experimental ceramic work method. In this research based practice I use ceramics as the material for 3D printed glassblowing moulds. This act represents a link between ceramic and glass crafts, one that was known to the ancient Roman craftsmen.  A view on craft and digital innovation Although the computer is in use for several decades now, in most crafts it is still used mainly as an assistive device and we seem not to look at it as a professional tool; as a craft tool. New methods of making are out there. We need to have two toolboxes now: Our traditional one and our new digital one. We can already CAD our concepts, control CNC machines and build 3D-printers customised to our growing new practice. We share our new knowledge on open-source platforms, teach each other through the web (and around the globe) how to apply digital techniques to our craft. We now have the opportunity to join hands with the movements of democratisation of contemporary manufacturing techniques and reinvent our practice, our tools and what new-craft could be.

For a little less than twenty years, researchers have worked on integrating Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and Multi-Criteria Decision Aid (MCDA). Several contributions have been done by integrating DEA with different MCDA methods to bring this field to what it is today. After studying the course of Multi-Criteria Data Envelopment Analysis (MCDEA) integration through numerous works, the future of such an attempt can be questionable. For this aim, the PROMETHEE method in MCDA has been integrated with DEA. To the best of our knowledge, this synergy has been done for the first time in this thesis.Two synergies have been conducted: Using PROMETHEE in DEA and vice versa. The first contribution applies PROMETHEE in DEA to develop a new weight restricted DEA model. This new model has two main characteristics: more discrimination power between efficient units and engaging a priori information of decision makers in DEA. The second contribution uses both DEA and PROMETHEE to propose a new ranking technique. DEA is employed to generate a pairwise comparison matrix to be used in PROMETHEE for the purpose of ranking alternatives. The last contribution uses DEA in PROMETHEE. It presents a new algorithm to propose weights in the context of the PROMETHEE II method based on DEA. Furthermore, these two methods can be used in parallel. Comparing the results obtained from DEA and PROMETHEE in evaluating the performance of units enriches the analysis of decision-making problem by confirming the robustness of answers. The purpose of this integration is to provide some tools to help decision makers in the process of evaluating the performance of alternatives and analyzing the multicriteria decision-making problems. / Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur et technologie / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Abstract Increasing information systems (IS) security breaches require investments in terms of IS security techniques/practices or personnel. Prior research on IS security investment has provided economic models based on neoclassical economics to assess how much to invest in IS security. These models assume that the goal of IS security investment is only benefit maximization, and that all of the actors involved are unbiased rational actors with complete information. It is argued in this thesis that these prior models for IS security investment are flawed for two reasons. First, benefit maximization is not an appropriate goal for IS security investment, because the benefits and costs of IS security investment cannot be reliably calculated. Second, decision makers are not unbiased rational actors, because they do not have enough information to make IS security investment decisions. To address these concerns, this thesis outlines a framework for IS security investment, which is based on behavioral economics. This framework makes new assumptions about IS security investment decision makers, and redefines the contextual nature of IS security investment. As an example of how to operationalize this framework in IS research, this thesis examines IS security investment decision-making by using a theoretical model drawn from reputational herding theory. A field study for empirical testing of the model was conducted, which involved surveying 88 information security experts in Finland. The results of the field study not only confirm the new framework, but also identify several motives that strongly predict IS security investment. In this thesis the assumptions proposed for the framework have also been also tested in a different research setting: the unauthorized uploading behavior of digital goods. This study involves 220 respondents, and the findings suggest that the proposed assumptions for the framework are also applicable in that new research setting. Overall, this doctoral thesis contributes to IS research by providing a framework to increase the overall understanding of how IS security managers make decisions with regard to IS security investment; moreover, this thesis presents empirically-grounded implications for how practitioners can improve the quality of their IS security investments. / Tiivistelmä Jatkuvasti lisääntyvät tietoturvaloukkaukset edellyttävät investointeja tietoturvatekniikoihin/käytänteisiin tai henkilöstöön. Aikaisempi tietoturvainvestointitutkimus on kehittänyt neoklassiseen taloustieteeseen perustuvia taloudellisia malleja tietoturvainvestointien määrän arvioimiseksi. Nämä mallit olettavat, että tietoturvainvestointien tavoitteena on ainoastaan hyötyjen maksimointi ja että kaikki toimijat ovat täydellisen tiedon pohjalta toimivia, puolueettomia ja rationaalisia. Tässä väitöskirjassa esitetään, että aikaisemmat tietoturvainvestointimallit ovat puutteellisia kahdesta syystä. Yhtäältä hyödyn maksimointi ei sovellu hyvin tietoturvainvestointien tavoitteeksi, koska sen hyötyjä ja kustannuksia ei voida luotettavasti laskea. Toisaalta päätöksentekijät eivät ole puolueettomia rationaalisia toimijoita, koska heillä ei ole käytettävissään tarpeeksi tietoa tietoturvainvestointipäätösten tekemiseksi. Nämä asiat huomioidaan tässä väitöskirjassa kehittämällä käyttäytymistaloustieteeseen perustuva tietoturvainvestointien viitekehys. Viitekehys esittää uusia olettamuksia tietoturvainvestointeja tekevistä päätöksentekijöistä ja tietoturvainvestointien kontekstuaalisesta luonteesta Väitöskirjassa havainnollistetaan kehitetyn viitekehyksen soveltamisesta tietojärjestelmätieteen tutkimuksessa tarkastelemalla tietoturvainvestointeihin liittyvää päätöksentekoa maineeseen perustuvan laumateorian (reputational herding theory) pohjalta laaditun teoreettisen mallin näkökulmasta. Kenttätutkimuksessa mallin testaamiseksi empiirisesti laadittiin kysely, johon vastasi 88 tietoturva-asiantuntijaa Suomessa. Kenttätutkimuksen tulokset sekä vastasivat uutta viitekehystä että toivat esiin useita tietoturvainvestointeja vahvasti ennustavia motiiveja. Väitöskirjassa kehitetyn viitekehyksen olettamuksia testattiin myös toisentyyppisessä tutkimusasetelmassa: digitaalisten hyödykkeiden luvaton lataaminen. Tähän tutkimukseen osallistui 220 vastaajaa, ja löydökset osoittavat esitettyjen olettamusten olevan hyödynnettävissä myös tässä uudessa tutkimusasetelmassa. Kaiken kaikkiaan tämän väitöskirjan kontribuutio tietojärjestelmätieteelle on sen tarjoama viitekehys, joka lisää ymmärrystä siitä, kuinka tietoturvapäälliköt tekevät tietoturvainvestointeihin liittyviä päätöksiä. Väitöskirja esittää myös empiiriseen tutkimukseen pohjautuvia käytännön implikaatioita tietoturvainvestointien laadun parantamiseksi.

As second-year graduate students from LMU’s Art Therapy program, we are excited to introduce the focus of our Master’s research project, a concept we coined as exhibition as intervention. Our goal is to create a space that brings awareness to the possibilities of exhibition to amplify the voice and increase empathy between artist and viewer. Originally, our vision was to hold the exhibition at Cedars-Sinai to supplement the 2020 Art Therapy Research Symposium. With COVID-19 placing restrictions on public gatherings, the exhibition had to transform from a physical experience to a virtual one. The catalog which began as our secondary focus to the exhibition, shifted to become the primary source of communicating our intentions. Informed by the literature of our research, we felt a catalog best collected and organized the data, which in this case was the artwork submitted. It is our great privilege to present this catalog with the works of artists engaging in the creative process to make meaning of their experiences with cancer.

Background: Within the emerging field of cryptocurrencies, the sub-sector DeFi (decentralized finance) has experienced explosive growth over the last year, and its importance for crypto as a whole has grown with it. The currencies have developed from simple peer-to-peer transactions to complex applications such as lending and exchanges. Several studies have researched determinants of cryptocurrency prices, and a few have focused on metrics central to DeFi, such as total value locked (TVL). However, academia has aimed sparse attention to the relationships between these metrics, which this article seeks to amend.  Aim: The purpose of this essay is to research the relationship between total value locked (TVL) in DeFi, the prices of native tokens on related platforms, and the price of ether, which is the dominant currency across DeFi.  Methodology: This study is deductive and quantitative and categorized as a causal-comparative thesis. The purpose of causal-comparative research is to find relationships between variables, independent and dependent, over a certain period.  The authors used deductive reasoning to form the hypotheses and collect the data necessary to investigate the hypothesis. Additionally, the structure of the paper and the epistemological process is quantitative and based on the scientific method.  The sources used for data gathering have primarily been DefiPulse and their API:s, retrieved using simple python coding and different applications that parse JSON code into the excel format. The transparent nature of blockchain has provided easy access to data needed for this study. Once the data was collected, it was categorized and compiled into an Excel sheet.  Conclusions: It is a considerable result that the ratio of locked ETH to total supply lacks significance for the price of ether, as it is counterintuitive to the macroeconomic theory of demand and supply. Presumably, the locked eth is not to be considered as a corresponding decrease in supply. However, if that was the case, the locked ratio of 10% is considerable and should affect the price as there is less supply available to the market.  In accordance with hypotheses two, three, and four, changes in the price of ether, TVL, and utilization rate affect the price of the native token. A notable distinction between the three different platforms lies in what metrics correlate more strongly with price changes. It for Compound and Aave was TVL, but utilization rate for MakerDAO. What causes these differences between seemingly similar platforms is a subject for further study.

The theoretical part of the diploma thesis deals with introduction to the issue of refrigeration systems with thermal energy storage. Possibilities of thermal energy storage with phase change are introduced. The thermodynamic principle of functioning of the particular refrigeration system type is explained here as well as its coefficient of performance and fundamental components. In addition, several examples of ice-making systems are discussed. In the practical part the design of a particular refrigeration system is calculated. The main part of the design is the cold evaporator with direct evaporation and the possibility of ice production and its usage for thermal energy storage. The calculation of the overall two-phase heat transfer is carried out.

Nowadays, municipal solid waste (MSW) has got great attention from world-wide decision makers in the field of waste management. When they are making a MSW management decision, there are lots of factors that may influence their final decision for picking up an optimal alternative. In order to find out the influence factors in municipal solid waste management decision-making, incineration and anaerobic fermentation techniques are selected as example for comparison. Literature study and interview are used for collecting theoretical and practical information respectively. A list of theoretical influence factors is created, which integrates environmental, social and financial aspects of incineration and anaerobic fermentation. This list can help the decision-maker to have a better choice when they are choosing an alternative from MSW management methods. Practical information is achieved by interviewing the City of Stockholm Waste Management Administration. Differences are revealed between theory and the Stockholm case. The priority of each influence factor is discussed in this paper. Base on the decision between theoretical factors and the Stockholm case, the result shows that the theoretical factors are not completely sufficient for the practical use in the city of Stockholm. The list of theoretical influence factors should be extended by integrating more factors and more MSW management alternatives to meet different requirements in practical cases. There is no clear definition on which factor has the highest degree of influence for the decision-maker. The priority of influence factors is depended on the local condition and subjective choice of decision-maker. / www.ima.kth.se

Whilst influencer marketing has become a more common practice for decision makers within the field of influencer marketing, qualitative measurements are yet intangible and hard to measure, hence, requiring standardization. Recent scholars suggest that the phenomenon of influencer marketing have drastically changed over a short period of time, and there are reasons to believe that it is still changing. Therefore, relevant scholars have suggested that further research on the subject is of highest importance to the society as well as for brand/ company perspectives. The authors of this thesis have therefore focused on the most crucial elements that needs further research within the field of influencer marketing. These elements are elaborated by previous research, however, there are inconsistencies that needs to be reviewed and clarified. Although, influencer marketing requires more research in general, the authors of this thesis have decided to focus on the Swedish market, to understand and display the common strategies used within influencer marketing today, andpotentially foresee future strategies and trends.Inconsistency among previous research exists in terms of influencer selection, influencer evaluation and disclosure strategies. Additionally, there is a further need of elaborating on preferred relationships between brands/ companies and influencers, as well as preferred traits and characteristics brands/ companies seeks within an influencer. Therefore, the research question states; How do decision makers within the field of influencer marketing select andevaluate influencers; andhow are the different disclosure strategies used?Based on theoretical books, scientific articles, and journals the authors of this thesis have chosen suggested approaches to evaluate and analyse the data gathered. The primary data itself was gathered through semi-structured interviews consisting of six respondents. The respondents operate in different industries, but all are decision makers within the field of influencer marketing. For convenience, the authors of this have categorized the respondents based on size of company and whether their main focus are products or services.The findings of the thesis are presented in a model where the most common practices are displayed. The result will provide the reader with cause of action within the quantitative and qualitative approaches one can take. It has been established that qualitative approaches are becoming more common, contributing to a need of a trustworthy evaluation of such subjective approaches. In addition, the model presents the disclosure strategies used by the respondents in this study, hence, providing an understanding of how disclosure can be used to prevent certain issues. Evidence also points at missing opportunities regarding disclosure strategies. Furthermore, influencer characteristics and relationship approaches will be discussed. This thesis provides the most common approaches used by decision makers within the field of influencer marketing, especially when selecting and evaluating influencers. However, there is a need for further research regarding selection and evaluation of qualitative approaches as well as for disclosure strategies.

<p>Makerspaces can support educational experiences in prototyping for young learners, while physical computing platforms enable high levels of creativity and expression. However, each of these have high barriers of entry, especially for youth without prior experience. Commercial microcontrollers have become a popular tool to use when designing both basic and complex electro-mechanical devices. Block-based programming interfaces are an ideal environment to program these microcontrollers, lowering the barrier of entry for young, novice programmers. Finally, incorporating physical computing devices alongside Augmented Reality (AR) presents opportunities for shared experiences between users, leading to more engagement, which creates opportunities for social interaction, ideation, and creativity. This thesis presents the MakAR project, which aims to empower youth to design, build, and play through interactions with AR, physical prototyping, and the Internet of Things (IoT). We sought to design an interactive system with which we can (1) explore novel interactions between physical and virtual content, (2) lower the barrier to entry for young makers to design, build, and play with DIY electro-mechanical devices, and (3) engage and collaborate with one another both virtually and physically in an AR-IoT environment. Our results provide evidence to how our system enables youth, with and without prior experience with physical computing, to both engage and struggle with designing AR-IoT interactions while using our system, helps reduce the barrier to entry for young users to create complex electro-mechanical devices, and provides unique shared AR-IoT experiences for both novices and expert users.</p>