La génération de second harmonique induite par des traitements de polarisation dans des matériaux vitreux pourrait permettre le développement de nouveaux systèmes électro-optiques compatible avec les fibres optiques de silice. Dans ce contexte, cette thèse présente les résultats obtenus par polarisation thermique des verres ((1-x) 0.95 NaPO3 + 0.05Na2B4O7)+ x Nb2O5 (x ≤ 0.5). Une non linéarité optique d'ordre deux supérieure à 4pm/V a pu être induite à la fois dans le verre massif et le verre déposé sous forme de couche mince. L'analyse du verre avant et après polarisation et notamment de la structure locale du réseau vitreux permet une meilleure approche des processus mis en jeu lors du traitement dans des verres à aussi forte concentration en sodium et donc aussi conducteurs.

<p>Floods are common natural disaster occurring in most parts of the world. This results in damage to human life and deterioration of environment. There have been immense uses of technology to mitigate measures of flood disaster i.e. structurally and non-structurally. Undoubtedly, structural measures are very expensive and time consuming which involves physical work like construction of dams, reservoirs, bridges, channel improvement, river diversion and other embankments to keep floods away from people. Whereas non-structural measures is concerned with planning like flood forecasting and warning, flood plain zoning, relief and rehabilitation for reducing the risk of flood damage to keep people away from floods. Thus, non-structural measures involve analysis, planning providing spatial information on maps with high accuracy in less time. Non-structural measures can help decision maker to plan an effective emergency response towards flood disaster. A one of the good way to plan non-structural measures is to analyze impact of flood in the flood prone areas. The thesis tries to analyze impact of flood on environment along the demarcated flood prone areas of Lake Roxen and Lake Glan in Östergötland County, Sweden. The thesis also proposes how to use current flood information during flood emergency utilizing geographical information system. This provides spatial information for area in the flood zone for assessment regarding flood vulnerability.</p><p>Using map overlay analysis in GIS software (ArcGIS); flood prone areas and topographic data along Lake Roxen and Lake Glan were digitized from PDF maps. Thus, the thesis work is an effort to analyze impact of flood when areas along Lake Roxen and Lake Glan are flooded. ESRI® GIS software Arc Map 9 and Arc View 3.3 is used for data preparation, integrating, analyzing, and spatial data with attribute table information. Finally, to show GIS can be an effective tool for development of flood emergency system as a part of disaster preparedness by the decision makers.</p>

Syftet med studien har varit att undersöka om det är möjligt att tillämpa en beslutsmodell för att lösa ett problem avseende anbudsstrategi vid offentlig upphandling. När ett företag har en kund som omfattas av lagen om offentlig upphandling gäller särskilda regler vid upphandlingar. För ett företag är det viktigt att känna till dessa regler vid inlämning av anbud. Detta är dock oftast inte tillräckligt för att vinna en upphandling, eftersom det då också gäller att deras produkts jämförelsepris är lägre än konkurrenternas. En beslutsmodell, baserad på data från tidigare upphandlingar, har tagits fram för att kunna underbygga ett verktyg gällande anbudsstrategi. Beslutsmodellen är uppbyggd av diverse teorier som beslutsmatris, beslutsträd, lognormal fördelning och förväntat monetärt värde. Tillvägagångssättet har bestått av insamling av information och data via intervjuer, samt andra källor såsom litteratur, artiklar, uppsatser och upphandlingar, där metoden design science har använts. Utifrån en generell beslutsmatris och ett beslutsträd samt beräkningar har beslutsmodellen kunnat tas fram. Beslutsmodellen är i första hand avsedd för att underbygga ett verktyg för företag som är leverantör av eldrivna rullstolar men skulle även kunna appliceras i andra typer av upphandlingar. Beslutsmodellen kan ge stöd till ett verktyg som i sin tur skulle kunna användas av beslutsfattare. Beslutsfattarna får dock inte endast utgå från dess information, som är baserad på tidigare upphandlingar, utan bör också analysera konkurrenternas nutidssituation. Nyckelord: Beslutsmodell, offentlig upphandling, anbudspris, jämförelsepris, beslutsfattare, beslutsmatris, beslutsträd, lognormal fördelning, förväntat monetärt värde / The aim of the study has been to investigate if it is possible to apply a decision model when solving a problem with bidding strategies in public procurement. When a company has costumers comprehended by the laws in public procurement, there are certain rules involved. For a company it is important to be aware about these rules, when setting their bids. Though this is often not enough for a winning procurement, because of the fact that the products comparison prices need to be lower than the competitors'. A decision model, based on data from earlier procurements, has been developed to reinforce a tool with bidding strategies. The decision model is composed by various theories, like decision matrix, decision tree, lognormal distribution and expected monetary value. The procedure through the study has contained data and information acquisition via interviews and other references like literature, articles, thesis and procurements. Based on a general decision matrix and a decision tree, as with calculations, the decision model has been generated. The decision model is mainly designed to reinforce a tool for companies supplying electric wheelchairs to costumers but could also be applicable in other types of procurements. The decision model could be a support when constructing a tool, which consequently could be used by decision makers. The decision makers can however not only adopt the ideas based on earlier procurements. They also need to analyse the competitors’ situations in present time. Keywords: Decision model, public procurement, bidding prices, comparison prices, decision maker, decision matrix, decision tree, lognormal distribution, expected monetary value

The thesis attempts to outline the extent to which the decision-making role of nurses is utilized, and the main factors that affect decision-making of nurses within the scope of provision of nursing care. The research has found out that nurses utilize their decision-making role to an insufficient extent hence the sense and purpose of decision-making must be emphasised again. This task may be assumed by managing nurses. Managing nurses may also contribute by more effective defending of competences of nurses. From the factors needed by nurses for effective decision-making, attention should be paid particularly to education. It is necessary to make possible for nurses to extend their knowledge and thus to obtain theoretical insight (e.g. in respect of decision-making) to be used by them while providing care to a patient/client.

Digital fabrication technologies such as 3D printers entail a radical change to the traditional consumer-producer paradigm. Combined with other recent developments, self-styled Makers design and fabricate sophisticated devices and interactive technologies that would otherwise never have existed. However, stopping the uninitiated novice from making use of this potential is complex CAD software, and a high barrier to entry. In this study a series of workshops explore the potential of combining traditional handicraft materials – such as clay, paper and fabric – with 3D scanning to enable novices to work with 3D printers. Based on the results a set of instruction were created detailing the process of making three types of practical objects, covering the entire process from the making and subsequent 3D scanning of a physical object, to the software clean-up and final 3D printing. The results suggest that whilst the explored method can enable novices to create 3D printable models, a certain mindset is required for the novice to do so effectively. / Innovation +

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T18:01:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PAULO SERGIO CASTRO PEREIRA.pdf: 1759659 bytes, checksum: 42abab25eee2cbc41acc15f31b96a4cb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-03-27 / The study talks about São Gonçalo Festivity in São Vicente Ferrer city, state of maranhão. This popular religious manifestation was set in Brazil in the colonail period and was brought by colonizers from Portugal. From the comprehension of this manifestation since its origin context, we will go on to the Brazilian space and to the local community in a particular way. The ritual is analyzed according to the view of various theorists in the two categories: ritual and Festivity. It s passed by the influences through the contact with other manifestations, as well as its baroque characteristics. The ritual ethnography intends to show the festivity and all of its exuberance. It is viewed as a joiner element of the community with the power of changing the routine and making everybody works towards it. The religious vow is essential condition to the festivity fulfilment and through it the vow maker reinforce the ties with the Saint and the ritual led by the guide is achieved. At last, the party is also viewed as a live force in the community s imaginary with no tendency to the disappearance. / O estudo versa sobre o Baile de São Gonçalo na cidade de São Vicente Ferrer Maranhão. Essa manifestação da religiosidade popular se implantou no Brasil ainda no período colonial trazida por colonizadores portugueses. Partindo da compreensão dessa manifestação desde o seu contexto de origem, avançaremos para o espaço brasileiro e para o vicentino de modo particular. Estuda-se o ritual a partir da visão de vários teóricos das categorias: ritual e festa. Passa-se pelas influências através do contato com outras manifestações, bem como suas características barrocas. A etnografia do ritual busca mostrar o baile em toda a sua riqueza. Observa-se o baile como um elemento agregador da comunidade com um grande poder de quebrar a rotina e estabelecer o envolvimento de todos no entorno da festa. A promessa é vista como condição essencial para realização do Baile. É através desta que o promesseiro refaz seus laços com o Santo e ritual liderado pelo guia do baile se realiza. Por fim, analisa-se o baile como uma força viva dentro do imaginário vicentino sem tendência ao desaparecimento.

Floods are common natural disaster occurring in most parts of the world. This results in damage to human life and deterioration of environment. There have been immense uses of technology to mitigate measures of flood disaster i.e. structurally and non-structurally. Undoubtedly, structural measures are very expensive and time consuming which involves physical work like construction of dams, reservoirs, bridges, channel improvement, river diversion and other embankments to keep floods away from people. Whereas non-structural measures is concerned with planning like flood forecasting and warning, flood plain zoning, relief and rehabilitation for reducing the risk of flood damage to keep people away from floods. Thus, non-structural measures involve analysis, planning providing spatial information on maps with high accuracy in less time. Non-structural measures can help decision maker to plan an effective emergency response towards flood disaster. A one of the good way to plan non-structural measures is to analyze impact of flood in the flood prone areas. The thesis tries to analyze impact of flood on environment along the demarcated flood prone areas of Lake Roxen and Lake Glan in Östergötland County, Sweden. The thesis also proposes how to use current flood information during flood emergency utilizing geographical information system. This provides spatial information for area in the flood zone for assessment regarding flood vulnerability. Using map overlay analysis in GIS software (ArcGIS); flood prone areas and topographic data along Lake Roxen and Lake Glan were digitized from PDF maps. Thus, the thesis work is an effort to analyze impact of flood when areas along Lake Roxen and Lake Glan are flooded. ESRI® GIS software Arc Map 9 and Arc View 3.3 is used for data preparation, integrating, analyzing, and spatial data with attribute table information. Finally, to show GIS can be an effective tool for development of flood emergency system as a part of disaster preparedness by the decision makers.

Cette thèse est composée de quatre chapitres. Le premier chapitre traite de l'évaluation de produits financiers dans un modèle comportant un saut pour l'actif risque. Ce saut représente la faillite de l'entreprise correspondante. On étudie alors l'évaluation des prix d'options par indifférence d'utilité dans un cadre d'utilité exponentielle. Par des techniques de programmation dynamique on montre que le prix d'un Bond est solution d'une équation différentielle et le prix d'options dépendantes de l'actif est solution d'une équation aux dérives partielles d'Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman. Le saut dans la dynamique de l'actif risque induit des différences avec le modèle de Merton que nous tentons de quantifier. Le second chapitre traite d'un marché comportant des sauts : les paris sur le football. Nous rappelons les différentes familles de modèles pour un match de football et introduisons un modèle complet permettant d'évaluer les prix des différents produits apparus sur ce marché ces dix dernières années. La complexité de ce modèle nous amène à étudier un modèle simplifié dont nous étudions les implications et calculons les prix obtenus que l'on compare à la réalité. On remarque que la calibration implicite obtenue génère de très bons résultats en produisant des prix très proches de la réalité. Le troisième chapitre développe le problème de fixation des prix par un teneur de marche monopolistique dans le marché des paris binaires. Ce travail est un prolongement direct au problème introduit par Levitt [Lev04]. Nous généralisons en effet son travail aux cas des paris européens et proposons une méthode pour estimer la méthode de cotation utilisée par le book-maker. Nous montrons que deux hypothèses inextricables peuvent expliquer cette fixation des prix. D'une part, l'incertitude du public sur la vraie valeur ainsi que le caractère extrêmement risque-averse du bookmaker. Le quatrième chapitre prolonge quant à lui cette approche au cas de produits financiers non binaires. Nous examinons différents modèles d'offre et de demande et en déduisons, par des techniques de programmation dynamique, des équations aux dérivées partielles dictant la formation des prix d'achat et de vente. Nous montrons finalement que l'écart entre prix d'achat et prix de vente ne dépend pas de la position du teneur de marche dans l'actif considère. Cependant le prix moyen dépend lui fortement de la quantité détenue par le teneur de marche. Une approche simplifiée est finalement proposée dans le cas multidimensionnel / This thesis is composed of four chapters. The first one deals with the pricing of financial products in a single jump model for the risky asset. This jump represents the bankrupcy of the quoted firm. We study the pricing of derivatives in the context of indifference of utility with an exponential utility. By means of dynamic programming we show that the bond price is solution of an ordinary differential equation and that stock price dependent options are solutions of an equation with partial derivatives of Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman type generalizing the Black-Scholes one. We then try to quantify differences in the price obtained here and the one from Merton model without jump. The second chapter deals with a specific jump market : the soccer betting market. We recall the different model families for a soccer match and introduce some full model which allows to price the products recently born in this market in last ten years. Nevertheless the model complexity leads us to study a simplified model introduced by Dixon and Robinson from which we are able to derive closed formulas and simulate prices that we compare to market prices. We remark that implicit calibration gives pretty goof fit of market data. Third chapter developps the approach of Levitt [Lev04] on price formation in binary betting market held by a monopolistic market-maker operating in a one time step trading. We generalize Levitt results with european format of betting. We show that prices are distorded on the pressure of demand and offer, that phenomena introducing a market probability that allows to price products under this new measure. We identify some best model for demand and offer and market maker strategy and show that probability change is obvious in case of imperfect information about the value of the product. Fourth chapter generalizes this approach to the case of general payoffs and continuous time. The task is more complex and we just derive partial derivative equations from dynamic programming that enable us to give the bid-ask prices of the product traded by the market-maker. One result is that, in most models, bid-ask spread does not depend on the inventory held by the dealer whereas mid-quote price strongly reflects the unbalance of the dealer

La synesthésie est une condition neurocognitive bénigne où les sujets porteurs de cette différence expérimentent des associations sensorielles de manière automatique, involontaire et idiosyncratique. Chez eux, les informations issues d’une modalité sensorielle telle que la vue, entraînent simultanément l’expression des modalités d’autres sens, tel que l’odorat. Cette particularité serait présente chez environ 4 % de la population mondiale (Hubbard, 2007). Il existe des dizaines de formes répertoriées (Day, 2011) et la teneur de leur expression varie d’un individu à l’autre (Simner, 2013). La synesthésie tactile-olfactive est présente chez 0,3 % des synesthètes (Day, 2011). Elle entraîne des perceptions olfactives selon les textures et autres sensations tactiles. La synesthésie a plusieurs impacts sur le quotidien des synesthètes, car elle affecte notamment leur façon de percevoir et de ressentir leur environnement. Puisqu’il s’agit d’une forme de développement neurocognitif alternatif (Ward, 2019), il peut être considéré comme un type de neurodiversité à part entière. Les expériences synesthésiques sont difficilement exprimables par le langage, ce qui peut provoquer un sentiment d’exclusion (Nielsen et al., 2013). Une des façons de favoriser l’inclusion est l’empathie (Masten, Morelli et Eisenberg, 2011), qui peut être suscitée grâce à des œuvres et des expositions artistiques qui impliquent l’engagement physique des spectateurs (Raboisson, 2014). Nous avons donc tenté de créer une expérience artistique permettant aux participants d’expérimenter avec leur corps les effets de la synesthésie tactile-olfactive. Cependant, il n’existait pas de média capable de réaliser la médiation de ce phénomène sensoriel. Nous nous sommes donc attelées à la conception et à la réalisation d’un tel artefact. En appliquant la méthodologie de la recherche-création, et en particulier les principes du mouvement DIY du « faire », nous avons créé un prototype de machine simulant les effets de la synesthésie tactile-olfactive. Toutefois, cette entreprise de création d’un dispositif de médiation technologique s’est révélée ardue et notre création finale ne ressemble pas exactement au prototype que nous espérions produire. Nous sommes allées aussi loin que nos compétences techniques nous le permettaient pour livrer un objet qui nécessiterait des améliorations futures. Le présent mémoire présente le cadre conceptuel et théorique ainsi que le processus de création dudit artefact. Grâce aux enseignements tirés de l’analyse de notre pratique, nous concluons qu’il existe plusieurs enjeux sociaux et techniques dans la pratique du « faire » en tant que méthode de création d’artefacts technologiques. Nous discutons finalement le rôle qu’un tel projet de recherche-création peut jouer dans la sensibilisation du public vis-à-vis des phénomènes neurocognitifs que sont la synesthésie et la neurodiversité. / Synesthesia is a benign neurological condition in which subjects experience an automatic, involuntary and idiosyncratic cross-activation of the senses. For them, the information from one sensory modality (e.g. sight) triggers a response from another sensory modality (e.g. smell). This condition is estimated to be present in at least 4% of the population (Hubbard, 2007). Dozens of forms of synesthesia exist, and their expression varies from one individual to the next (Simner, 2013). Smell-touch synesthesia affects around 0.3% of the synesthete population (Day, 2011). It induces olfactory perceptions according to textures and other tactile sensations. Synesthesia impacts the day-to-day lives of synesthetes, as it affects the way they perceive and feel their environment. Since it is a form of divergent neurocognitive development (Ward, 2019), it can be considered a form of neurodiversity. Like any form of neurodiversity, its manifestations are difficult to express with language. This can lead to feelings of exclusion (Day, 2005; Nielsen et al., 2013). One way to promote inclusion is through empathy (Masten, Morelli, & Eisenberg, 2011), which can be facilitated through physically engaging artworks and exhibitions (Raboisson, 2014). Our goal was to create an artistic experience that allows participants to physically experience the reality of touch-smell synesthesia. However, as there was no media able to mediate this sensory phenomenon, we tried to understand how to design and build one. By applying a research-creation methodology, and in particular the principles of the DIY “maker movement,” we intended to create a prototype capable of simulating the effects of touch-smell synesthesia. However, this process of creating a device for the technological mediation of the senses proved to be a difficult one, and our final prototype is not exactly what we hoped to produce. We went as far as our technical skills allowed us to and we delivered an object that would require some future improvements. This present Master’s thesis presents the conceptual and theoretical frameworks as well as the process of creating this artefact. Based on the lessons learned from our practice analysis, we conclude that there are several social and technical issues that need to be addressed in the “maker” practice as a method for creating technological artifacts. Finally, we discuss the role that such a research-creation project can play in raising public awareness of synesthesia and neurodiversity.

Generating ideas and creating prototypes of physical products is a highly non-linear and iterative process. Current tools divide this process into multiple discrete steps with different tools to support each of these steps such as CAD modelling, simulation and fabrication. We believe, design interfaces that combine different steps of the process and create different layers of abstraction depending on the type of the user and where they are in the process can support users in generating more creative ideas and creating better functioning prototypes more efficiently. In order to validate this, we developed three interfaces- a sketch-based ideation tool, a live programming interface to create IoT devices and a design tool to support design and fabrication of hand wearables. The foundation of these design interfaces is the layer of abstraction that allows users to focus on idea generation and converting it into a tangible prototype with little or no technical knowledge, and a continuous visual feedback that guides the user to make necessary changes to improve their design. The three tools were evaluated through user testing for supporting creation of different ideas and converting them into functional prototypes.