L'égalité entre filles et garçons est aujourd'hui au cœur de nombre de textes et politiques éducatives, et les recherches montrent qu'il existe toujours des différences importantes entre filles et garçons à l'école (résultats, orientation…). Le genre scolaire, en tant que concept, doit servir à contribuer à la réflexion sur ces questions. L'étude porte sur cinq classes de maternelle. Une analyse des interactions verbales et des positions des enfants et des professeurs dans le champ discursif lors des rituels montre que le genre scolaire n'est pas une simple reproduction du genre à l'école. Cette analyse permet de définir le genre scolaire, en tant que construction, comme une différenciation sexuée des positions des filles et des garçons dans le champ interactif. C'est une construction de genre particulière, qui se réalise au sein de la culture scolaire, et aboutit à la distinction de catégories de sexe : les élèves-garçons et les élèves filles. Considérant à la fois la socialisation familiale des enfants, leur sexe, l'acculturation à la culture scolaire à laquelle ils sont soumis et leur positionnements au sein du champ interactif, la thèse ouvre une nouvelle piste pour l'appréhension du genre scolaire : il apparaîtrait comme un effet aveugle de l'acculturation qui, façonnant des habitus familiaux, viendrait renforcer, ou permettre l'émergence, d'habitus sexués. / Gender equality is a central issue in current memoranda and education policies, and studies shows that the gap still prévails between schoolboys and schoolgirls (in terms of results, orientation, etc.). School gender, as a concept, should help contribute to the discussions on the topic. The study involved children in five pre-school classes (école maternelle) ; it investigates their verbal interactions. Analysing these interactions as well as the positions of children and teachers in the conversational space, these research provides évidence that school gender involves more than merely reproducing gender differences at school. It allows the scholl gender - as a construction - to be defined as a gender-based difference in the position of schoolboys and schoolgirls in the conversational space. It is a specific gender construction, which is achieved within the school culture and leads to distinguishing the categories of male pupils and female pupils. As it examines the aspects of family socialisation, sex, school integration and position whithin the interactive space, the dissertation opens up a new path to be looked into : school gender appears as a result of school integration, which, as it shapes the family habitus, would reinforce or help generating gendered habitus.

"Como o reflexo da não-integração dos espaços de vida, pública e privada, no seu sentimento de identidade enquanto parceira amorosa, atinge o relacionamento amoroso para a mulher" é a pergunta de partida que orienta a pesquisa sobre o tema do amor heterossexual, tendo por objeto de estudo a experiência de relacionamento amoroso não integrado à vida social como um todo, por algum tipo qualquer de constrangimento ou pressão. As histórias de vida amorosa de três mulheres paulistanas, coletadas em entrevistas, constituem o corpus da pesquisa. O trabalho segue uma abordagem qualitativa e enquadra-se no enfoque compreensivo. Estudos de caso "entrelaçados" são o modo de investigação que serve de base para a abordagem efetuada. Sob a lente fenomenológica de apreensão dos significados e da relevância que os fenômenos têm para as entrevistadas, as suas experiências concretas, as vivências em suas formas únicas de expressão são interpretadas e explicadas, tendo como conclusão principal que a revelação da existência do relacionamento amoroso - a sua publicização - angaria ganhos psicológicos para a parceira amorosa que vão além dos efeitos de liberação da tensão do ocultamento; seus resultados são parte integrante do seu processo de amadurecimento pessoal e, por isso, há um refluxo sobre o próprio relacionamento amoroso. Além disso, pode-se assimilar que: a) O que é mais significativamente apreendido como Amor agrega, fundamentalmente, Eros e Philia; b) Amor é comunicação; sentir-se verdadeira no relacionamento amoroso é estar em comunicação intermediária e pessoal e silenciosa no sentido winnicottiano; c) O humor e a brincadeira são essenciais no relacionamento amoroso significativo e isto requer uma atuação segundo o verdadeiro-self. / "How does the reflection of non-integration between private and public life affect a woman’s love and sexual relationship considering her identity as a lover" is the starting point, which guides the present research on heterosexual love. The object of study is the experience of loving and sexual relationships not integrated to the social life as a whole, as a result of some kind of embarrassment or pressure. Data on stories of the love life of three women from the city of São Paulo, Brazil, were collected during the interviews carried out and used as the corpus of this research work, which is based on the qualitative approach and fits into the comprehensive focus. Mixed case studies were used as the mode of investigation, which represents the basis for the developed approach. Under the phenomenological point of view of understanding the meaning of the interviews and the relevance of the phenomena for the women interviewed, their life experiences in their unique form of expression are interpreted and explained. It was concluded that the revelation of the loving relationship - when it is made public - produces psychological benefits for the women, which go beyond the effects of releasing the tension of a secret relationship. The results obtained from this revelation became part of the process involved in attaining emotional and personal maturity, thus reflecting in the loving relationship. Besides, it could be said that: (a) what is more significantly understood as love involves, fundamentally Eros and Philia; (b) love is communication; to feel integrated in a loving relationship is to be in an intermediate, personal and silent communication in the winnicotian sense; (c) the sense of humor and play are essential to a significant loving relationship and this requires to live according to the true self.

Thesis advisor: Caroline Bicks / Routinely recognized as deeply patriarchal, early modern England is an era in which men and characteristics of the male gender are assumed to have held unrelenting sway over their female counterparts. This description is largely justifiable, particularly given the era's legal codes. However, this thesis seeks to enrich discussions on early modern England by examining its male-female relationships through a markedly different lens. By highlighting the close relationships that existed alongside patriarchal mandates in the era - husband and wife, father and daughter, mother and son - a fuller portrait of the period is sketched. Through an examination of how a variety of genres - medical, religious, and dramatic - grappled with moments of union between the two sexes, particularly physical union and its concurrent or resultant emotional bonds, this thesis offers greater insight into how walls to male-female connection were both raised and bridged in the time period. / Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2008. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: English. / Discipline: College Honors Program.

Embora o ciúme romântico e a infidelidade amorosa sejam dois importantes temas que afetam vários relacionamentos humanos e, também, um desafio para muitos destes, seus mecanismos de gênese, ação, associação e conseqüências que podem acarretar para os desdobramentos amorosos ainda não foram totalmente esclarecidos. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo verificar possíveis associações entre estes dois fenômenos. Participaram desta pesquisa 45 casais de namorados heterossexuais com média de idade de 24,6 anos recrutados por meio de um anúncio colocado no site da Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Para avaliar os graus de ciúme dos participantes utilizou-se a Escala de Ciúme Romântico – ECR (versões masculina e feminina) de Ramos. Para avaliar a infidelidade dos participantes foi utilizado o Inventário de Comportamentos Relacionados à Infidelidade, confeccionado especialmente para este trabalho. Para poder analisar os resultados a seguir foram utilizadas as seguintes ferramentas estatísticas: média, desvio padrão, máximo, mínimo, o Teste t para comparação de médias e o teste não paramétrico Mann-Whitney para a comparação das medianas. Os softwares utilizados foram o Excel e o Minitab. Os resultados obtidos mostram que (1) ainda que de forma fraca, o ciúme é um agente de profecia auto-realizadora para a infidelidade (r= 0,25; 90 gl; p< 0,05 e r= 0,21; 90 gl; p< 0,05), de tal forma que há uma associação entre a infidelidade em ambos os parceiros (r=0,36; 45 gl; p< 0,05; r= 0,30; 45 gl; p< 0,05; r= 0,36; 45 gl; p< 0,01), (2) a partir dos dados analisados, pode-se afirmar que, para a nossa amostra, os sexos não diferem quanto à exibição do ciúme em termos de intensidade, (3) o sexo masculino tem tendência a trair mais do que o sexo feminino, provavelmente por razões ligadas à sexualidade (Teste W = 894,5; 826,0; 1496,5; p< 0.0001), (4) foi refutada a hipótese freudiana para a existência de um ciúme de natureza projetiva em homens e para as mulheres, (5) os comportamentos de infidelidade que mais se destacam entre os participantes são relacionados à rede internet (utilizar salas de bate papo, e-mails, mensagens on-line, dentre outros) e ter pensamentos relacionados aos comportamentos infiéis; ambos estão associados com o aumento das oportunidades que as pessoas têm de se engajarem em comportamentos amorosos infiéis, (6) há uma tendência, ainda que fraca, de quanto maior a auto-atribuição do escore “Nota física para si" menor será o número de comportamentos relacionados à infidelidade de seu(sua) parceiro(a) (r= -0,261; 90 gl; p< 0,01), (7) há uma tendência, ainda que fraca, de quanto a Nota física atribuída para o parceiro menor será o escore de ciúme, para ambas as etapas desta pesquisa (r= -0,217; 90 gl; p< 0,05 e r= - 0,205; 90 gl; p< 0,05, respectivamente), (8) nada se pode concluir com relação àqueles que se auto-atribuem notas quanto aos fatores psicológicos, em relação aos parceiros no que diz respeito ao ciúme, ou mesmo no que tange à infidelidade (9) quanto maior a idade dos participantes maior é o seu grau de comprometimento dos mesmos (r= 0,27; 90 gl; p< 0,01). Assim, pode-se concluir que os presentes resultados apoiaram algumas das hipóteses estabelecidas pelo autor desta pesquisa e foram consistentes com pesquisas anteriores, embora tenha refutado outras. Ainda pouco se conhece a respeito de quais os indivíduos são mais suscetíveis à infidelidade, mas este estudo permitiu identificar alguns fatores que promovem a infidelidade, algo que era muito pouco tratado pela literatura acadêmica até então. Dessa forma, o presente possibilitou uma melhor compreensão da dinâmica interpessoal amorosa, principalmente, referente a estes dois temas. Este estudo ainda, pode contribuir para outros estudos com o “Inventário de Comportamentos Relacionados à Infidelidade" que é útil para medir a freqüência de ocorrência de comportamentos amorosos infiéis. / Although the romantic jealousy and the loving infidelity are two important subjects that affect some human relationships and, also, a challenge for many of them, its origin mechanisms, action, association and consequences that can contribute to loving unfolding occur, haven’t had pretty well clarified. The present work has the intention of to verify possible associations between these two phenomena. Forty-five straight couples participated of this research with the average of 24.6 years enlisted by un announcement in the website of the University of São Paulo (USP). To evaluate the degrees of jealousy of the participants it was used the Scale of romantic jealousy - ECR (masculine and feminine versions) of Ramos, Yazawa & Salazar (1994). To evaluate the infidelity of the participants the “Inventory of Behaviors Related to the Infidelity" was especially elaborated for this work. To be able to analyze the results the following statistical tools had been used: average, standard deviation, maximum, minimum, the “T" test for comparison of averages and the test no parametric Mann-Whitney for the comparison of the medium ones. There were used Excel and Minitab soft wares. The results show that (1) although in a weak way, the jealousy is an agent of self-fulfilling prophecy for the infidelity (r= 0,25; 90 gl; p< 0,05 and r= 0,21; 90 gl; p< 0,05), in such a way that there is an association among the infidelity in both partners (r= 0,36; 45 gl; p< 0,05; r= 0,30; 45 gl; p< 0,05; r=0,36; 45 gl; p< 0,01), (2) starting from the analyzed data, it can be affirmed that, for our sample, the sexes don't differ as for the exhibition of the jealousy in intensity terms, (3) men usually tend to trail much more than women, maybe because of reasons connected to sexuality (“W" test = 894,5; 826,0; 1496,5; p< 0.0001), (4) the Freudian hypothesis was refuted for the existence of a jealousy of projective nature in men and for the women, (5) the infidelity behaviors that more they stand out among the participants are related to the use of the net internet (to use chats-rooms, e-mails, on-line messages, among other) and to have thoughts related to the behaviors infidels; both are associated with the increase of the opportunities that the people have of if they engage in behaviors loving infidels, (6) there is a tendency, although weak, of as larger the attribution of the score physical "Evaluation for itself" minor will be the number of behaviors related to his own infidelity (r= -0,261; 90 gl; p< 0,01), (7) there is a tendency even it is not strong, of as larger the physical Note attributed for the partner, smaller will be the jealousy score, for both stages of this research (r= -0,217; 90 gl; p<0,05 and r= - 0,205; 90 gl; p< 0,05, respectively), (8)There is nothing to conclude in relation to those people who give themselves superior or inferior grades, if the adopted criteria are the psychological factors, in relation to the partners in what it says respect to the jealousy, or even in what it refers to the infidelity (9) as the participants get older, the more they increase the level of commitment (r= 0,27; 90 gl; p< 0,01). So, it can be concluded that the results had supported some of the hypotheses established for the author of this research and had been consistent with previous research, although it has refuted others. There is a lot to know, regarding which individuals are more susceptible to the infidelity, but this research allowed, inside of its references, to identify and to discuss a little on some factors that promote the infidelity, something that has not been a common subject for the academic literature until then. This way, it was also possible to have a better understanding of the interpersonal love dynamics, mainly, referring to these two themes. This research can still contribute to other researches related to the “Inventory of Behaviors Related to the Infidelity" that is useful to measure the frequency the infidel love behaviors occur.

Embora o ciúme romântico e a infidelidade amorosa sejam dois importantes temas que afetam vários relacionamentos humanos e, também, um desafio para muitos destes, seus mecanismos de gênese, ação, associação e conseqüências que podem acarretar para os desdobramentos amorosos ainda não foram totalmente esclarecidos. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo verificar possíveis associações entre estes dois fenômenos. Participaram desta pesquisa 45 casais de namorados heterossexuais com média de idade de 24,6 anos recrutados por meio de um anúncio colocado no site da Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Para avaliar os graus de ciúme dos participantes utilizou-se a Escala de Ciúme Romântico – ECR (versões masculina e feminina) de Ramos. Para avaliar a infidelidade dos participantes foi utilizado o Inventário de Comportamentos Relacionados à Infidelidade, confeccionado especialmente para este trabalho. Para poder analisar os resultados a seguir foram utilizadas as seguintes ferramentas estatísticas: média, desvio padrão, máximo, mínimo, o Teste t para comparação de médias e o teste não paramétrico Mann-Whitney para a comparação das medianas. Os softwares utilizados foram o Excel e o Minitab. Os resultados obtidos mostram que (1) ainda que de forma fraca, o ciúme é um agente de profecia auto-realizadora para a infidelidade (r= 0,25; 90 gl; p< 0,05 e r= 0,21; 90 gl; p< 0,05), de tal forma que há uma associação entre a infidelidade em ambos os parceiros (r=0,36; 45 gl; p< 0,05; r= 0,30; 45 gl; p< 0,05; r= 0,36; 45 gl; p< 0,01), (2) a partir dos dados analisados, pode-se afirmar que, para a nossa amostra, os sexos não diferem quanto à exibição do ciúme em termos de intensidade, (3) o sexo masculino tem tendência a trair mais do que o sexo feminino, provavelmente por razões ligadas à sexualidade (Teste W = 894,5; 826,0; 1496,5; p< 0.0001), (4) foi refutada a hipótese freudiana para a existência de um ciúme de natureza projetiva em homens e para as mulheres, (5) os comportamentos de infidelidade que mais se destacam entre os participantes são relacionados à rede internet (utilizar salas de bate papo, e-mails, mensagens on-line, dentre outros) e ter pensamentos relacionados aos comportamentos infiéis; ambos estão associados com o aumento das oportunidades que as pessoas têm de se engajarem em comportamentos amorosos infiéis, (6) há uma tendência, ainda que fraca, de quanto maior a auto-atribuição do escore “Nota física para si” menor será o número de comportamentos relacionados à infidelidade de seu(sua) parceiro(a) (r= -0,261; 90 gl; p< 0,01), (7) há uma tendência, ainda que fraca, de quanto a Nota física atribuída para o parceiro menor será o escore de ciúme, para ambas as etapas desta pesquisa (r= -0,217; 90 gl; p< 0,05 e r= - 0,205; 90 gl; p< 0,05, respectivamente), (8) nada se pode concluir com relação àqueles que se auto-atribuem notas quanto aos fatores psicológicos, em relação aos parceiros no que diz respeito ao ciúme, ou mesmo no que tange à infidelidade (9) quanto maior a idade dos participantes maior é o seu grau de comprometimento dos mesmos (r= 0,27; 90 gl; p< 0,01). Assim, pode-se concluir que os presentes resultados apoiaram algumas das hipóteses estabelecidas pelo autor desta pesquisa e foram consistentes com pesquisas anteriores, embora tenha refutado outras. Ainda pouco se conhece a respeito de quais os indivíduos são mais suscetíveis à infidelidade, mas este estudo permitiu identificar alguns fatores que promovem a infidelidade, algo que era muito pouco tratado pela literatura acadêmica até então. Dessa forma, o presente possibilitou uma melhor compreensão da dinâmica interpessoal amorosa, principalmente, referente a estes dois temas. Este estudo ainda, pode contribuir para outros estudos com o “Inventário de Comportamentos Relacionados à Infidelidade” que é útil para medir a freqüência de ocorrência de comportamentos amorosos infiéis. / Although the romantic jealousy and the loving infidelity are two important subjects that affect some human relationships and, also, a challenge for many of them, its origin mechanisms, action, association and consequences that can contribute to loving unfolding occur, haven’t had pretty well clarified. The present work has the intention of to verify possible associations between these two phenomena. Forty-five straight couples participated of this research with the average of 24.6 years enlisted by un announcement in the website of the University of São Paulo (USP). To evaluate the degrees of jealousy of the participants it was used the Scale of romantic jealousy - ECR (masculine and feminine versions) of Ramos, Yazawa & Salazar (1994). To evaluate the infidelity of the participants the “Inventory of Behaviors Related to the Infidelity” was especially elaborated for this work. To be able to analyze the results the following statistical tools had been used: average, standard deviation, maximum, minimum, the “T” test for comparison of averages and the test no parametric Mann-Whitney for the comparison of the medium ones. There were used Excel and Minitab soft wares. The results show that (1) although in a weak way, the jealousy is an agent of self-fulfilling prophecy for the infidelity (r= 0,25; 90 gl; p< 0,05 and r= 0,21; 90 gl; p< 0,05), in such a way that there is an association among the infidelity in both partners (r= 0,36; 45 gl; p< 0,05; r= 0,30; 45 gl; p< 0,05; r=0,36; 45 gl; p< 0,01), (2) starting from the analyzed data, it can be affirmed that, for our sample, the sexes don't differ as for the exhibition of the jealousy in intensity terms, (3) men usually tend to trail much more than women, maybe because of reasons connected to sexuality (“W” test = 894,5; 826,0; 1496,5; p< 0.0001), (4) the Freudian hypothesis was refuted for the existence of a jealousy of projective nature in men and for the women, (5) the infidelity behaviors that more they stand out among the participants are related to the use of the net internet (to use chats-rooms, e-mails, on-line messages, among other) and to have thoughts related to the behaviors infidels; both are associated with the increase of the opportunities that the people have of if they engage in behaviors loving infidels, (6) there is a tendency, although weak, of as larger the attribution of the score physical "Evaluation for itself" minor will be the number of behaviors related to his own infidelity (r= -0,261; 90 gl; p< 0,01), (7) there is a tendency even it is not strong, of as larger the physical Note attributed for the partner, smaller will be the jealousy score, for both stages of this research (r= -0,217; 90 gl; p<0,05 and r= - 0,205; 90 gl; p< 0,05, respectively), (8)There is nothing to conclude in relation to those people who give themselves superior or inferior grades, if the adopted criteria are the psychological factors, in relation to the partners in what it says respect to the jealousy, or even in what it refers to the infidelity (9) as the participants get older, the more they increase the level of commitment (r= 0,27; 90 gl; p< 0,01). So, it can be concluded that the results had supported some of the hypotheses established for the author of this research and had been consistent with previous research, although it has refuted others. There is a lot to know, regarding which individuals are more susceptible to the infidelity, but this research allowed, inside of its references, to identify and to discuss a little on some factors that promote the infidelity, something that has not been a common subject for the academic literature until then. This way, it was also possible to have a better understanding of the interpersonal love dynamics, mainly, referring to these two themes. This research can still contribute to other researches related to the “Inventory of Behaviors Related to the Infidelity” that is useful to measure the frequency the infidel love behaviors occur.

The purpose of this study was to find out how gender roles are described in two popular children’s detective stories, one of them written in 2002 and the other in 1946, to be able to compare the two. In order to do this, I used a qualitative research method in which I read and analyzed the text and illustrations of the books out of a gender perspective.I used gender theories describing how stereotypical gender roles are displayed, and these theories were later associated with the books I studied. I also used previous research concerning gender roles in other children's books in order to compare those results with my own.After having read, analyzed and compared the two books, I found vast resemblances between them, but also certain differences. However, it is obvious that the gender roles in both books for the most part are traditional. It is mainly the girls (although not the adult women) that diverge from the stereotypical gender roles, but this is also what is most common and most acceptable in today's society.

The purpose of this thesis is to find out how gender roles are described in musical lyrics written for children. I used gender theories that describe how stereotypical gender roles are displayed in music and these theories were later compared with the songbooks I studied. The thesis is a qualitative study to detect masculine and feminine related differences in the texts. After having read, analyzed and compared over 200 songs I found that the stereotype notions of masculinity and femininity is reflected in songs. Society has transferred in this way normative values on to the children through the songs that teachers choose to sing in schools. / Syftet med denna studie var att ta reda på hur könsroller beskrivs i musiken och visorna för barn. Jag använde genusteorier som beskriver hur stereotypa genusroller uppstår och genom att pröva dessa teorier i relation med sångböckerna, försöka finna svar på mina frågor. Studien är en kvalitativ studie för att upptäcka skillnader mellan maskulinitet och femininitet i text. Efter att ha läst, analyserat och jämfört över 200 sånger fann jag att stereotypa föreställningar om vad som är manligt och kvinnligt återspeglas i visorna. De normativa värderingar som samhället har idag överföras på detta sätt vidare till barn genom de sånger vi väljer att sjunga i skolan.

Sexual conflict is broadly defined as a conflict between the evolutionary interests of the two sexes. Depending on the genetic architecture of the traits involved, it can occur at the level of male-female interactions or take the form of selection acting to change the mean of a shared trait against the sign of its genetic correlation. The aim of my thesis was to use genome-wide expression profiles in the model organism Drosophila melanogaster to provide novel insights in the study of sexual conflict. First, we studied the female post-mating response to partition transcriptional changes associated with reproduction from male-induced effects, which are known to be harmful to females. We found substantial changes in expression of metabolic pathways associated with the activation of reproduction, while male-specific effects were dominated by the onset of an immune response. Changes in female response under different mating strategies was studied using experimental evolution: we found that monogamous females suffered decreased fecundity and their gene expression profiles suggested an overall weaker response to mating. To identify sexually antagonistic genes, we used hemiclonal lines and associated their sex-specific fitness with genome-wide transcript abundance. We confirmed the presence of a negative covariance for fitness and identified a group of candidate genes experiencing sexually antagonistic selection. We then focused on mitochondria, which can enable the accumulation of deleterious mutations with sex-specific effects due to their maternal inheritance, and found few effects on nuclear gene expression in females but major effects in males, predominantly in male-specific tissues. Finally, we used published data to compare intraspecific and interspecific genetic variation for a set of transcripts, to test whether speciation occurs along lines of maximum genetic variance. In conclusion, gene expression techniques can generate useful results in the study of sexual conflict, particularly in association with phenotypic data or when integrated with published datasets.

"Como o reflexo da não-integração dos espaços de vida, pública e privada, no seu sentimento de identidade enquanto parceira amorosa, atinge o relacionamento amoroso para a mulher" é a pergunta de partida que orienta a pesquisa sobre o tema do amor heterossexual, tendo por objeto de estudo a experiência de relacionamento amoroso não integrado à vida social como um todo, por algum tipo qualquer de constrangimento ou pressão. As histórias de vida amorosa de três mulheres paulistanas, coletadas em entrevistas, constituem o corpus da pesquisa. O trabalho segue uma abordagem qualitativa e enquadra-se no enfoque compreensivo. Estudos de caso "entrelaçados" são o modo de investigação que serve de base para a abordagem efetuada. Sob a lente fenomenológica de apreensão dos significados e da relevância que os fenômenos têm para as entrevistadas, as suas experiências concretas, as vivências em suas formas únicas de expressão são interpretadas e explicadas, tendo como conclusão principal que a revelação da existência do relacionamento amoroso - a sua publicização - angaria ganhos psicológicos para a parceira amorosa que vão além dos efeitos de liberação da tensão do ocultamento; seus resultados são parte integrante do seu processo de amadurecimento pessoal e, por isso, há um refluxo sobre o próprio relacionamento amoroso. Além disso, pode-se assimilar que: a) O que é mais significativamente apreendido como Amor agrega, fundamentalmente, Eros e Philia; b) Amor é comunicação; sentir-se verdadeira no relacionamento amoroso é estar em comunicação intermediária e pessoal e silenciosa no sentido winnicottiano; c) O humor e a brincadeira são essenciais no relacionamento amoroso significativo e isto requer uma atuação segundo o verdadeiro-self. / "How does the reflection of non-integration between private and public life affect a woman’s love and sexual relationship considering her identity as a lover" is the starting point, which guides the present research on heterosexual love. The object of study is the experience of loving and sexual relationships not integrated to the social life as a whole, as a result of some kind of embarrassment or pressure. Data on stories of the love life of three women from the city of São Paulo, Brazil, were collected during the interviews carried out and used as the corpus of this research work, which is based on the qualitative approach and fits into the comprehensive focus. Mixed case studies were used as the mode of investigation, which represents the basis for the developed approach. Under the phenomenological point of view of understanding the meaning of the interviews and the relevance of the phenomena for the women interviewed, their life experiences in their unique form of expression are interpreted and explained. It was concluded that the revelation of the loving relationship - when it is made public - produces psychological benefits for the women, which go beyond the effects of releasing the tension of a secret relationship. The results obtained from this revelation became part of the process involved in attaining emotional and personal maturity, thus reflecting in the loving relationship. Besides, it could be said that: (a) what is more significantly understood as love involves, fundamentally Eros and Philia; (b) love is communication; to feel integrated in a loving relationship is to be in an intermediate, personal and silent communication in the winnicotian sense; (c) the sense of humor and play are essential to a significant loving relationship and this requires to live according to the true self.

It is well known that the colour preferences of ganglion and LGN cells do not match the four perceptually simple colours red, green blue and yellow. It is also known that although colour perception is distorted in the peripheral visual field, there are four hues that appear stable with eccentricity. These are defined as peripherally invariant hues. Both of these observations must in some way reflect the physiological substrate of neurons at different stages of the primary visual pathway. The experiments described here are aimed at understanding the link between the physiology and the perception of colour by studying the characteristics of peripheral colour visionThe following questions have been addressed; i) to what extent does colour matching rely on the retinal physiological substrate? ii) what is the reason for the discrepancy between invariant and unique green and how is cone contrast linked to this paradox? iii) how are the `special' hues (invariant and unique) related to human evolution? iv) how does peripheral colour vision vary between males and females?An asymmetric colour matching paradigm and a colour naming task have been employed. In the colour matching task, 24 chromatic axes of variable purity are used. Observers match the chromaticity of a 3 degree peripheral spot with that of a 1 degree parafoveal spot. The results are expressed in terms of hue rotation, saturation match and cone contrast. In the colour naming experiment the observers name 40 chromatic axes as either red, blue, green or yellow and colour naming functions are derived. The central maxima of these functions are defined as the unique hues. The results suggest that colour matching and cone opponency reflect the characteristics of the retinal neural network as they exhibit nasal-temporal asymmetries, similar to known physiological asymmetries. Although three of the peripherally invariant hues match the unique counterparts, invariant and unique green are markedly different for all observers. In an important control experiment unique hues are shown to be stable with eccentricity and purity. This confirms that these attributes are not confounding factors for the observed discrepancy between invariant and unique green. Unlike for the other 'special' hues the RMS cone contrast of invariant green differs markedly between parafoveal and peripheral targets. It is likely that the cone contrast remains unchanged only if the stimuli excite the same number of cones. Two invariant and two unique hues (blue and yellow) fall on the daylight locus suggesting that discrimination in these regions of the colour space is strongly influenced by terrestrial illumination. Moreover, the inter-individual variability is found to be minimised around the daylight locus showing that the blue-yellow system is more stable across colour normal populations than the red-green system. A statistically significant difference is demonstrated between the peripheral colour vision of males and females. This may be attributed to the M-cone polymorphism which in addition to X-chromosome inactivation, results in more than three cone types in the female retina.