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Thesis advisor: Caroline Bicks / Routinely recognized as deeply patriarchal, early modern England is an era in which men and characteristics of the male gender are assumed to have held unrelenting sway over their female counterparts. This description is largely justifiable, particularly given the era's legal codes. However, this thesis seeks to enrich discussions on early modern England by examining its male-female relationships through a markedly different lens. By highlighting the close relationships that existed alongside patriarchal mandates in the era - husband and wife, father and daughter, mother and son - a fuller portrait of the period is sketched. Through an examination of how a variety of genres - medical, religious, and dramatic - grappled with moments of union between the two sexes, particularly physical union and its concurrent or resultant emotional bonds, this thesis offers greater insight into how walls to male-female connection were both raised and bridged in the time period. / Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2008. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: English. / Discipline: College Honors Program.

Orientador: Diva Cardoso de Camargo / Banca: Lídia Almeida Barros / Banca: Antônio Paulo Berber Sardinha / Resumo: Este estudo examinou traduções de termos médicos de maior freqüência em três subáreas médicas: anestesiologia, cardiologia e ortopedia, bem como observou traços de simplificação e de explicitação apresentados pelos tradutores de cada subárea. Para tanto, fundamentamo-nos, principalmente, nos Estudos da Tradução Baseados em Corpus (Baker, 1993, 1995, 1996; Camargo, 2004, 2005), na Lingüística de Corpus (Berber Sardinha, 2000, 2004; Tognini-Bonelli, 2001) e em parte, na Terminologia (Aubert, 1996; Barros, 2004; Krieger & Finatto, 2004). Para a compilação do corpus de estudo, foram utilizados artigos científicos de revistas brasileiras bilíngües e de revistas estrangeiras de renome na comunidade médica das respectivas subáreas. A pesquisa conta com o auxílio de três ferramentas: WordList, KeyWords e Concord, disponibilizadas pelo programa WordSmith Tools versão 3.0. A comparação dos termos médicos das três subáreas foi feita a partir de um corpus paralelo de textos originais e de textos traduzidos, e de dois corpora comparáveis de textos de mesma natureza originalmente escritos em português e em inglês. O levantamento de termos médicos mais freqüentes em português para cada subárea permitiu a elaboração de um glossário com os respectivos termos equivalentes em inglês, acompanhados do seu contexto em ambas as línguas. O exame de traços de simplificação e de explicitação possibilitou a identificação de estratégias por parte dos três tradutores diante de textos das respectivas subáreas médicas. / Abstract: The present study aims at observing the most frequent medical terms in Portuguese and their translation into English from three medical fields, Anesthesiology, Cardiology and Orthopaedics, as well as examining aspects of simplification and explicitation shown in the respective translator's texts from each medical area. The methodology adopted is that of Corpus-based Translation Studies (Baker 1993, 1995, 1996; Camargo, 2004, 2005), Corpus Linguistics (Berber Sardinha, 2000, 2004; Tognini-Bonelli, 2001); and Terminology (Aubert, 1996; Barros, 2004; Krieger & Finatto, 2004). For compiling the main corpus, we used scientific papers from bilingual Brazilian journals and foreign journals well-known in their respective medical fields. This study used three tools: WordList, KeyWords and Concord, from the software WordSmith Tools version 3.0. A comparison of medical terms was carried out based on a parallel corpus of original and translated texts, and on two comparable corpora composed by texts originally written in Portuguese and in English. After listing and analyzing the most frequent medical terms in Portuguese, we compiled a glossary with the respective equivalents in English followed by their contexts in both languages for each of the three medical areas. The observation of simplification and explicitation features revealed strategies used by the three translators when dealing with medical texts. / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-02-06Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:55:14Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 paiva_ptp_me_sjrp.pdf: 1956034 bytes, checksum: 439ede6ac47e2ddd1cddf5dc9c2cf089 (MD5) / Este estudo examinou traduções de termos médicos de maior freqüência em três subáreas médicas: anestesiologia, cardiologia e ortopedia, bem como observou traços de simplificação e de explicitação apresentados pelos tradutores de cada subárea. Para tanto, fundamentamo-nos, principalmente, nos Estudos da Tradução Baseados em Corpus (Baker, 1993, 1995, 1996; Camargo, 2004, 2005), na Lingüística de Corpus (Berber Sardinha, 2000, 2004; Tognini-Bonelli, 2001) e em parte, na Terminologia (Aubert, 1996; Barros, 2004; Krieger & Finatto, 2004). Para a compilação do corpus de estudo, foram utilizados artigos científicos de revistas brasileiras bilíngües e de revistas estrangeiras de renome na comunidade médica das respectivas subáreas. A pesquisa conta com o auxílio de três ferramentas: WordList, KeyWords e Concord, disponibilizadas pelo programa WordSmith Tools versão 3.0. A comparação dos termos médicos das três subáreas foi feita a partir de um corpus paralelo de textos originais e de textos traduzidos, e de dois corpora comparáveis de textos de mesma natureza originalmente escritos em português e em inglês. O levantamento de termos médicos mais freqüentes em português para cada subárea permitiu a elaboração de um glossário com os respectivos termos equivalentes em inglês, acompanhados do seu contexto em ambas as línguas. O exame de traços de simplificação e de explicitação possibilitou a identificação de estratégias por parte dos três tradutores diante de textos das respectivas subáreas médicas. / The present study aims at observing the most frequent medical terms in Portuguese and their translation into English from three medical fields, Anesthesiology, Cardiology and Orthopaedics, as well as examining aspects of simplification and explicitation shown in the respective translator's texts from each medical area. The methodology adopted is that of Corpus-based Translation Studies (Baker 1993, 1995, 1996; Camargo, 2004, 2005), Corpus Linguistics (Berber Sardinha, 2000, 2004; Tognini-Bonelli, 2001); and Terminology (Aubert, 1996; Barros, 2004; Krieger & Finatto, 2004). For compiling the main corpus, we used scientific papers from bilingual Brazilian journals and foreign journals well-known in their respective medical fields. This study used three tools: WordList, KeyWords and Concord, from the software WordSmith Tools version 3.0. A comparison of medical terms was carried out based on a parallel corpus of original and translated texts, and on two comparable corpora composed by texts originally written in Portuguese and in English. After listing and analyzing the most frequent medical terms in Portuguese, we compiled a glossary with the respective equivalents in English followed by their contexts in both languages for each of the three medical areas. The observation of simplification and explicitation features revealed strategies used by the three translators when dealing with medical texts.

No description available.

L’opinion moderne a souvent laissé juger la médecine scientifique comme étant la seule véritable médecine à même de guérir toute sorte de maux, tout en n’accordant pas suffisamment d’intérêt ou en mettant à une échelle nettement inférieure d’autres formes de pratiques médicales telles que la médecine magico-religieuse et/ou divine dans le monde grec ; pratiques qui se voient dénuer de toute efficacité au profit de la médecine dite scientifique. À travers notre thèse, nous nous proposerons de démontrer que ces autres formes de thérapie estimées comme secondaires méritent d’être à nouveau considérées, au moins de manière relative, avec une approche nouvelle. Grâce à l'archéologie, l'on peut attester que la Grèce du siècle de Périclès a connu des cultes de guérison impliquant des démarches religieuses préliminaires ainsi que des rites d'actions de grâce. Souvent pour multiplier ses chances de guérison, le malade pouvait à la fois faire appel aussi bien aux expériences humaines qu'à celles irrationnelles ; et le plus souvent le recours aux pratiques irrationnelles faisait la différence : l'épiphanie ou l'intervention du dieu au cours d'un rêve suffisait à guérir le malade. Ainsi naquit l'incubation au cœur de l'interrogation médicale salutaire du patient. Dans ce processus de guérison, le sommeil des pèlerins ne s'apparente en rien au sommeil ordinaire d'une nuit quelconque, et le rêve y a par conséquent une place assez particulière, un rôle crucial : il ne s'agit pas de rêves ordinaires, mais ce sont des rêves contrôlés, codifiés et manipulés par des spécialistes dans le cadre d'un usage précis, le conseil ou une thérapie. La pratique de l'incubation devient ainsi une nécessité voire une opération ultime et indispensable pour préserver le bien le plus précieux et impérieux de l'homme, la santé. La guérison peut alors être garantie partiellement ou totalement par le rituel incubatoire, entre autres pratiques. Cette pratique revêt ainsi l'apparence d'un véritable rituel d'initiation, elle suppose la reconnaissance de l'omnipotence du dieu sauveur (Asclépios très souvent accompagné de sa fille Hygie, ou Amphiaraos d'Oropos ou Trophonios de Lébadée) et oblige le patient à un renouveau, à une purification dans le processus de guérison. Elle est vécue comme une expérience de contact avec le divin. À l'issue de cette phase incubatoire, les consultants exaucés se voyaient dans l'obligation d'apporter en contrepartie des offrandes qui constituent aujourd'hui des témoins insignes : des inscriptions votives, stèles, des ex-voto anatomiques, des statues sculptées à l'effigie du dieu, des pinakes, et des reliefs votifs, pour en faire profiter à d'autres patients atteints du même mal. Ce sont tous ces vestiges, de la Sicile à l'Asie mineure, qui couvrent une période allant du début de l’époque classique (Ve siècle av. J.-C.) jusqu’à la fin du IIIe siècle de notre ère, que vous verrez regrouper dans notre corpus, dans une perspective d'édition. / Dating between the second half of the fourth century and the third century after Christ, the steles which we study for publishing, are votive inscriptions engraved generally in Dorian dialect under the initiative of the priests and the doctors of the sanctuaries of Asclepius, Amphiaraos or Trophonios. These epigraphic documents testify of miraculous healing realized by these gods towards faithful consultants in the sanctuaries which are dedicated at Epidauros, Athens, Pireus, Lebena, Cos, Pergamon, Corinth, Oropos, Livadia... In the hope of a cure or advice, the faithful consultants are asked to spend at night in a specific room for the ritual of the incubation, after preliminary rites (ritual bath, sacrifice…). During their sleep, the god or even one of his auxiliaries, the snake or the dog, appears to them in a dream: and this epiphany or intervention is enough to cure the patient, or to satisfy the needs of the consultant. The following day, the cured patients are supposed, by way of gratitude, either to offer to the god the effigy of their sick organ (the anatomical ex-voto) or to make engrave generally on wooden tablets the narrative of their cure, which they fix then to the wall of the temple. But for the sake of preserving these stories for posterity, the staff of the temple decided to transcribe on large steles in limestone or marble, proposing us real catalogues of miraculous healings. These documents are nevertheless very important in the field of the ancient Greek medicine: a medicine which offers however a curious mixture of mantic knowledge and rational knowledge in the process of cure. While observing the tensions between the traditional faith in the divine causality and the Hippocratic rationalism, we make a comparative study of the medical words used on our steles with the glossary of the contemporary medical literature spotted in the whole of the literary medical texts. And we can notice many diseases and the means of treatments (dietetic, surgery, chiropractic, pharmacopoeia, herbal medicine…), but also the popular beliefs about dream et disease in Ancient Greece.

En 1204, le roi d’Aragon devint seigneur de Montpellier. À partir de 1309, la curie apostolique s’installa à Avignon. Sous ces deux patronages, l’Université de médecine connut, de la seconde moitié du XIIIe siècle à la fin du XIVe, sa période la plus florissante. Ce fut la période de plus grande activité littéraire de ses gradués. Après avoir assimilé les œuvres arabes traduites au Mont-Cassin et à Tolède, les maîtres montpelliérains étaient à la recherche de nouveaux textes, tant pour leur enseignement que pour leur exercice, notamment au sein des deux cours. Or la récente intégration à la Couronne d’Aragon des territoires du Levante donnait accès à de nouveaux textes issus d’al-Andalus. Sous l’impulsion des maîtres montpelliérains, prospéra ainsi un second foyer de traduction « espagnol ». L’étude des citations faites par les auteurs médicaux montpelliérains montre que sept œuvres andalouses, traduites en latin entre le XIIIe et le XIVe siècles, sont citées dans une vingtaine d’œuvres montpelliéraines. Certaines d’entre elles, qui datent des XVe et XVIe siècles, prouvent que les textes traduits sont restés pendant des décennies à la disposition des étudiants montpelliérains. Ces traductions ne fournirent qu’une faible proportion des citations d’auteurs andalous trouvées dans les textes montpelliérains. Mais elles associent à l’activité du studium montpelliérain de nouveaux auteurs andalous. Le recours à ceux-ci témoigne du dynamisme de l’Université de médecine au Moyen Âge, qui conduisit ses maîtres vers la terra incognita de nouvelles œuvres andalouses. / In 1204, the King of Aragon became Lord of Montpellier. In 1309, the Curia apostolic was installed in Avignon. Under these two patronages, the University of medicine experienced, from the second half of the thirteen century to the end of the fourteenth century, its most flourishing period. It was the period of the greatest literary activity of its graduates. After they had digested the Arabic works translated at Montecassino and Toledo, the Montpellier masters were looking for new texts in order to teach as well as to practise, especially within the two courts. Now the recent integration of the territories of Levante into the Crown of Aragon gave access to new texts from al-Andalus. So, on the impulse of the Montpellier masters, translations flourished in a second « Spanish » place. The study of the quotations made by the medical authors of Montpellier show that seven Andalusian works, translated into latin between the thirteen century and the fourteenth century, are quoted in about twenty works from Montpellier. Some among them, dating from the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, prove that the translated texts remained at the disposal of the Montpellier students for decades. These translations make up only a small proportion of the quotations of Andalusian authors found in the Montpellier texts. But they associate some new Andalusian authors with the activity of the Montpellier studium. The resort to these authors attest the dynamism of the medical university in the Middle Ages which led its masters to the terra incognita of new Andalusian works / En 1204, el Rey de Aragón se volvió Señor de Montpellier. A partir de 1309, la curia apostólica se instaló en Aviñón. Bajo aquellos dos patrocinios, la Universidad de medicina conoció, desde la segunda mitad del siglo XIII hasta el final del siglo XIV, su periódo más próspero. Fue el periódo de la más gran actividad literaria de sus graduados.Despues de haber asimilado las obras árabes traducidas en el Montecassino y en Toledo, los maestros de Montpellier estaban buscando nuevos textos, tanto para su enseñanza como para su desempeño, particularmente al seno de las dos cortes. Pues la reciente integración de los territorios del Levante a la Corona de Aragón daba el acceso a nuevos textos que provenían de al-Andalus. Bajo el impulso de los maestros de Montpellier, prosperó así un segundo foco « español » de traducción. El estudio de las citas hechas por los autores médicos de Montpellier demuestra que siete obras andalusíes, traducidas al latín entre el siglo XIII y el siglo XIV, están citadas en unas veinte obras de Montpellier. Algunas de aquellas, que datan de los siglos XV y XVI, prueban que los textos traducidos quedaron durante decenios a la disposición de los estudiantes de Montpellier. Aquellas traducciones no produjeron más que una escasa proporción de las citas de autores andalusíes encontradas en los textos de Montpellier. Pero asocian nuevos autores andalusíes a la actividad del studium de Montpellier. El recurso a aquellos da un testimonio del dinamismo de la Universidad de medicina en la Edad Media, que llevó sus maestros hacia la terra incognita de nuevas obras andalucíes.

Scientific language, in contrast to general language, is characterised by its abstract and implicit style of expression, known as nominal style. A typical feature of this style is the frequent use of nominalizations which tend to be more common in German than in Swedish. This study will investigate whether these differences are also present in highly specialized medical texts. The quantitative and qualitative analysis is based on the translation of two medical articles from Swedish to German. The aim is to find out how often a nominalization in the source text corresponds to a nominalization in the target text, which structural shifts occur and how they influence the degree of nominal style. For this purpose, the concept of the “grammatical metaphor” was applied. The results show that the Swedish source text contains less nominalizations than the German target text. In 30% of the cases, less explicit and more metaphorical information was conveyed in the target text. In most of these cases a Swedish verbal construction was translated into a German nominalization. The metaphorization was often optional and guided by the conventions of medical texts. 65% of the occurrences showed the same degree of grammatical metaphoricity and were thus re-metaphorized. In the remaining 5%, the target text was less explicit and thus de-metaphorized. The Swedish source text proved to be less nominal than the target text.